Chapter 2

CHAPTER
2
Transformations
of Functions
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VhhdX^ViZYlî]igVch[dgbVi^dchd[[jcXi^dchVcY
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[jcXi^dchVgZgZaViZYidh^beaZ[jcXi^dch#Ndjlâa
ZmeadgZi]ZXdccZXi^dcWZilZZci]Z\gVe]^XVaX]Vc\Zh
VcYi]ZeVgVbZiZgh^ci]ZZfjVi^dch#NdjlâaVahdYZkZade
VhiVcYVgYhZid[egdXZYjgZh[dgldg`^c\lî]VcYVcVanh^c\
igVch[dgbVi^dchi]ViXVcWZVeea^ZYidcZlineZhd[[jcXi^dch#
By the end of this chapter, you will
relate the process of determining the inverse of a determine, through investigation using technology,
function to your understanding of reverse processes the roles of the parameters a, k, d, and c in functions
determine the numeric or graphical representation of the form y = af [k(x — d)] + c, and describe these
of the inverse of a linear or quadratic function, given roles in terms of transformations on the graphs of
__ T1
the numeric, graphical, or algebraic representation f (x) = x, f (x) = x2, f (x) = q x , and f (x) = x
of the function, and make connections, through
investigation using a variety of tools, between the sketch graphs of y = af [k(x — d)] + c by applying one
graph of a function and the graph of its inverse or more transformations to the graphs of
__ T1
determine, through investigation, the relationship f (x) = x, f (x) = x2, f (x) = q x , and f (x) = x , and state
between the domain and range of a function and
the domain and range of the transformed functions
the domain and range of the inverse relation, and
determine whether or not the inverse relation is a simplify polynomial expressions by adding,
function subtracting, and multiplying
determine, using function notation when simplify rational expressions by adding, subtracting,
appropriate, the algebraic representation of the multiplying, and dividing, and state the restrictions
inverse of a linear or quadratic function, given the on the variable values
algebraic representation of the function, and make determine if two given algebraic expressions are
connections, through investigation using a variety equivalent
of tools, between the algebraic representations of a
function and its inverse
75
Functions 11 CH02.indd 75 6/10/09 4:01:21 PM

Prerequisite Skills
Refer to the Prerequisite Skills Appendix on c)
y
pages 478 to 495 for examples of the topics and
further practice. 4
2
Properties of Quadratic Functions
1. 8dbeVgZi]Z\gVe]d[ZVX]fjVYgVi^X —4 —2 0 2 4 x
[jcXi^dcidi]Z\gVe]d[yx'#>YZci^[ni]Z —2
Y^gZXi^dcd[deZc^c\VcYhiViZl]Zi]Zgi]Z
—4
eVgVWdaV]VhWZZckZgi^XVaanhigZiX]ZYdg
XdbegZhhZY#?jhi^[nndjgVchlZg#
a) y(x' d)
y
b) y%#*x'
4
c) y%#&x'%#&x(
T(
d) y x+'* 2
*
2. 9ZiZgb^cZi]ZkZgiZmd[ZVX]eVgVWdaV# —2 0 2 4 x
a) yx* &% ' —2
b) yTx+''%
(
'
c) y'x&'* 4. 9gVlZVX]gZaVi^dc^cfjZhi^dc(V[iZgV
d) yTx(')
& ]dgôdciVaigVchaVi^dcd[)jcîhaZ[i#
)
Translations Graph Functions

5. <gVe]ZVX][jcXi^dc#
3. 9gVli]Z\gVe]d[ZVX]gZaVi^dcV[iZgV
kZgi^XVaigVchaVi^dcd['jcîhje# T&
a) y x*
)
a) b) yx''x(
y
2 c) yx'x(
d) y%#*x''&%
—4 —2 0 2 4 x
—2 Distributive Property
6. :meVcYVcYh^bea^[n#
b)
y a) (x*x-
4 b) &'x'y*x&%y
2
c) (x)x'&(x,
d) (x)'x*
—2 0 2 x e) )x*)x*
—2
f) (x)x*)x+&%x
76 MHR • Functions 11 • Chapter 2

Common Factors Work With Fractions
7. 9ZiZgb^cZi]Z\gZViZhiXdbbdc[VXidgd[ 11. 9ZiZgb^cZi]ZaZVhiXdbbdcbjaiêaZA8B
ZVX]hZi# d[ZVX]hZi#
a) &+!)% a) &-!(%!)'
b) &*!&-!(% b) )x'y!'xy!+xy'
c) )-!,'!&%- c) x'(x)%!x'&&x(%
d) )x'y(!-xy'!&+x(y'
12. 6YYdghjWigVXijh^c\i]ZA8Bd[i]Z
e) (x'+x!*x'&%x YZcdb^cVidg#
a) T T T-T&
f) x'*x)!x'(x'- ( - b)
* &* . )
c) T T d) T T
8. ;VXidg[jaan# x y 'x (y
a) &*x'&%x + ) ( -
b) (*x()*x' 13. H^bea^[n#
c) &-x y (+xy +y
' ( (
d) *x*&%%x)(%x'
(
T*+ T
'%
(
a) b)
&' T
T, &*
'-
T d) T T
'% T
&'*
&*
c)
') &'
e) 'x)x&%*)x&%
. (' '*
f) x+&&x+&&x
Rearrange Formulas
Factor Quadratic Expressions 14. HdakZ[dgi]Z^cY^XViZYkVg^VWaZ^cZVX]
9. ;VXidg[jaan# ZmegZhh^dc#
a) x'*x+ b) x')x&' a) A πr '![dgr
c) x'+x', d) x'&)x). b) P' w![dgw
e) x'+) f) (x'.x&'% c) x'y'&+![dgy
g) 'x''%x*% h) )x''*+ d) yx''%![dgx

TTTTTT
e) yq x'*
![dgx
10. ;VXidg[jaan#
f) A'πr ''πrh![dgh
a) 'x',x&* b) .x'')x&+
c) &'x''x' d) &-x'*)x'%
e) )x'&%x') f) '%x'),x')
Chapter Problem
BVii]Zlldg`hVii]ZadXVaigV[[^XhV[ZinWjgZVj#EVgi
d[]^h_dW^hi]ZhijYnd[]dligV[[^X[adlhVcY]dl
VjidbdWâZhWZ]VkZ^ckVg^djhhîjVi^dch#>ci]^h
X]VeiZg!ndjlâahZZ]dligVch[dgbVi^dchgZaViZid
i]^hkZgn^bedgiVci[^ZaYd[gZhZVgX]#
Prerequisite Skills • MHR 77

2.1
Functions and
Equivalent Algebraic
Expressions
DcHZeiZbWZg'(!&...!i]ZBVgh8a^bViZDgWîZgXgVh]ZYdcîh[^ghiYVnd[dgWî#IldhX^Zci^[^X
\gdjehjhZYY^[[ZgZcibZVhjgZbZcihnhiZbh>beZg^VaVcYbZig^X[dgcVk^\Vi^dcVaXVaXjaVi^dch!
gZhjai^c\^cVb^m"jei]Vi^hhV^Yid]VkZXVjhZYi]Zadhhd[i]Z&'*"bâa^dcJ#H#dgWîZg#:kZc
i]dj\]i]ZCVi^dcVa6ZgdcVji^XhVcYHeVXZ6Yb^c^higVi^dcC6H6 gZfj^gZhVhnhiZbd[X]ZX`h
lî]^ci]Z^gegdXZhhZh!i]^hZggdglVhcZkZgYZiZXiZY#
I]^hb^m"jebVn]VkZWZZcXVjhZYWneZdeaZcdijcYZghiVcY^c\XdbeaZmZfjVi^dch#>c\ZcZgVa!id
gZYjXZi]Za^`Za^]ddYd[Zggdgh^cXVaXjaVi^dch!bVi]ZbVi^X^VchVcYZc\^cZZghh^bea^[nZfjVi^dch
VcYZmegZhh^dchWZ[dgZVeean^c\i]Zb#
Example 1
Determine Whether Two Functions Are Equivalent
9ZiZgb^cZl]Zi]Zgi]Z[jcXi^dch^cZVX]eV^gVgZZfj^kVaZciWn
i) iZhi^c\i]gZZY^[[ZgZcikVajZhd[x
ii) h^bea^[n^c\i]ZZmegZhh^dchdci]Zg^\]ih^YZh
iii) \gVe]^c\jh^c\\gVe]^c\iZX]cdad\n
a) fx'x&'(x'VcYgx'x'x
b) fx TTT
x '
'x-

VcYgxTT
x'

x'x&' x(
Solution
a) i) 8]ddhZi]gZZkVajZhd[xi]VilâabV`ZXVaXjaVi^dchgZaVi^kZanZVhn#
x f (x) = 2(x — 1)2 + (3x — 2) g (x) = 2x2 — x

—1 f (—1) = 2(—1 — 1)2 + (3(—1) — 2) g(—1) = 2(—1)2 — (—1)
= 2(—2) + (—5)
2
= 2(1) + 1
=8—5 =3
=3
0 f (0) = 2(0 — 1)2 + (3(0) — 2) g(0) = 2(0)2 — 0
= 2(—1)2 + (—2) =0
=0
1 f (1) = 2(1 — 1)2 + (3(1) — 2) g(1) = 2(1)2 — 1
= 2(0)2 + 1 =1
=1

7VhZYdci]ZhZi]gZZXVaXjaVi^dch!i]Z[jcXi^dchVeeZVgidWZ
Zfj^kVaZci#=dlZkZg!i]gZZZmVbeaZhYdcdiegdkZi]Vii]Z[jcXi^dch
VgZZfj^kVaZci[dgZkZgnx"kVajZ#
ii) >ci]^heV^g!gx^hVagZVYnh^bea^[^ZY!hdXdcXZcigViZdcfx#
fx'x&'(x'
'x''x&(x'
'x')x'(x'
'x'x
6a\ZWgV^XVaan!i]ZhZ[jcXi^dchVgZZfj^kVaZci#
iii) JhZV\gVe]^c\XVaXjaVidgid\gVe]i]ZildZfjVi^dchVhY1VcYY 2#

8]Vc\Zi]Za^cZY^heaVn[dgY 2idVi]^Xà^cZ#
8jghdgaZ[iidi]ZhaVciZYa^cZWZh^YZY 2#
EgZhh ENTER idX]Vc\Zi]Za^cZhinaZ#
;gdbi]ZZOOMbZcj!hZaZXi6:ZStandard#
I]Z\gVe]d[y'x&'(x'lâaWZYgVlc[^ghi#I]Zc!i]Z
\gVe]d[y'x2xlâaWZYgVlcjh^c\V]ZVk^Zga^cZ#NdjXVc
eVjhZi]ZeadiWnegZhh^c\ ENTER #EgZhh^c\ ENTER V\V^clâagZhjbZ
i]Zeadi#
I]^hhZZbhidn^ZaYi]ZhVbZ\gVe]#I]ZhZ[jcXi^dchVeeZVgidWZ
Zfj^kVaZci#
Te c h n o l o g y Tip
Jh^c\VI>"Che^gZ86H\gVe]^c\XVaXjaVidg!ndjXVc\gVe]i]Z
[jcXi^dchfx'x&'(x'VcYgx'x'xh^YZWnh^YZ Refer to the Use
Technology feature
[dgXdbeVg^hdc#
on pages 86 and 87
to see how to graph
multiple functions
using a TI-Nspire™ CAS
graphing calculator.
2.1 Functions and Equivalent Algebraic Expressions • MHR 79

b) i)

x f (x) =
TT
x 2
— 2x — 8
g (x) =
T
x+2

x2 — x — 12 x+3
—1 f (—1) =
TTT
(—1)2
g (—1) = TT
— 2(—1) — 8 —1 + 2

(—1)2 — (—1) — 12 —1 + 3
TT
1+2—8 T1
=
=
1 + 1 — 12
2
=
T
—5
—10
T
1
=
2
0 f (0) =
TTT
0 2
— 2(0) — 8
g (0) =
T
0+2

02 — 0 — 12 0+3
=
T —8
T2
=
—12 3
T2
=
3
1 f (1) =
TTT
1 2
— 2(1) — 8
g (1) =
T
1+2

12 — 1 — 12 1+3
=
T —9
T3
=
—12 4
T3
=
4
VhZYdci]ZhZi]gZZXVaXjaVi^dch!i]Z[jcXi^dchVeeZVgidWZ
7
Zfj^kVaZci#=dlZkZg!i]gZZZmVbeaZhYdcdiegdkZi]Vii]ZhZ
[jcXi^dchVgZZfj^kVaZci[dgZkZgnx"kVajZ#
ii)>ci]^heV^g!gx^hVagZVYnh^bea^[^ZY!hdXdcXZcigViZdcfx#
Idh^bea^[nfx![VXidgi]ZcjbZgVidgVcYi]ZYZcdb^cVidg#
TTT
f xx
'
'x-

x'x&'
TTT
x)x'

x)x(

Factor the numerator and the denominator.
TT
x'
Divide by the common factor.
x(
6a\ZWgV^XVaan!îVeeZVghVhi]dj\]i]Zild[jcXi^dchVgZ
Zfj^kVaZci#=dlZkZg!i]ZZ[[ZXid[Y^k^Y^c\WnVXdbbdc[VXidg
^ckdak^c\VkVg^VWaZcZZYhidWZZmVb^cZY#
iii)JhZV\gVe]^c\XVaXjaVidgid\gVe]i]ZildZfjVi^dch#>ci]^h
Te c h n o l o g y Tip XVhZ!i]ZgZ^hVha^\]iY^[[ZgZcXZWZilZZci]Z\gVe]h#IdhZZi]Z
\gVe]hegdeZgan!egZhh ZOOM VcYhZaZXi4:ZDecimal#
Using a “friendly
window,” such as
ZDecimal, makes
it easier to see any
gaps in the graph of
a function. This is
because each pixel gap
represents one tick
mark.

I]ZgZVeeZVghidWZV\Ve^ci]Z[^ghi\gVe]# Con n ections
I]^hXVcWZkZg^[^ZY[jgi]ZgWnjh^c\i]Z An open circle is used
TABLE[jcXi^dcdcV\gVe]^c\XVaXjaVidg# to indicate a gap or a
hole in the graph of a
7VhZYdci]ZZk^YZcXZ!i]^heV^gd[[jcXi^dch function.
^hZfj^kVaZciZkZgnl]ZgZWjiVix)#
y
Edancdb^VaZmegZhh^dchi]ViXVcWZVa\ZWgV^XVaanh^bea^[^ZYidi]ZhVbZ 2
x 2 — 2x
f(x) =
ZmegZhh^dcVgZZfj^kVaZci#=dlZkZg!lî]rational expressions!i]^hbVn x—2
cdiWZi]ZXVhZ# —2 0 2 4 x
—2
BdgZheZX^[^XVaan!h^cXZY^k^h^dcWnoZgd^hcdiYZ[^cZY!ndjbjhiYZ[^cZ
gZhig^Xi^dchdci]ZkVg^VWaZ#;dgZmVbeaZ!i]Z[jcXi^dcf xxTTT
'
'x-

x'x&' rational expression
]VhV[VXidgZY[dgbd[f xTTT
x)x'

x)x(

#H^cXZi]ZYZcdb^cVidg^h • the quotient of two
oZgd^[ Tp(x)
polynomials, , where
q(x)
x)% dg x(% q(x) p 0
x) x(
i]Zh^bea^[^ZY[jcXi^dc^hlgîiZcVhf xTT
x'

!xp(!xp)#
x(
Example 2
Determine Restrictions
H^bea^[nZVX]ZmegZhh^dcVcYYZiZgb^cZVcngZhig^Xi^dchdci]ZkVg^VWaZ#
TTT
x
a)
'
&%x'&

TTT
+x
b)
'
,x *

x( (x' x&%
Solution
a) TTT TTT
x'&%x'& x(x, Factor the numerator and the

x(

x(

denominator. Before reducing,
determine restrictions. In this case,
x ≠ —3.
TTT
x(x,

x(

!xp( Divide by any common factors.
x,!xp(
TTT
Hd!x
'
&%x'&

x,!xp(#
x(
TTT
+x
b)
'
,x*

TTTT
'x&(x*

Factor the numerator
(x'x&% (x*x' and the denominator.
TTTT !xp'!xpT
'x&(x* *

(x*x'
(
Divide by any common
factors.
TT !xp'!xpT
'x&
*
x' (
TTT
Hd!+x
'
,x*

TT
!xp'!xpT
'x&
*#
(x'x&% x' (

Example 3
Simplify Calculations
6hfjVgZd[h^YZaZc\i],Xb^hgZbdkZY
[gdbVhfjVgZd[h^YZaZc\i]x#
a) :megZhhi]ZVgZVd[i]Zh]VYZYgZ\^dcVh
V[jcXi^dcd[x#
x
b) LgîZi]ZVgZV[jcXi^dc^c[VXidgZY[dgb#
7 cm
c) JhZWdi][dgbhd[i]Z[jcXi^dcid
XVaXjaViZi]ZVgZV[dgx-kVajZhd[
-Xb!.Xb!&%Xb!&&Xb!VcY
&'Xb#L]^X][dgb^hZVh^ZgidjhZ4
d) L]Vi^hi]ZYdbV^cd[i]ZVgZV[jcXi^dc4
Solution
a) Ah]VYZYAaVg\ZAhbVaa
x','
x').
b) Ah]VYZYx').
x,x,
c)
x A = x 2 — 49 A = (x — 7)(x + 7)
8 A = 82 — 49 A = (8 — 7)(8 + 7)
= 15 = 15
9 A = 92 — 49 A = (9 — 7)(9 + 7)
= 32 = 32
10 A = 10 — 49
2
A = (10 — 7)(10 + 7)
= 51 = 51
11 A = 11 — 49
2
A = (11 — 7)(11 + 7)
= 72 = 72
12 A = 12 — 49
2
A = (12 — 7)(12 + 7)
= 95 = 95
I]ZVgZVhVgZ&*Xb'!('Xb'!*&Xb'!,'Xb'!VcY.*Xb'!
gZheZXi^kZan#
7di]ZmegZhh^dch]VkZh^bâVgcjbWZghd[hiZeh^ckdakZY#
=dlZkZg!î^hZVh^ZgidjhZbZciVabVi]lî]i]Z[VXidgZY[dgb#
d) H^cXZi]^h[jcXi^dcgZegZhZcihVgZV!îbjhiWZgZhig^XiZYidx"kVajZh
i]ViYdcdigZhjai^ccZ\Vi^kZdgoZgdVgZVh#
Hd!i]ZYdbV^c^hpx2!x,r#

Key Concepts
IdYZiZgb^cZ^[ildZmegZhh^dchVgZZfj^kVaZci!h^bea^[nWdi]idhZZ^[i]ZnVgZ
Va\ZWgV^XVaani]ZhVbZ#
8]ZX`^c\hZkZgVaed^cihbVnhj\\Zhii]ViildZmegZhh^dchVgZZfj^kVaZci!WjiîYdZhcdi
egdkZi]Vii]ZnVgZ#
GVi^dcVaZmegZhh^dchbjhiWZX]ZX`ZY[dggZhig^Xi^dchWnYZiZgb^c^c\l]ZgZi]Z
YZcdb^cVidg^hoZgd#I]ZhZgZhig^Xi^dchbjhiWZhiViZYl]Zci]ZZmegZhh^dc^hh^bea^[^ZY#
<gVe]hXVchj\\Zhil]Zi]Zgild[jcXi^dchdgZmegZhh^dchVgZZfj^kVaZci#
Communicate Your Understanding

C1 I]Zed^cih(!*VcY*!*Wdi]a^Zdci]Z\gVe]hd[i]Z[jcXi^dchyx''x&%VcY
yx''x'%#:meaV^cl]nX]ZX`^c\dcanV[Zled^cih^hcdihj[[^X^ZciidYZiZgb^cZ
l]Zi]ZgildZmegZhh^dchVgZZfj^kVaZci#
C2 6hijYZcihjWbîhi]Z[daadl^c\h^bea^[^XVi^dc#

TTT
x
'
+x(
TTT
x

'
+x(

+x( +x(
x'
:meaV^c]dlndjldjaYh]dli]ZhijYZcii]Vii]^h^h^cXdggZXi#
C3 :meaV^cl]ni]ZZmegZhh^dc)x()x'*x(YdZhcdi]VkZVcngZhig^Xi^dch#
A Practise
For help with questions 1 to 6, refer to 2. GZ[ZgidfjZhi^dc&#>[i]Z[jcXi^dchVeeZVg
Examples 1 and 2. idWZZfj^kVaZci!h]dli]Vii]ZnVgZ
1. Use TechnologyJhZV\gVe]^c\XVaXjaVidg
Va\ZWgV^XVaan#Di]Zgl^hZ!h]dli]Vii]ZnVgZ
id\gVe]ZVX]eV^gd[[jcXi^dch#9di]Zn cdiZfj^kVaZciWnhjWhiîji^c\VkVajZ[dgx#
VeeZVgidWZZfj^kVaZci4 3. HiViZi]ZgZhig^Xi^dc[dgZVX][jcXi^dc#
a) fx*x'(x''x)'! a)
gxx'x'+ y
2
b) fx-x('*,x.x&!
gxx'&%x&) —2 0 2 4 x
c) fxx (x*x 'x*!
' '
—2 f(x) = x — 5x + 6
2
gx'x&''x'*x& x—3
d) fxx(x'x*!
b)
gxx()x'&&x(% y
e) fxx'(x*x'*x)! 2
f(x) = — x + x — 2
2
gxx 'x &*x (,x'%

) ( ' 3x + 6
—4 —2 0 2 4 x
—2

4. HiViZi]ZgZhig^Xi^dch[dgZVX][jcXi^dc#
B Connect and Apply
a)
y 7. :kVajViZZVX]ZmegZhh^dc[dgx"kVajZhd[
4 '!&!%!(!VcY&%#9ZhXg^WZVcn
Y^[[^Xjai^Zhi]VidXXjg#
2
a) x+x'x&&x'
—2 0 2
4 6x TTTT
'x
b)
(
&'x'
&%x

—2 f(x) = 2 x — 1(x — 5) x'+x*
x—5
b) For help with question 8, refer to Example 3.
x + 4x + 3
2 y
f(x) =
x2 + 5x + 6
8. 6X^gXaZd[gVY^jh(Xb^hgZbdkZY[gdbV
4
X^gXaZd[gVY^jhr#
2
—6 —4 —2 0 2 x
—2
3 cm
r
5. 9ZiZgb^cZl]Zi]Zggx^hi]Zh^bea^[^ZY
kZgh^dcd[fx#>[î^h!i]ZchiViZi]Z
gZhig^Xi^dchcZZYZY#>[cdi!YZiZgb^cZi]Z
XdggZXih^bea^[^ZYkZgh^dc# a) :megZhhi]ZVgZVd[i]Zh]VYZYgZ\^dcVh
a) f x TTT

x &&x(%
'

!gxx*
V[jcXi^dcd[r#
x+ b) HiViZi]ZYdbV^cVcYgVc\Zd[i]ZVgZV
b) f xTTT
x'&+
!gxx) [jcXi^dc#
x'-x&+
c) f xTTT
x'+x 9. 6XdbeVcni]Vi
*

Reasoning and Proving
!gxx'
x* bV`ZhbdYjaVg Representing Selecting Tools
d) f xTTT !gxTT
x'&%x&+ x' [jgcîjgZ]Vh

x''x)-
x+

YZh^\cZYVhXVaVWaZ
Problem Solving
e) f xTTT !gxTT
Connecting Reflecting
&'x'*x' )x& WdmidVXXdbbdYViZ

(x''x
x hZkZgVaY^[[ZgZci Communicating
f) f xTTT
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*x' WnL'x%#*!Wx%#*!VcY
6. H^bea^[nZVX]ZmegZhh^dcVcYhiViZVaa
Hx%#*!l]ZgZx^h^cbZigZh#
gZhig^Xi^dchdcx# a) :megZhhi]ZkdajbZd[i]ZWdmVhV
a) TTT x-

b)
TTTT
(x, x&%

'

[jcXi^dcd[x#
x &(x)%
' x &,x,%
'
b) :megZhhi]Zhjg[VXZVgZVd[i]ZWdmVhV
c) TTT
x (x&-
'

xTTT
'
d) '
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[jcXi^dcd[x#
x'x)' x (x&% c) 9ZiZgb^cZi]ZkdajbZVcYhjg[VXZVgZV
e) TTT TTTT
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f)
'*x &%x-
'

[dgx"kVajZhd[%#,*b!&b!VcY&#*b#
x'+x&+ &%x '+x&'
'
d) HiViZi]ZYdbV^cVcYgVc\Zd[i]Z
kdajbZVcYhjg[VXZVgZV[jcXi^dch#

10. Chapter Problem6ii]ZigV[[^XhV[Zin 12. I]Z[jcXi^dcy TTa(
^hhdbZi^bZh
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i]Zhidea^\]ihViVeVgi^XjaVg^ciZghZXi^dc# XVaaZYi]ZlîX]d[6\cZh^V[iZgBVg^V
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&'XVghXVchV[ZanigVkZai]gdj\]i]Z kVajZhd[a2#
^ciZghZXi^dcdcZVX]\gZZca^\]i#=ZVahd a) Use TechnologyJhZ\gVe]^c\
[^cYhi]Vi^[i]ZcjbWZgd[\gZZca^\]ih iZX]cdad\nid\gVe]i]^h[jcXi^dc[dg
eZg]djg^cXgZVhZhWndcZ!i]ZcdcZ[ZlZg a"kVajZhd[&!'!(!VcY)#
XVgXVcigVkZai]gdj\]i]Z^ciZghZXi^dceZg b) :meaV^cl]ni]^hgVi^dcVa[jcXi^dcYdZh
a^\]i# cdi]VkZVcngZhig^Xi^dch#
a) 9ZiZgb^cZV[jcXi^dcidgZegZhZcii]Z c) GZhZVgX]i]Z]^hidgnd[BVg^V<VZiVcV
idiVacjbWZgd[XVghi]VilâaigVkZa 6\cZh^VcY[^cYdjil]dZahZhijY^ZY
i]gdj\]i]Z^ciZghZXi^dc[dgVc^cXgZVhZ i]^hXjgkZWZ[dgZ]Zg#
d[x\gZZca^\]iheZg]djg#
Con n ec t i on s
b) BVii]ZlbdYZahi]ZhîjVi^dclî]i]Z
Maria Gaetana Agnesi originally referred to this
[jcXi^dcfx'&++xx'#H]dli]Vi function as versiera, which means “to turn.” Later, in
ndjg[jcXi^dc[gdbeVgiV^hi]ZhVbZ# translation, it was mistakenly confused with avversiere,
which means “witch” or “wife of the devil,” and thus its
c) =dlbVcn\gZZca^\]ihh]djaYi]ZgZ
current name was born.
WZeZg]djgidbVm^bôZi]ZcjbWZgd[
XVghi]gdj\]i]Z^ciZghZXi^dc4
C Extend
11. >ci]ZcdkZaThe Reasoning and Proving
13. L]ViYdZhi]Z\gVe]d[
Curious Incident
f xTTTT
Representing Selecting Tools
x+'x'x+
of the Dog in the Problem Solving

x')x&'

addà^`Z4
Night-TimeWnBVg`
=VYYdc!i]Zndjc\ 14. 6a\ZWgV^XVaanYZiZgb^cZ
Wdn!l]d^hi]Z Communicating i]ZYdbV^cVcYgVc\Z x
bV^cX]VgVXiZg!adkZhbVi]ZbVi^XhVcY^h d[i]ZVgZV[jcXi^dci]Vi 10 cm
bâYanVji^hi^X#I]gdj\]djii]ZWdd`!]Z gZegZhZcihi]Zh]VYZY
ZcXdjciZghhZkZgVabVi]egdWaZbh#DcZ gZ\^dc#
d[i]ZegdWaZbhVh`h]^bidegdkZi]ViV
ig^Vc\aZlî]h^YZh\^kZcWnx'&!x'&! 15. 6hijYZcilgdiZi]Z[daadl^c\egdd[#L]Vi
VcY'xlâaValVnhWZVg^\]iig^Vc\aZ[dg b^hiV`ZY^Yi]ZhijYZcibV`Z4
x3&#
a) JhZi]ZEni]V\dgZVci]ZdgZbidkZg^[n
i]Vii]^hhiViZbZci^higjZ[dgx"kVajZhd[
'!(!VcY)#
b) 7VhZYdci]Zi]gZZZmegZhh^dch[dgi]Z
h^YZh!l]^X]dcZbjhigZegZhZcii]Z
]nediZcjhZ4?jhi^[nndjgVchlZg#
c) JhZi]ZEni]V\dgZVci]ZdgZblî]i]Z
16. Math Contest<^kZci]Zilda^cZVg
ZmegZhh^dch[dgi]Zh^YZaZc\i]hidegdkZ
[jcXi^dchy+x &'VcYTT
y
i]Vii]ZhZlâaValVnhWZh^YZhd[Vg^\]i +!l]Vi
x'
ig^Vc\aZ[dgx &# dgYZgZYeV^ga^Zhdci]Z\gVe]d[i]Z[^ghia^cZ
Wjicdidci]Z\gVe]d[i]ZhZXdcYa^cZ4

Use Technology
Tools Graph Functions Using a TI-Nspire™ CAS Graphing Calculator

• TI-Nspire™ CAS
1. DeZcVcZlYdXjbZci#DeZcVeV\Zjh^c\i]ZGraphs & Geometry
graphing calculator
Veea^XVi^dc#
2. >ci]ZZcigna^cZ!ndjlâahZZf1x#
IneZx'VhVhVbeaZ[jcXi^dc#
EgZhh·#
CdiZi]Vii]Z[jcXi^dc^hY^heaVnZYlî]
îhZfjVi^dcVhVaVWZaVcYi]ZZcigna^cZ
]VhX]Vc\ZYidf2x#
3. Add`Vii]ZVmZh#I]^h^hi]ZhiVcYVgY
l^cYdl#
Idk^ZldgX]Vc\Zi]Zl^cYdlhZii^c\h/
EgZhhb#
HZaZXi4:Window!VcYi]ZchZaZXi1:Window Settings#
NdjXVcX]Vc\Zi]ZVeeZVgVcXZd[i]Zl^cYdl#
EgZhhb#
HZaZXi2:View#
I]ZgZVgZhZkZgVadei^dch#;dgZmVbeaZ!^[ndjhZaZXi
8:Show Axes End Values!ndjXVcY^heaVni]ZgVc\Zd[ZVX]Vm^h#
4. EgZhhi]ZjeVggdl`ZndcXZ#I]Z
[jcXi^dcf1xlâaWZY^heaVnZY^c
You can change the
i]ZZcigna^cZ#NdjXVcX]Vc\Zi]Z
name of a function. For
example, to change VeeZVgVcXZd[Va^cZ/
f1(x) to g(x): EgZhhejciâi]ZAttributesidda!$!
• In the entry line, Vii]ZaZ[id[i]ZZcigna^cZ!^hhZaZXiZY#
press . several
EgZhh·#
times to erase f1.
• Type g, and press ·. NdjXVcjhZi]^hiddaidVY_jhii]Za^cZ
lZ^\]i!i]Za^cZhinaZ!i]ZaVWZahinaZ!VcYi]Za^cZXdci^cjîn#
The function will be
displayed with the JhZi]ZjeVcYYdlcVggdl`Znhid]^\]a^\]iVcViig^WjiZ#
desired name as the I]Zc!jhZi]ZaZ[iVcYg^\]iVggdl`ZnhidbdkZi]gdj\]i]Z
label.
dei^dch[dgi]ViViig^WjiZ#
:meZg^bZcilî]i]ZViig^WjiZh#L]ZcndjVgZ[^c^h]ZY!egZhhd#
5. NdjXVcbdkZV[jcXi^dcaVWZa#
EgZhhe#I]ZZcigna^cZlâa\gZndji!VcYi]ZXjghdglâabdkZid
i]Z\gVe]^c\l^cYdl#
JhZi]ZVggdl`ZnhidbdkZi]ZXjghdgdkZgi]Z[jcXi^dcaVWZa#
L]ZcndjVgZ^ci]ZXdggZXieaVXZ!i]ZldgY¸aVWZa¹lâaVeeZVg!
Vadc\lî]V]VcYhnbWda#

EgZhh/x#I]Z]VcYlâaXadhZid
¸\gVW¹i]ZaVWZa#
JhZi]ZVggdl`ZnhidbdkZi]ZaVWZa
VgdjcYi]ZhXgZZc#
L]ZcndjVgZ[^c^h]ZY!egZhhd# Te c h n o l o g y Tip
If you are on the
NdjXVcVahdbdkZi]ZZci^gZ\gVe]#
entry line and want to
BdkZi]ZXjghdgidVWaVc`heVXZ^c move to the graphing
i]ZhZXdcYfjVYgVci# window, press d.
EgZhh/x#6]VcYlâaVeeZVg# If you are in the

graphing window and
JhZi]ZVggdl`ZnhidbdkZi]ZZci^gZ\gVe]VgdjcYi]ZhXgZZc# want to move to the
L]ZcndjVgZ[^c^h]ZY!egZhhd# entry line, press e.
6. NdjXVcY^heaVnViVWaZd[kVajZh[dgi]Z
[jcXi^dc#
EgZhheidgZijgcidi]ZZcigna^cZ#
EgZhhi]ZjeVggdl`ZnidgZijgcidi]Z
[jcXi^dcf1x#
EgZhhbVcYhZaZXi2:View#
;gdbi]ZViewbZcj!hZaZXi
9:Add Function Table#
NdjXVchXgdaajeVcYYdlcid^cheZXiY^[[ZgZcikVajZh#
IdVY_jhii]ZTable StartkVajZVcYi]ZTable StepkVajZ/
EgZhhbVcYhZaZXi5:Function Table#
;gdbi]ZFunction TablebZcj!hZaZXi
3:Edit Function Table Settings#
7. NdjXVcheaîi]ZhXgZZcidY^heaVnild[jcXi^dchVidcXZ#
DeZcVcZlYdXjbZci#DeZcVeV\Zjh^c\i]ZGraphs & Geometry Te c h n o l o g y Tip
Veea^XVi^dc#
You can hide the entry
<gVe]i]Z[jcXi^dcf1xx'# line.
EgZhh/cidVXXZhhi]ZToolsbZcj# • Press / G. The
entry line is hidden.
;gdbi]ZToolsbZcj!hZaZXi5:Page Layout!VcYi]ZchZaZXi • Press / G again to
2:Select Layout# view the entry line.
NdjlâahZZVbZcjd[edhh^WaZaVndjih# If you press a key or
make a selection by
;dgZmVbeaZ!idY^heaVnild\gVe]hh^YZWnh^YZ/
mistake, you can undo
HZaZXi2:Layout 2#6WaVc`l^cYdl the operation.
lâaVeeZVg# • Press / Z.
EgZhh/eidhlîX]l^cYdlh# This will work several
times to step back
EgZhhbVcYhZaZXi
through a series of
2:Add Graphs & Geometry# operations.
<gVe]i]Z[jcXi^dcf2xx(#
Use Technology: Graph Functions Using a TI-Nspire™ CAS Graphing Calculator • MHR 87

2.2 R1 object f
R2
image
R3
Skills You Need: do di
Operations With
T
&T
&T
&T
& T
&T
&T
&
Rational Expressions RT R& R' R( f do di
I]ZVWâînidbVcêjaViZgVi^dcVaZmegZhh^dch^hVc^bedgiVcih`âa[dgZc\^cZZgh!hX^Zci^hih!VcY
bVi]ZbVi^X^Vch#HdbZZmVbeaZhd[hjX]hîjVi^dchVgZi]ZXVaXjaVi^dcd[i]ZgZh^hiVcXZ^ceVgVaaZa
X^gXjîhVcYi]ZXVaXjaVi^dcd[i]Z[dXVaaZc\i]^cXjgkZYaZchZh#
Example 1
Multiply and Divide Rational Expressions
H^bea^[nZVX]ZmegZhh^dcVcYhiViZVcngZhig^Xi^dchdci]ZkVg^VWaZh#
a) T
)x' T
&'x(

(x 'x
TT
b) T
&%ab '
&*a

'
)a &'b'
Solution
a) Method 1: Multiply and Then Simplify
T T
)x' T
&'x( )-x*
Multiply the numerators and multiply the denominators.
(x 'x +x'
- (
T
)-x
!xp%
*
Divide by the common factors.
+x '
-x(
I]jh!T T
)x' &'x(
-x(!xp%#
(x 'x
Method 2: Simplify and Then Multiply
' & ) '
T T
)x T
&'x T
)x &'x
!xp%
' ( ' (
Divide by the common factors.
(x 'x (x 'x
'x )x'
-x(
I]jh!T T
)x' &'x(
-x(!xp%#
(x 'x

b) TT T
&%ab '
TT
&*a '
T
&%ab &'b

' '
Multiply by the reciprocal.
)a &'b' )a &*a'
TT
&'%ab)

Multiply the numerators and multiply the
+%a( denominators.
'
TT
&'%ab)
!ap% Divide by the common factors.
+%a( '
T
'b)

a'
>ci]Zdg^\^cVaZmegZhh^dc!Wdi]aVcYblZgZ^ci]ZYZcdb^cVidg!
hdcZî]Zgd[i]ZbXVcWZZfjVaidoZgd#
Hd!TT
&%ab'
T
&*a' T
'b)
!ap%!bp%#
)a &'b' a'
Example 2
Multiply and Divide Rational Expressions Involving Polynomials
H^bea^[nVcYhiViZVcngZhig^Xi^dch#
a) TT '
TT
a 'a '%a '
(a *a &%a
'
b) TTT
'x -x
TTT
'
)x
'
x (x&%
'
x .x'% '
Solution
a) TT
'
TT
a 'a '%a

'
(a *a &%a
'
TT TT
aa' '%a'
(a
*aa'
Factor binomials where possible.
) &
TT TT
aa' '%a'
(a
*aa'
!ap'!ap% Divide by the common factors.
T
&)a Multiply the numerators and multiply
( the denominators.
T
)a

(
Hd!TT
a''a TT'%a' T
)a !ap'!ap%#
(a *a &%a
' (
2.2 Skills You Need: Operations With Rational Expressions • MHR 89

TTT
b)
'x -x

'
TTT
)x
'
x (x&% x .x'%
' '
TTT TTT
'xx) )x

'
Factor binomials
x*x' x)x* and trinomials
TTT TTT
'xx) x)x* where possible.

Multiply by the
x*x' )x'
reciprocal.
TTT TTT
'xx) x)x*

!xp'!xp%!xp* Divide by any
x*x' )x' & common factors.
'
TT
x)'

'xx'
L]ZcXdch^YZg^c\gZhig^Xi^dch!ndjbjhi^cXajYZVcn^chiVcXZl]ZgZ
i]ZYZcdb^cVidgXVcWZoZgd#;gdbi]Zdg^\^cVaZmegZhh^dc!i]^h
dXXjghl]Zcx*%!x'%!VcYx)%#L]Zci]ZhZXdcY
gVi^dcVaZmegZhh^dc^h^ckZgiZY!i]ZcîhYZcdb^cVidgXVcWZoZgd
l]Zcx%#
Hd!TTT TTT TT

'x'-x )x x)'

'
!
x (x&% x .x'%
' '
'xx'
xp'!xp%!xp)!xp*#
Example 3
Add and Subtract Rational Expressions With Monomial Denominators
H^bea^[nVcYhiViZi]ZgZhig^Xi^dch#
T& T&
a) b)TT
ab '
'
TT

b'

*x 'x 'ab' 'b
Solution
a) HiVgiWnYZiZgb^c^c\i]ZaZVhiXdbbdcbjaiêaZA8Bd[i]Z
YZcdb^cVidgh#
*x*x
*'x&%x
'x'x
I]ZA8B^hi]ZaZVhiXdbbdcYZcdb^cVidgA89d[i]ZildgVi^dcVa
ZmegZhh^dch#
T&T&T T
&' &*
Multiply each rational expression by a fraction equal
*x 'x *x' 'x* to 1 that makes each denominator 10x.
T T
' *
&%x &%x
T, Add the numerators.
&%x
I]jh!T &T& T , !xp%#
*x 'x &%x

b) 9ZiZgb^cZi]ZA8Bd[i]ZYZcdb^cVidgh#
'ab''abb
'abb'ab'
'b'b
I]ZA89^h'ab'#
TT TT TT TTT
ab'' b' ab'' b'ab Multiply each rational expression
'ab'

'b

'ab'

'bab

by a fraction equal to 1 that
makes each denominator 2ab .
2
TT
ab ' TT
ab 'ab

' '

'ab '
'ab '
TT
''ab Subtract the numerators.
'ab'
TT
'&ab

'ab'

Factor 2 from the numerator.
TT
&ab
Divide by the common factor of 2.
ab'
I]jh!TT
ab'' TT

TT
b' &ab

!ap%!bp%#
'ab' 'b ab'
Example 4
Add and Subtract Rational Expressions With Polynomial Denominators
TT
x*
a) TT
x,

x( x'
TTT
b)
x.
TTTx.

x 'x)-
'
x x(%
'
Solution
a) I]ZgZVgZcdXdbbdc[VXidgh^ci]ZYZcdb^cVidgh!hdi]ZA89^h_jhi
x(x'#
TT
x* TT
x,

x( x'
TTT TTT
x*x' x,x( Multiply each rational expression by

x(x'

x'x(

a fraction equal to 1 that makes each
denominator (x — 3)(x + 2).
TTT
x ,x&%
TTT
x &%x'&

' '

x(x' x(x'
TTT
'x
'
(x(&

Add the numerators.
x(x'
I]jh!TT
x* TT
x, TTT
'x (x(&

'
!xp'!xp(#
x( x' x(x'

b) 9ZiZgb^cZi]ZA8Bd[i]ZYZcdb^cVidgh#
x''x)-x-x+
x-x+x*
x'x(%x+x*
I]ZA89^hx-x+x*#
TTT x.
TTTx.

x''x)- x'x(%
Multiply each rational
TTTT TTTT
x.x* x.x-

x-x+x*
expression by a fraction
x+x*x- equal to 1 that makes
TTTT
x'&)x)*
TTTT
x'x,'
each denominator
x-x+x* x-x+x* (x + 8)(x — 6)(x + 5).
TTTT &*x&&,
Add the numerators.
x-x+x*
I]jh!TTT x.
TTTx.
TTTT &*x&&,
!
x''x)- x'x(% x-x+x*
xp-!xp*!xp+#
Example 5
Bicycle Relay
GV_VcYBVX`VgZXdbeZi^c\VhVgZaVniZVb^cV*%"`bXnXa^c\gVXZ#
I]ZgZVgZildaZ\h^ci]ZgVXZ#AZ\6^h(%`bVcYaZ\7^h'%`b#
a) 6hhjb^c\i]ViZVX]XnXa^hiigVkZahViVY^[[ZgZciVkZgV\ZheZZY!
YZiZgb^cZVh^bea^[^ZYZmegZhh^dcidgZegZhZcii]ZidiVai^bZd[i]Z
gVXZ#
b) >[GV_XVcbV^ciV^cVcVkZgV\ZheZZYd[(*`b$]VcYBVX`VcVkZgV\Z
heZZYd['*`b$]!YZiZgb^cZi]Zb^c^bjbi^bZîlâaiV`Zid
XdbeaZiZi]ZgVXZ#
Solution
a) ;dgVcnY^hiVcXZ"heZZY"i^bZXVaXjaVi^dc!i]ZZmegZhh^dc[dgi]Z
i^bZ!t!^h\^kZcWntT
d !l]ZgZdgZegZhZcihi]ZY^hiVcXZVcY
v
vgZegZhZcihi]ZheZZY#IdXVaXjaViZi]ZidiVai^bZ!VYYi]Zi^bZh[dg
i]ZildaZ\h#AZit6VcYt7gZegZhZcii]Zi^bZhVcYv6VcYv7gZegZhZci
i]ZheZZYhd[aZ\h6VcY7!gZheZXi^kZan#

tt6t7
T
(%T
v6
'%
v7
T T
(%v7 '%v6
v6v7

v6v7
Write with a common denominator.
TTT
(%v7'%v6
vv
Add the numerators.
6 7
b) >ibV`ZhhZchZi]Vi[dgi]Zb^c^bjbi^bZ!i]Z[VhiZhieZghdch]djaY
g^YZi]Zadc\ZhiaZ\#Hd!GV_lâag^YZaZ\6VcYBVX`lâag^YZaZ\7#
tTTT
(%'*'%(*

(*'*
Substitute the value for each person’s speed.
&#++
>ilâaiV`Zi]ZiZVbVeegdm^bViZan&#++]idXdbeaZiZi]ZgVXZ#
Key Concepts
L]Zcbjaiêan^c\dgY^k^Y^c\gVi^dcVaZmegZhh^dch![daadli]ZhZhiZeh/
;VXidgVcnedancdb^Vah!^[edhh^WaZ#
L]ZcY^k^Y^c\WnVgVi^dcVaZmegZhh^dc!bjaiêanWni]ZgZXêgdXVad[i]ZgVi^dcVaZmegZhh^dc#
9^k^YZWnVcnXdbbdc[VXidgh#
9ZiZgb^cZVcngZhig^Xi^dch#
L]ZcVYY^c\dghjWigVXi^c\gVi^dcVaZmegZhh^dch![daadli]ZhZhiZeh/
;VXidgi]ZYZcdb^cVidgh#
9ZiZgb^cZi]ZaZVhiXdbbdcbjaiêaZd[i]ZYZcdb^cVidgh#
GZlgîZi]ZZmegZhh^dchlî]VXdbbdcYZcdb^cVidg#
6YYdghjWigVXii]ZcjbZgVidgh#
C1 9ZhXg^WZ]dlndjldjaYh^bea^[n TTT
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A Practise
For help with questions 1 and 2, refer to 6. H^bea^[nVcYhiViZi]ZgZhig^Xi^dchdci]Z
Example 1. kVg^VWaZ#
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TT
x &*x (x
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b) TT
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a) T T T T
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kVg^VWaZh#
For help with question 7, refer to Example 3.
a) T
*x T
*x
T
**xy
b) T
&
.y &-y' -y )-x' 7. H^bea^[nVcYhiViZVcngZhig^Xi^dch#
T TT
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x&% TT
'x&
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) ( '
c) d) &- )* &' &*
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c) TT T
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(
For help with questions 3 to 6, refer to (x )x +x -x
e) TT TT T
Example 2. ( * &( &&
f)
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'
)b '
kVg^VWaZ# TT
g) TT
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h) TT T
)ab 'ab
a) TT TT b) TT TT
'* x&% x& 'x a' b (ab' .ab +a b ' '
x&% *
x x&
For help with questions 8 and 9, refer to
c) TT
x* TT
x(

TT
d) TT
'x(
x-
Example 4.
x( x, x- 'x(
8. H^bea^[nVcYhiViZi]ZgZhig^Xi^dch#
4. H^bea^[nVcYhiViZi]ZgZhig^Xi^dchdci]Z
kVg^VWaZ# TT
a) TT
& &

x+ x+
a) TTT TT
(x'
)x+
b) TT TT
(x(% &' (
&'x &-x
'
x- x.
b) TT TT
)x')
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c) TT
x&% TT
x(

x'-x (x&- x+ x)
TTT TTT d) TT TT
x &%x'& x' x* x'

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c) x&
x( x'.x&) x'
d) TTT
x'
'x&*

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x+
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5. H^bea^[nVcYhiViZi]ZgZhig^Xi^dchdci]Z
b) TT TTT
x( x'

kVg^VWaZ#
x* x'(x&%
TT
a) x TT
x& x&
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b) TT
x &
c) TTT
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(x'

'x x( x( x'(x' x'-x,
TT TT d) TT TT d) TT TTT
x&' x&' x, x, x) 'x&

c)
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13. GZh^hidghVgZXdbedcZcih[djcYdcbdhi
B Connect and Apply X^gXjîWdVgYhVcY^cbdhiZaZXigdc^X
For help with question 10, refer to Example 5. YZk^XZh#H^cXZgZh^hidghYdcdiXdbZ^c
ZkZgnhôZ!i]Zn]VkZidWZVggVc\ZY^c
10. 6a^XZ^h^cV'%"`bgjcc^c\gVXZ#H]Z
kVg^djhlVnhid\Zii]ZcZZYZYgZh^hiVcXZ#
ValVnhgjchi]Z[^ghi]Va[ViVcVkZgV\Z
L]Zci]gZZgZh^hidghVgZ^ceVgVaaZa!i]Zc
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i]ZidiVagZh^hiVcXZ!RT!XVcWZXVaXjaViZY
]Va[#
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a) 9ZiZgb^cZVcZmegZhh^dc[dgi]ZidiVa
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11. 7^cdb^VaZmegZhh^dchXVcY^[[ZgWnV
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ZmegZhh^dcVcYhiViZi]ZgZhig^Xi^dch# kdajbZd[i]ZXna^cYZgid
a) TT TT b) TT TT
& & 'x, x. îhhjg[VXZVgZV# h
x' 'x x( (x
b) L]VigZhig^Xi^dchVgZ
c) TT TT d) TT TT
a& a) 'b( b+
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12. 6cdeZc"ideeZY Reasoning and Proving 15. Da^k^VXVchl^bVi Reasoning and Proving
Wdm^hidWZXgZViZY VcVkZgV\ZgViZd[
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d[XVgYWdVgYWn Connecting Reflecting ]VhildgVXZh Connecting Reflecting
Xjii^c\djiVhfjVgZ Communicating Xdb^c\je!dcZ^cV Communicating
d[h^YZaZc\i]x aV`Zlî]cdXjggZci
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gZhig^Xi^dch^ci]ZXdciZmi4 :meaV^c#

16. Use Technology 19. H^bea^[ni]ZZmegZhh^dcVcYhiViZVcn
a) JhZ\gVe]^c\iZX]cdad\nid\gVe] gZhig^Xi^dch#
TT TT TTT x-
TTT
x &(x)%

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& &
f x
# 'x'.x&%

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b) GZlgîZi]Z[jcXi^dcjh^c\VXdbbdc
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[jcXi^dc#
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c) 8dbeVgZi]Z\gVe]h#>YZci^[n]dli]Z
gZhig^Xi^dchV[[ZXii]Z\gVe]#
Achievement Check
17. a) H^bea^[ni]ZZmegZhh^dch[dgAVcYB!
l]ZgZATTT x)

x'.x'%
VcYBTTT(x'.x
#HiViZi]Z
x (x &-
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gZhig^Xi^dch#
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18. 6gX]^bZYZhd[HngVXjhZ'-,'&'78:
21. Math ContestL]Zcn^hY^k^YZYWn)!i]Z
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i]ZgZbV^cYZg^h
he]ZgZ#>ceVgi^XjaVg!]Zadd`ZYVii]Z
hîjVi^dcl]ZgZi]Zhe]ZgZ_jhi[îh^ch^YZ A & B ' C ( D %
i]ZXna^cYZghdi]Vii]Zn]VkZi]ZhVbZ
22. Math ContestI]Zhjbd[i]Zgddihd[
gVY^jhVcYi]Z]Z^\]id[i]ZXna^cYZgZfjVah
x')x(x'(x&%
i]ZY^VbZiZgd[i]Zhe]ZgZ#
-x'-x&+%^h
a) 9ZiZgb^cZi]ZgVi^dd[i]ZkdajbZd[i]Z
A , B + C + D -
he]ZgZidi]ZkdajbZd[i]ZXna^cYZg^c
i]^hhîjVi^dc# 23. Math Contest<^kZc
b) 9ZiZgb^cZi]ZgVi^dd[i]Zhjg[VXZVgZV fxTT TT
(+ (*
!l]Vi^hi]Z
d[i]Zhe]ZgZidi]Zhjg[VXZVgZVd[i]Z x' x&
Xna^cYZg^ci]^hhîjVi^dc# hbVaaZhi^ciZ\gVakVajZd[xi]Vi\^kZhVc
c) L]VihZZbhidWZigjZVWdjindjg ^ciZ\gVakVajZd[fx4
VchlZgh[gdbeVgihVVcYW4 24. Math Contest<^kZc
TT TT TT

Co nnec ti o n s 'x (y )z
*!i]Zc
Archimedes was so fond of the sphere and cylinder
x( y) z*
relationship that he had the image of a sphere xyz^h
inscribed in a cylinder engraved on his tombstone.
A )% B )% C '%% D '%%

2.3
Horizontal and Vertical

Translations of
Functions
L]ZcVk^YZd\VbZYZkZadeZg^hYZh^\c^c\
V\VbZ!h]Zb^\]i]VkZhZkZgVadW_ZXih
Y^heaVnZYdci]ZXdbejiZghXgZZci]VibdkZ[gdbdcZeaVXZidVcdi]ZgWjiYdcdiX]Vc\Zh]VeZdg
dg^ZciVi^dc#>c[VXi!i]ZdW_ZXiXVcWZhV^Yid¸ha^YZ¹VgdjcYi]ZhXgZZc#
>ci]^hhZXi^dc!ndjlâaXdch^YZg]dlWVhZ[jcXi^dch¸ha^YZ¹VgdjcYi]Z8VgiZh^VceaVcZVcYi]Z
Z[[ZXii]^h]Vhdci]Z^gZfjVi^dch#
Investigate Tools
• graphing calculator
What effect does translating have on the graph and equation of
a function?
A: Graph Functions of the Form g (x) = f (x) + c
1. 8aZVgVcn\gVe]ZY[jcXi^dchVcY\gVe]i]Z[daadl^c\hZid[[jcXi^dch Te c h n o l o g y Tip
VhY1!Y 2!VcYY3dci]ZhVbZhZid[VmZh#JhZVhiVcYVgYl^cYdl#
You can change the
HZi&/fxx' gxx'' hxx'' appearance of a line on
NdjbVnlVciidbV`ZZVX]a^cZVY^[[ZgZcii]^X`cZhhidY^hi^c\j^h] a graphing calculator.
i]Zb# • Press Y= . Cursor

left to the slanted

line beside the
equation.
• Press ENTER
repeatedly to choose
one of the seven
options.
• Press GRAPH .
2. 8dbeVgZi]ZZfjVi^dchd[gxVcYhxidi]ZZfjVi^dcd[fx#
8dbeVgZi]Z\gVe]hd[gxVcYhxidi]Z\gVe]d[fx#
3. GZeZVihiZeh&VcY'lî]ZVX]hZid[[jcXi^dch#
TT TT TT
HZi'/f xq x g xq x '
hxq x '

HZi(/f xT
&
x gxT
&'
x hxT
&'
x
4. Reflect9ZhXg^WZ]dli]ZkVajZd[c^cgxfxcX]Vc\Zhi]Z
\gVe]d[fx#
2.3 Horizontal and Vertical Translations of Functions • MHR 97

B: Graph Functions of the Form g (x) = f (x – d)
1. 8aZVgVcn\gVe]ZY[jcXi^dchVcY\gVe]i]Z[daadl^c\hZid[[jcXi^dch
VhY1!Y 2!VcYY3 dci]ZhVbZhZid[VmZh#JhZVhiVcYVgYl^cYdl#
HZi&/fxx' gxx'' hxx''
NdjbVnlVciidbV`ZZVX]a^cZVY^[[ZgZcii]^X`cZhhidY^hi^c\j^h]
i]Zb#
TT TTTTTT TTTTTT
HZi'/fxqx gxq x'
hxq x'

HZi(/fxT
&
x gxTT&
hxTT&
x' x'
4. Reflect9ZhXg^WZ]dli]ZkVajZd[d^cgxfxdX]Vc\Zhi]Z
\gVe]d[fx#
transformation 5. Reflect8dbeVgZi]Ztransformationsdci]Z[jcXi^dch^ceVgih6
• a change made to a VcY7#9ZhXg^WZVcnh^bâVgî^ZhVcYY^[[ZgZcXZh#
figure or a relation such
that the figure or the
graph of the relation is
shifted or changed in
shape
• Translations, stretches,
and reflections
are types of
transformations.
IgVch[dgbVi^dchi]Vih]^[iV[jcXi^dcje!Ydlc!g^\]i!dgaZ[ilî]dji
translation V[[ZXi^c\i]Zh]VeZVgZXVaaZYtranslations#
• a transformation that
I]Z\gVe]d[i]Z[jcXi^dcgxfxc^hV y
results in a shift of the
original figure without kZgi^XVaigVchaVi^dcd[i]Z\gVe]d[fxWn
changing its shape cjcîh#>[c^hedhî^kZ!i]Z\gVe]bdkZhje g(x) = f(x) + c,
cjcîh#>[c^hcZ\Vi^kZ!i]Z\gVe]bdkZh c>0
Ydlccjcîh# f(x)
0 x
g(x) = f(x) + c,
c<0
I]Z\gVe]d[i]Z[jcXi^dcgxfxd^h y
V]dgôdciVaigVchaVi^dcd[i]Z\gVe]d[fx
f(x)
Wndjcîh#>[d^hedhî^kZ!i]Z\gVe]bdkZh
idi]Zg^\]idjcîh#>[d^hcZ\Vi^kZ!i]Z\gVe]
bdkZhidi]ZaZ[idjcîh#
0 x
g(x) = f(x — d), g(x) = f(x — d),
d<0 d>0

Example 1
Graph Translations by Using Points
<^kZci]Z\gVe]d[V[jcXi^dcfx!h`ZiX]i]Z\gVe]d[gxWn
YZiZgb^c^c\image points[dgVcndg^\^cVa`Zned^cih# image point
• any point that has been
a) gxfx) b)gxfx)
transformed from a
y y point on the original
f(x) figure or graph
D
2 2
C
A B
—4 —2 0 2 4 x 0 A 2 4 6 8 x
f(x) C D —2
—2
B
Solution
a) H^cXZyfx!i]Z[jcXi^dcgxfx)XVcWZgZlgîiZcVh
gxy)#
I]ZXdggZhedcY^c\igVch[dgbVi^dc^hVkZgi^XVaigVchaVi^dcd[)jcîh
je#;dgZVX]ed^ci!dcani]ZkVajZd[i]Zy"XddgY^cViZX]Vc\Zh!Vh
h]dlc^ci]ZiVWaZ#
f (x): (x, f (x)) g (x): (x, f (x) + 4) A' y
A(—3, 1) A’(—3, 1 + 4) = (—3, 5) g(x) 4

C' D'
B(—2, —2) B’(—2, —2 + 4) = (—2, 2) B'
2
C(1, —1) C’(1, —1 + 4) = (1, 3) A
D(3, —1) D’(3, —1 + 4) = (3, 3) —4 —2 0 2 4 x
f(x) C D
It is common notation to use a prime (‘) next to —2
B
each letter representing an image point.
b) LgîZgxfx)Vhgxfx)#H^cXZd)!ZVX]ed^ci
^higVchaViZY)jcîhidi]ZaZ[i#HjWigVXi)[gdbi]Zx-XddgY^cViZd[
ZVX]ed^ci#I]Zy"XddgY^cViZYdZhcdiX]Vc\Z#
8gZViZViVWaZjh^c\i]Z`Zned^cih#
f (x): (x, f (x)) g (x): (x — 4, f (x)) y
A(0, 0) A’(0 — 4, 0) = (—4, 0) 4 g(x)

D'
B(1, 1) B’(1 — 4, 1) = (—3, 1) C' D
2 f(x)
B' C
C(4, 2) C’(4 — 4, 2) = (0, 2) A' B
D(9, 3) D’(9 — 4, 3) = (5, 3) —4 —2 0 A 2 4 6 8 x
—2
To ensure an accurate sketch of a

transformed function, translate key points
on the base function first and then draw a
smooth curve through the new points.

Example 2
Describe Transformations
;dgZVX][jcXi^dcgx!YZhXg^WZi]ZigVch[dgbVi^dc[gdbVWVhZ[jcXi^dc
TT
d[fxx!fxx'!fxq x !dgfxT
&![^ghijh^c\[jcXi^dccdiVi^dc
x
VcYi]Zcjh^c\ldgYh#IgVch[dgbi]Z\gVe]d[fxidh`ZiX]i]Z\gVe]d[
gxVcYi]ZchiViZi]ZYdbV^cVcYgVc\Zd[ZVX][jcXi^dc#
a) gxx*'&
TT
b) gx
&
,
x(
TTTTTT
c) gxq x')
Solution
a) I]ZWVhZ[jcXi^dc^hfxx'#7nXdbeVg^hdc!
gxx*'&
fx*&
I]^h^hV]dgôdciVaigVchaVi^dcd[ y
*jcîhidi]ZaZ[id*VcYVkZgi^XVa g(x) = (x + 5)2 + 1
6
igVchaVi^dcd[&jcîjec&#Id]Zae
lî]i]Zh`ZiX]!hiVgilî]i]ZkZgiZm 4
%!%[gdbfxVcYigVchaViZîidi]Z f(x) = x 2
2
ed^ci%*!%&*!&#
;dgfx!i]ZYdbV^c^hpx2rVcYi]Z —8 —6 —4 —2 0 2x
gVc\Z^hpy2!y%r# —2
;dggx!i]ZYdbV^c^hpx2rVcYi]Z
gVc\Z^hpy2!y &r#
T&
b) I]ZWVhZ[jcXi^dc^hfxx#7nXdbeVg^hdc!
gxTT&
,
x(
fx(,
(jcîhidi]ZaZ[id(VcYV 2 1
f(x) =
kZgi^XVaigVchaVi^dcd[,jcîhYdlc x
c,#Id]Zaelî]i]Zh`ZiX]! —6 —4 —2 0 2 4 x
hiVgilî]i]Zed^ci&!&[gdbfx —2
VcYigVchaViZîidi]Zed^ci
&(!&,'!+#H^bâVgan! —4
i]Zed^ci&!&WZXdbZh)!-# 1
—6 g(x) = x + 3 — 7
I]ZWVhZ[jcXi^dc]VhVhnbeidiZh
Vix%VcYy%!hdi]ZigVchaViZY —8
[jcXi^dclâa]VkZVhnbeidiZhVi
x(VcYy,#

;dgfx!i]ZYdbV^c^hpx2!xp%rVcYi]ZgVc\Z^hpy2!yp%r#
;dggx!i]ZYdbV^c^hpx2!xp(rVcYi]ZgVc\Z^h
py2!yp,r#
TT
c) I]ZWVhZ[jcXi^dc^hfxq x #7nXdbeVg^hdc!
TTTTTT
gxqx' )
fx')
g(x) = x — 2 + 4
'jcîhidi]Zg^\]id'VcYVkZgi^XVa 6
igVchaVi^dcd[)jcîhjec)#Id]Zae
4
lî]i]Zh`ZiX]!hiVgilî]i]Zed^ci%!% f(x) = x
[gdbfxVcYigVchaViZîidi]Zed^ci 2
%'!%)'!)#H^bâVgan!i]Zed^ci
&!&WZXdbZh(!*# 0 2 4 6 x
;dgfx!i]ZYdbV^c^hpx2!x%rVcYi]Z
gVc\Z^hpy2!y%r#
;dggx!i]ZYdbV^c^hpx2!x'rVcYi]ZgVc\Z^hpy2!y)r#
Key Concepts
IgVchaVi^dchVgZigVch[dgbVi^dchi]ViXVjhZ[jcXi^dchidh]^[i[gdbdcZeaVXZidVcdi]Zg
lî]djiX]Vc\^c\h]VeZ#
I]Z\gVe]d[gxfxc^hVkZgi^XVaigVchaVi^dcd[i]Z\gVe]d[fxWncjcîh#
>[c%!i]Z\gVe]bdkZhjecjcîh#>[c %!i]Z\gVe]bdkZhYdlccjcîh#
I]Z\gVe]d[gxfx d^hV]dgôdciVaigVchaVi^dcd[i]Z\gVe]d[fxWndjcîh#
>[d%!i]Z\gVe]bdkZhidi]Zg^\]idjcîh#>[d %!i]Z\gVe]bdkZhidi]ZaZ[idjcîh#
6h`ZiX]d[i]Z\gVe]d[VcnigVch[dgbZY[jcXi^dcXVcWZXgZViZYWnigVch[dgb^c\i]Z
gZaViZYWVhZ[jcXi^dc#
>c\ZcZgVa!i]ZYdbV^cVcYgVc\Zd[V[jcXi^dcd[i]Z[dgbgxfxdc XVcWZ
YZiZgb^cZYWnVYY^c\i]Zd"kVajZVcYi]Zc"kVajZidgZhig^Xi^dchdci]ZYdbV^cVcYgVc\Z!
gZheZXi^kZan!d[i]ZWVhZ[jcXi^dc#

C1 <^kZci]Z\gVe]d[i]Z[jcXi^dcfx!YZhXg^WZ]dlndjldjaYh`ZiX]i]Z y
\gVe]d[gxfx'(# f(x)
2
C2 :meaV^cl]ni]Z\gVe]d[gxfxcigVchaViZhi]Z\gVe]d[fx
kZgi^XVaanVcYcdi]dgôdciVaan# —2 0 2 x
—2
C3 :meaV^cl]ni]Z\gVe]d[gxfxdigVchaViZhi]Z\gVe]d[fxidi]Z
g^\]iVcYcdiidi]ZaZ[i[dgd%#

A Practise
y
For help with questions 1 to 5, refer to 4. 8deni]Z\gVe]d[
f(x)
Example 1. fx#6eeanZVX] 2
igVch[dgbVi^dcWn B D
1. a) 8denVcYXdbeaZiZi]ZiVWaZd[kVajZh# x
YZiZgb^c^c\i]Z —4 —2 0 2
__
x f (x) = qx r (x) = f (x) + 7 s (x) = f (x — 1) ^bV\Zed^cih6'!7'! A —2
C
0 8'!VcY9'#
1
a) bxfx( b) gxfx+
4
c) hxfx) d) nxfx,
9
5. 8deni]Z\gVe]d[fx^cfjZhi^dc)#6eean
b) JhZi]Zed^cihid\gVe]Vaai]gZZ ZVX]igVch[dgbVi^dcWnYZiZgb^c^c\i]Z
[jcXi^dchdci]ZhVbZhZid[VmZh# ^bV\Zed^cih6'!7'!8'!VcY9'#
c) :meaV^c]dli]Zed^cihd[i]Z a) mxfx'&%
igVchaViZY[jcXi^dchgZaViZidi]ZVXijVa b) rxfx*.
igVch[dgbVi^dch#
c) sxfx-.
2. 8deni]Z\gVe]d[fx#6eeanZVX] d) txfx&&&
igVch[dgbVi^dcWnYZiZgb^c^c\i]Z^bV\Z
For help with questions 6 to 8, refer to
ed^cih6'!7'!8'!9'!:'!VcY;'#
Example 2.
y
f(x) 6. ;dgZVX][jcXi^dcgx!^YZci^[ni]ZWVhZ
2
A B [jcXi^dcVhdcZd[fxx!fxx'!
TT
—4 —2 0 2 4 x fxq x !VcYfxT
&VcYYZhXg^WZi]Z
x
E F
C
—2
D
igVch[dgbVi^dc[^ghi^ci]Z[dgb
yfxdcVcYi]Zc^cldgYh#
IgVch[dgbi]Z\gVe]d[fxidh`ZiX]i]Z
a) bxfx*
\gVe]d[gxVcYi]ZchiViZi]ZYdbV^c
b) gxfx, VcYgVc\Zd[ZVX][jcXi^dc#
c) hxfx- a) gxx. b) gxx&'
TT
d) mxfx+ c) gxx -
'
d) gxq x &'
3. 8deni]Z\gVe]d[fx^cfjZhi^dc'#6eean e) gxx+' T&

f) gxx *
TTTTTTT
gxTT
ZVX]igVch[dgbVi^dcWnYZiZgb^c^c\i]Z &
g) gxq x&%
h)
^bV\Zed^cih6'!7'!8'!9'!:'!VcY;'# TTTTTT x'
a) nxfx(+ i) gxq x.
* j) gxTT &
-
x(
b) rxfx'&%
7. :meaV^cl]ni]ZgZ^hbdgZi]VcdcZ
c) sxfx*) edhh^WaZVchlZg[dgfjZhi^dc+VVcYW
d) txfx&'( l]ZcYZhXg^W^c\i]ZigVch[dgbVi^dch#

8. JhZldgYhVcY Reasoning and Proving
[jcXi^dccdiVi^dc
B Connect and Apply
Representing Selecting Tools Reasoning and Proving
idYZhXg^WZi]Z 9. I]Z\gVe]d[
Problem Solving Representing Selecting Tools
igVch[dgbVi^dci]Vi fxx '^h
XVcWZVeea^ZYid igVch[dgbZYidi]Z Problem Solving
i]Z\gVe]d[fxid Communicating \gVe]d[ Connecting Reflecting
dWiV^ci]Z\gVe]d[ gxfx-&'# Communicating

gx#HiViZi]ZYdbV^cVcYgVc\Zd[ZVX] a) 9ZhXg^WZi]ZildigVchaVi^dch
[jcXi^dc# gZegZhZciZYWni]^higVch[dgbVi^dc#
a) b) 9ZiZgb^cZi]gZZed^cihdci]ZWVhZ
y
[jcXi^dc#=dgôdciVaanigVchaViZVcY
4
i]ZckZgi^XVaanigVchaViZi]Zed^cihid
f(x) YZiZgb^cZi]Z^bV\Zed^cihdcgx#
2
x c) HiVgilî]ndjgdg^\^cVaed^cih!Wji
—8 —6 —4 —2 0 2 4 6 8 i]^hi^bZgZkZghZi]ZdgYZgd[ndjg
—2 igVchaVi^dch#9ZiZgb^cZl]Zi]Zgi]Z
g(x) dgYZgd[i]ZigVchaVi^dch^h^bedgiVci#
d) 8dc[^gbndjggZhjai[gdbeVgihWVcYX
b)
y Wn\gVe]^c\#
4 e) GZeZVieVgihVidYlî]VY^[[ZgZci
WVhZ[jcXi^dc#
2
f(x) g(x)
10. <^kZcfxx!YZiZgb^cZ^[i]ZgZ^hV
—2 0 2 4 6 x h^c\aZ]dgôdciVaigVchaVi^dci]Vi]Vhi]Z
—2 hVbZZ[[ZXiVhVh^c\aZkZgi^XVaigVchaVi^dc#
?jhi^[nndjgVchlZgVa\ZWgV^XVaanlî]
ZfjVi^dch!cjbZg^XVaanlî]ed^cih!VcY
c) \gVe]^XVaanlî]h`ZiX]Zh#
y
4 g(x)
11. JhZi]ZWVhZ[jcXi^dcfxx#LgîZi]Z
2 ZfjVi^dc[dgZVX]igVch[dgbZY[jcXi^dc#
f(x)
a) nxfx)+
—4 —2 0 2 4 x b) rxfx'.
c) sxfx+,
d)
y d) txfx&&)
f(x)
2
12. GZeZVifjZhi^dc&&jh^c\i]ZWVhZ[jcXi^dc
fxx'#
0 4 8 12 16 x
—2 13. GZeZVifjZhi^dc&&jh^c\i]ZWVhZ[jcXi^dc
TT
—4 fxq x #
g(x)
—6 14. GZeZVifjZhi^dc&&jh^c\i]ZWVhZ[jcXi^dc
fxT
&#HiViZVcngZhig^Xi^dchdci]Z
x
kVg^VWaZ#

15. Chapter ProblemI]ZigV[[^XhV[ZinWjgZVj a) HijYni]Z[dgbd[i]Z[jcXi^dcgx#
gZXZ^kZhYViVgZ\VgY^c\i]ZVXXZaZgVi^dc L]Vih^bâVgî^ZhVcYY^[[ZgZcXZhVgZ
d[VegdidineZZaZXig^XhedgihXVg#>iXVc i]ZgZXdbeVgZYidVigVchaViZY[jcXi^dc
VXXZaZgViZ[gdb%id&%%`b$]^cVWdji)h# d[i]Z[dgbgxfxdc4
>ihedhî^dc!d!^cbZigZh!ViVcni^bZt!^c b) L]Vi]VeeZchl]ZcndjbdkZi]Z
hZXdcYh!^h\^kZcWndt(#*t'#BVii]Zl ha^YZgt4
^hXdbeVg^c\i]ZegdidineZidV]nWg^Y
c) =dlYdZhX]Vc\^c\i]ZeVgVbZiZg
ZaZXig^XXVg!l]^X]]Vhîhedhî^dc\^kZc
[jcXi^dcPxV[[ZXii]Zbdi^dcd[i]Z
Wndt&#)t'#
WVhZ[jcXi^dcfx4JhZi]Z[daadl^c\
a) >cVgVXZWZilZZci]ZildXVgh!i]Z [jcXi^dchid^ckZhi^\ViZi]^h#
]nWg^Y^h\^kZcV]ZVYhiVgi#L]ZgZ
i)Pxx'
ldjaYi]Z]nWg^Y]VkZidhiVgihdi]Vi TT
V[iZg)hd[VXXZaZgVi^dc!Wdi]XVghVgZ^c ii)Pxq x
i]ZhVbZedhî^dc4 T&
iii)Pxx
b) KZg^[nndjghdaji^dcWn\gVe]^c\# d) =dlXdjaYndjX]Vc\Zi]ZigVchaViZY
16. I]ZXdhiid Reasoning and Proving
[jcXi^dcgxhdi]Vil]ZcndjbdkZ
egdYjXZxjcîhd[ i]Zha^YZgti]ZigVchaVi^dc^hdcan
VegdYjXiXVcWZ kZgi^XVa4]dgôdciVa4
Problem Solving
bdYZaaZYWni]Z e) 8a^X`dci]ZLink to ButterflyWjiidc
[jcXi^dc Connecting Reflecting VcYbdkZi]Zha^YZgt#=ZgZndjXVc
TT
cxq x *%%#
Communicating hZZVkZgngjY^bZciVgnZmVbeaZd[
XdbejiZgVc^bVi^dc#GZeZVi
a) HiViZVcY^ciZgegZii]ZYdbV^cVcY
eVgihXVcYY[dgi]^hh`ZiX]#
gVc\Zd[i]ZXdhi[jcXi^dc#
b) HjeedhZi]Vii]ZXdhiidbV`Z 18. Math ContestI]Zgddihd[
&%egdidineZjcîh^hidWZ^cXajYZY x ('x '*x+%VgZ(!'!VcY&#
^ci]ZXdhi#LgîZVcZl[jcXi^dc I]Zhjbd[i]Zgddihd[
gZegZhZci^c\i]ZXdhid[i]^hegdYjXi# x'('x''*x'+%^h
c) L]ViineZd[igVch[dgbVi^dcYdZhi]Z A ' B - C % D )
X]Vc\Z^ceVgiWgZegZhZci4
19. Math ContestI]ZeVgVWdaVy'x'^h
d) =dlYdZhi]ZigVch[dgbVi^dc^ceVgiW igVchaViZYidVcZleVgVWdaVlî]
V[[ZXii]ZYdbV^cVcYgVc\Z4 x"^ciZgXZeih)VcY(#I]Zy"^ciZgXZeid[
i]ZcZleVgVWdaV^h
C Extend A &' B &' C %#* D ')
17. Use Technology>ci]^hhZXi^dc!ndj
YZVailî]hiVi^XigVchaVi^dch#>cXdbejiZg 20. Math Contest6aVii^XZed^ci^hVed^cidc
Vc^bVi^dc!YncVb^XigVchaVi^dchVgZjhZY# i]Z8VgiZh^VceaVcZl]ZgZWdi]XddgY^cViZh
DeZcThe Geometer’s Sketchpad#<did VgZ^ciZ\Zgh#=dlbVcnaVii^XZed^cihVgZ
i]ZFunctions 11eV\Zdci]ZBX<gVl"=âa i]ZgZdci]Za^cZ'x(y+%%%!l]ZgZ
GnZghdcLZWhîZVcY[daadli]Za^c`hid x%VcYy%4
HZXi^dc'#(#9dlcadVYi]Z[âZ A .- B .. C &%% D '%%
2.3_Animation.gsp#>ci]^hh`ZiX]!ndj
lâaWZVWaZidX]Vc\ZVeVgVbZiZgti]Vi
gZegZhZcihi^bZWnbdk^c\Vha^Y^c\ed^ci#

2.4
Reflections of
Functions
reflection
IZVo6eeVgZa^hVadXVahidgZi]VihZaahVi]aZi^XXadi]^c\#I]ZldgYTeaz^c • a transformation
i]Z^gad\d^hi]ZhVbZl]Zi]Zgk^ZlZYg^\]i"h^YZjedgjeh^YZYdlc#I]^c`d[ in which a figure
is reflected over a
]dlreflectionsXdjaYWZjhZYidbV`Zi]^had\d# reflection line
Investigate Tools
How can you determine the line of reflection?
TT
1. EgZhh Y= VcYZciZgi]Z[jcXi^dcfxq x
[dgY1#EgZhh ZOOM VcYhZaZXi6:ZStandardid
dWhZgkZi]Z\gVe]d[i]Z[jcXi^dc#
TTT
2. :ciZgi]Z[jcXi^dcfxq x VhY 2#EgZhh
GRAPH iddWhZgkZi]Z\gVe]d[i]ZcZl[jcXi^dc#
3. Reflect8dbeVgZi]Z\gVe]d[Y 2idi]Z\gVe]d[Y1#>cl]Via^cZ
XVci]Z\gVe]d[Y1WZgZ[aZXiZYidXgZViZi]Z\gVe]d[Y 24
4. :ciZgi]Z[jcXi^dcfxY1VhY3# Te c h n o l o g y Tip
EgZhh GRAPH iddWhZgkZi]Z\gVe]d[i]ZcZl
To enter an existing
[jcXi^dc# function in the Y=
editor, like Y1, press
5. Reflect8dbeVgZi]Z\gVe]d[Y3ididi]Z VARS , cursor over
\gVe]d[Y1#>cl]Via^cZXVci]Z\gVe]d[Y1 to the Y-VARS menu,
WZgZ[aZXiZYidXgZViZi]Z\gVe]d[Y34 select 1:Function…,
and then select 1:Y1.
6. :ciZgi]Z[jcXi^dcfxY 2VhY4#EgZhh GRAPH iddWhZgkZi]Z
\gVe]d[i]ZcZl[jcXi^dc#
7. Reflect8dbeVgZi]Z\gVe]d[Y4idi]Z\gVe]d[Y1#>cl]Via^cZh
XVci]Z\gVe]d[Y1WZgZ[aZXiZYidXgZViZi]Z\gVe]d[Y448dbeVgZ
i]Z\gVe]d[Y4idi]Z\gVe]d[Y 2#>cl]Via^cZhXVci]Z\gVe]d[
Y 2WZgZ[aZXiZYidXgZViZi]Z\gVe]d[Y44
2.4 Reflections of Functions • MHR 105

I]Z\gVe]d[gxfx^hVgZ[aZXi^dcd[i]Z\gVe]d[fx^ci]Zy"Vm^h#
I]Z\gVe]d[hxfx^hVgZ[aZXi^dcd[i]Z\gVe]d[fx^ci]Zx"Vm^h#
I]Z\gVe]d[qxfx^hVgZ[aZXi^dcd[i]Z\gVe]d[fx^ci]Z
y"Vm^hVcYi]Zx"Vm^h#
Example 1
Graph Reflections
TT
<^kZci]Z[jcXi^dcf xq x '!lgîZVcZfjVi^dcidgZegZhZciZVX]d[

i]Z[daadl^c\#I]Zc!h`ZiX]ZVX]\gVe]VcYhiViZi]ZYdbV^cVcYgVc\Zd[
ZVX][jcXi^dc#
a) hx/VgZ[aZXi^dc^ci]Zy"Vm^h
b) rx/VgZ[aZXi^dc^ci]Zx"Vm^h
c) sx/VgZ[aZXi^dc^ci]Zy"Vm^hVcYi]ZcVgZ[aZXi^dc^ci]Zx"Vm^h
Solution
a) hxfx
TTT
qx '
JhZ`Zned^cihidh`ZiX]i]Z\gVe]d[fx#
;dgVgZ[aZXi^dc^ci]Zy"Vm^h!ZVX]^bV\Zed^cilâaWZVcZfjVa
Y^hiVcXZ[gdbi]Zy"Vm^hWjidci]Zdi]Zgh^YZ#I]Z^bV\Zed^cihlâa
]VkZi]ZhVbZy"XddgY^cViZhVhi]Zdg^\^cVa`Zned^cihWjii]Z^g
x"XddgY^cViZhlâa]VkZdeedhîZh^\ch#DcXZi]Zed^cihVgZeadiiZY!
ndjXVch`ZiX]i]Z\gVe]d[hx#
y
h(x) = —x + 2 6 f(x) = x + 2
D'(—9, 5) 4 D(9, 5)
C'(—4, 4) C(4, 4)
B'(—1, 3) B(1, 3)
2
A'(0, 2) A(0, 2)
—8 —6 —4 —2 0 2 4 6 8 x
—2
;dgfx!i]ZYdbV^c^hpx2!x%rVcYi]ZgVc\Z^hpy2,y'r#
;dghx!i]ZYdbV^c^hpx2!x%rVcYi]ZgVc\Z^hpy2,y'r#
b) rxf x
TT
q x '

TT
q x '


;dgVgZ[aZXi^dc^ci]Zx"Vm^h!ZVX]^bV\Z y
6
ed^cilâaWZVcZfjVaY^hiVcXZ[gdbi]Z f(x) = x+2
D(9, 5)
x"Vm^hWjidci]Zdi]Zgh^YZ#I]Z^bV\Z 4 C(4, 4)
ed^cihlâa]VkZi]ZhVbZx"XddgY^cViZh B(1, 3)
2
Vhi]Z`Zned^cihWjii]Z^gy"XddgY^cViZh A(0, 2)
lâa]VkZdeedhîZh^\ch#
0 2 4 6 8 x
;dgfx!i]ZYdbV^c^hpx2!x%rVcY A'(0, —2)
—2
i]ZgVc\Z^hpy2,y'r# B'(1, —3)
C'(4, —4)
;dgrx!i]ZYdbV^c^hpx2!x%rVcY —4
r(x) = — x — 2
i]ZgVc\Z^hpy2,y'r# —6
D'(9, —5)
c) sxf x
TTT
q x '

TTT
q x '

I]ZgZVgZildgZ[aZXi^dch![^ghi^ci]Zy"Vm^hVcYi]Zc^ci]Zx"Vm^h#
HiVgilî]i]ZgZhjai^c\ed^cih[gdbeVgiV!l]^X]lZgZgZ[aZXiZY^c
i]Zy"Vm^h!VcYgZ[aZXii]ZhZ^ci]Zx"Vm^h#;dgZVX]^bV\Zed^ci![^ghi
i]Zx"XddgY^cViZVcYi]Zci]Zy"XddgY^cViZlâa]VkZdeedhîZh^\ch#
y
D'(—9, 5) 6 f(x) = x + 2
4 D(9, 5)
C'(—4, 4) C(4, 4)
B'(—1, 3) B(1, 3)
2
A'(0, 2) A(0, 2)
—8 —6 —4 —2 0 2 4 6 8 x
A''(0, —2)
—2
B''(—1, —3)
C''(—4, —4)
—4
s(x) = — —x — 2
D''(—9, —5)
—6
For a reflection in both the y-axis and x-axis, the order of

the reflections is not important.
;dgfx!i]ZYdbV^c^hpx2!x%rVcYi]ZgVc\Z^hpy2!y'r#
;dgsx!i]ZYdbV^c^hpx2!x%rVcYi]ZgVc\Z^hpy2!y'r#
Jh^c\VI>"Che^gZ86H\gVe]^c\
XVaXjaVidg!ndjXVck^Zli]Z\gVe]d[
TT
i]Z[jcXi^dcf xq x 'VcYi]Z

gZhjai^c\\gVe]hd[i]Zi]gZZgZ[aZXi^dch#

6gZ[aZXi^dcd[Ved^cix!y^ci]Zy"Vm^hWZXdbZhx!y#Hd!Vcned^ci
i]Via^Zhdci]Zy"Vm^hlâacdiX]Vc\ZjcYZgi]^hgZ[aZXi^dcWZXVjhZîh
x"XddgY^cViZ^h%#
6gZ[aZXi^dcd[Ved^cix!y^ci]Zx"Vm^hWZXdbZhx!y#Hd!Vcned^ci
i]Via^Zhdci]Zx"Vm^hlâacdiX]Vc\ZjcYZgi]^hgZ[aZXi^dcWZXVjhZîh
y"XddgY^cViZ^h%#
Ed^cihi]ViYdcdiX]Vc\ZjcYZgVigVch[dgbVi^dcVgZhV^YidWZ^ckVg^Vci#
Example 2
Describe Reflections
;dgZVX]\gVe]!YZhXg^WZi]ZgZ[aZXi^dci]ViigVch[dgbhfx^cidgx#
a) b)
y y
f(x) f(x)
4 8
2 4
—6 —4 —2 0 2 x —8 —4 0 4 8 x
—2 —4
g(x) —4 —8
g(x)
Solution
a) I]Z`Zned^cih+!(!*!)!VcY)!(dci]Z\gVe]d[fx
]VkZ^bV\Zed^cihdci]Z\gVe]d[gxi]ViVgZZfj^Y^hiVciWjidc
i]Zdi]Zgh^YZd[i]Zx"Vm^h/+!(!*!)!VcY)!(#I]^h
^cY^XViZhVgZ[aZXi^dc^ci]Zx"Vm^h#
y
f(x)
4
2 Notice that the two points on the x-axis, (—7, 0) and

(—3, 0), are invariant.
—6 —4 —2 0 2 x
—2
g(x) —4

b) GZ[aZXi^c\i]Z`Zned^cih'!+!)!'!VcY y
+!+dci]Z\gVe]d[fx^ci]Z f(x)
8
x"Vm^h\^kZh'!+!)!'!VcY+!+!
l]^X]VgZcdidcgx#H^bâVggZhjaih 4
dXXjg^[i]Zed^cihVgZgZ[aZXiZY^ci]Z
—8 —4 0 4 8 x
y"Vm^h#=dlZkZg!^[i]Zed^cih'!+!
)!'!VcY+!+VgZgZ[aZXiZY^ci]Z —4
y"Vm^h!i]Z^bV\Zed^cih'!+! —8
)!'!VcY+!+VgZdci]Z\gVe] g(x)
d[gx#I]Z[jcXi^dcgx^hVgZ[aZXi^dc
d[fx^cWdi]VmZh#
Key Concepts
Numerical
Reflection Representation Graphical Representation Algebraic Representation
y = f (—x) A point (x, y) becomes The graph is reflected in the y-axis. Replace x with —x in the expression.
(—x, y).
y = f(—x) y f(x)= x
2
—8 —4 0 4 8 x
—2
y = —f (x) A point (x, y) becomes The graph is reflected in the x-axis. Multiply the entire expression by —1.
(x, —y). y
f(x) = x
2
—8 —4 0 4 8 x
—2
y = —f(x)
y = —f (—x) A point (x, y) becomes The graph is reflected in one axis and then First replace x with —x in the
(—x, —y). the other. expression and then multiply the
y entire expression by —1.
f(x) = x
2
—8 —4 0 4 8 x
—2
y = —f(—x)

TT
T&
C1 8dch^YZgi]Z[jcXi^dchfxx!fxx'!fx !VcYfxq x #9ZhXg^WZVcngZ[aZXi^dchi]Vi
x
aZVkZVcnd[i]ZhZ[jcXi^dchjcX]Vc\ZY#:meaV^c#
C2 9ZiZgb^cZl]Zi]ZggxXdjaYWZVgZ[aZXi^dcd[fx#>[hd!YZhXg^WZi]ZgZ[aZXi^dc#
a) b)
y f(x) f (x) g (x)
2 (3, 8) (8, —3)
(5, 12) (12, —5)
0 2 4 6 8 x
(7, 16) (16, —7)
—2
(9, 20) (20, —9)
g(x)
c)fx(x('&%VcYgx(x'&-x(,
C3 6hijYZciXaV^bhi]Vii]Z\gVe]d[gx^hVgZ[aZXi^dcd[i]Z y
\gVe]d[fx^ci]Zx"Vm^hWZXVjhZilded^cih!dcZdcZVX] 2 g(x)
\gVe]!VgZZfj^Y^hiVci[gdbi]Zx"Vm^h#>hi]ZhijYZciXdggZXi4
:meaV^cndjgVchlZg#
0 2 4 6 8 10 x
—2
f(x)
—4
A Practise
For help with questions 1 to 4, refer to
Example 1.
1. 8denZVX]\gVe]d[fxVcYh`ZiX]îh e)
y
gZ[aZXi^dc^ci]Zx"Vm^h!gx#I]Zc!hiViZ f(x)
i]ZYdbV^cVcYgVc\Zd[ZVX][jcXi^dc# 2
a) b)
y y —2 0 2 4 6x
f(x)
f(x) —2
2 4
f)
—2 0 2 x —4 0 4 x y
—2 —4 f(x) 4
—4 0 4 x
c) d) —4
y y
f(x) f(x)
2 2
2. ;dgZVX][jcXi^dcfx^cfjZhi^dc&!h`ZiX]
—2 0 2 x 0 2 4 x
i]Z\gVe]d[îhgZ[aZXi^dc^ci]Zy"Vm^h!
—2 —2 hx#I]Zc!hiViZi]ZYdbV^cVcYgVc\Zd[
ZVX][jcXi^dc#

3. ;dgZVX][jcXi^dcfx^cfjZhi^dc&!h`ZiX]
i]Z\gVe]d[i]Z[jcXi^dckxfx#
B Connect and Apply
I]Zc!hiViZi]ZYdbV^cVcYgVc\Zd[ZVX] 6. Add`Vii]Zad\d[dgIZVo6eeVgZaVii]Z
[jcXi^dc# WZ\^cc^c\d[i]^hhZXi^dc#>YZci^[ni]ZineZ
d[gZ[aZXi^dch^ci]^had\d#
4. ;dgZVX][jcXi^dcfx!YZiZgb^cZi]Z
ZfjVi^dc[dggx# 7. 9ZhXg^WZVcneViiZgchi]Vindjcdi^XZVWdji
TTTTTT
a) fxq x)
)!gxfx ]dli]ZYdbV^cVcYgVc\ZVgZV[[ZXiZY
WngZ[aZXi^dch^ci]Zx"VcYy"VmZh#JhZ
b) fxx&')!gxfx
heZX^[^XZmVbeaZhidhjeedgindjgVchlZg#
c) fxx*'.!gxfx
d) fx TT
&
+!gxfx
8. Use Technology Reasoning and Proving
x(
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e) fxq x'*!gxfx iZX]cdad\n[dgi]^h
TTTTTT fjZhi^dc# Problem Solving
f) fxq x.&!gxfx Connecting Reflecting
a) 9ZiZgb^cZi]Z
For help with question 5, refer to Example 2. ^ckVg^Vcied^cih Communicating
5. ;dgZVX]\gVe]!YZhXg^WZi]ZgZ[aZXi^dci]Vi d[i]Z[jcXi^dc
igVch[dgbhfx^cidgx# fxx''.l]Zcî^hgZ[aZXiZY
^ci]Z
a)
y i)x"Vm^h
f(x) g(x)
8 ii)y"Vm^h
4 b) <^kZV[jcXi^dci]Vib^\]i]VkZVc
^ckVg^Vcied^cijcYZgi]ZgZ[aZXi^dc
—8 —4 0 4 8 x fx#:meaV^cndjgVchlZg#
—4
9. 9ZiZgb^cZVa\ZWgV^XVaanl]Zi]Zggx^hV
—8 gZ[aZXi^dcd[fx^cZVX]XVhZ#KZg^[nndjg
VchlZgWn\gVe]^c\#
a) fxx'!gxx'
b) TT TTT
y b) fxq x !gxq x
f(x)
2 T& T
&
c) fxx!gx x
d) fxx*')!gxx*')
—4 0 4 x TTTTTTT TTTTTT
—2 e) fxq x&%
(!gxq x&%
(
g(x)
TT
f) fx !gxTT
& &
x, x,
c)
y 10. Use TechnologyJhZ\gVe]^c\hd[ilVgZid
g(x) XgZViZVad\dYZh^\cjh^c\[jcXi^dchVcY
4
gZ[aZXi^dch#
2
—4 —2 0 2 4 x
—2
—4
f(x)

11. Use TechnologyI]Z[jcXi^dc Achievement Check
gxfx^hVahd`cdlcVhVgZ[aZXi^dc
^ci]Zdg^\^cd[i]Z[jcXi^dcfx# 13. a) HiViZi]ZWVhZ[jcXi^dci]ViXdggZhedcYh
TTTTTT
a) DeZcThe Geometer’s Sketchpad®# idfxqx'
(VcYYZhXg^WZi]Z
<didi]ZFunctions 11eV\Zdci]Z igVch[dgbVi^dchi]ViVgZVeea^ZYidi]Z
BX<gVl"=âaGnZghdcLZWhîZVcY WVhZ[jcXi^dciddWiV^cfx#
[daadli]Za^c`hidHZXi^dc'#)#JhZ b) LgîZi]ZZfjVi^dch[dg fx!
i]Z[âZReflect.gspidYZiZgb^cZl]Vi fx!VcYfx#9ZhXg^WZi]Z
gZ[aZXi^dc^cVed^cibZVche]nh^XVaan# igVch[dgbVi^dchgZegZhZciZYWnZVX]
9ZhXg^WZ]dlndjldjaYgZ[aZXiV ZfjVi^dc#
[jcXi^dc^ci]Zdg^\^c#
c) H`ZiX]i]Z\gVe]hd[Vaa[djg[jcXi^dch
b) JhZndjgbZi]dYidh`ZiX]i]Z\gVe]d[ dci]ZhVbZhZid[VmZh#
i]Z[jcXi^dch]dlcV[iZgî^hgZ[aZXiZY
d) HiViZi]ZYdbV^cVcYgVc\Zd[ZVX]
^ci]Zdg^\^c#
[jcXi^dc#9ZhXg^WZVcnh^bâVgî^Zhdg
y Y^[[ZgZcXZh#
6
e) 6gZVcned^cih^ckVg^Vci4:meaV^c#
4
2 C Extend
TT
14. H`ZiX]i]Z\gVe]d[f xq x gZ[aZXiZY^c
0 2 4 6 8 x ZVX]a^cZ#
—2 f(x) a) x)
—4 b) yx
15. Math ContestI]Zed^cim!n^hgZ[aZXiZY

12. 9ZiZgb^cZ Reasoning and Proving
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l]Zi]Zgi]ZgZVgZ Representing Selecting Tools
gZ[aZXiZY^ci]Zy"Vm^h#L]Vi^hi]Z
igVchaVi^dchVcY Problem Solving y"^ciZgXZeid[i]Za^cZ_d^c^c\i]Zdg^\^cVa
gZ[aZXi^dchi]Vi
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]VkZZfjVaZ[[ZXih#
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[jcXi^dcf x x) # ' d['dg(Wjicdi+^ci]Z[^ghi+ncVijgVa
b) <gVe]i]ZgZ[aZXi^dcd[fx^ci]Zy"Vm^h#
cjbWZgh^h
A )n B +n C 'n D (n
c) 9ZiZgb^cZVigVchaVi^dci]ViXVcWZ
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i]ZhVbZ# gVc\Zd[f xTTT (x #
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XjWZ^heV^ciZYgZYVcYi]Zcha^XZY^cid
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hbVaaZgXjWZhlî]ildh^YZheV^ciZYgZY^h
[jcXi^dc4:meaV^c#
A (, B ', C ') D %

2.5
Stretches of Functions
>cHZXi^dc'#(!ndjaZVgcZYi]Vii]Z\gVe]d[V
[jcXi^dcdgh]VeZXVcWZigVch[dgbZYlî]dji
X]Vc\^c\îhh]VeZWnjh^c\VigVchaVi^dc#
=dlZkZg!^ci]ZXVhZd[gZVaVc^bVi^dc!i]Vi
bdkZbZci^hjhjVaanXdbW^cZYlî]h]VeZ!
Xdadjg!VcYdg^ZciVi^dcX]Vc\Zh#
>ci]^hhZXi^dc!ndjlâaZmeadgZ]dlndjXVcXdcigdai]Zh]VeZd[V[jcXi^dcdgdW_ZXi#
Investigate Tools
How does stretching the graph of a function affect its shape?
A: Graph Functions of the Form g (x) = af (x)
1. 8aZVgVcn\gVe]ZY[jcXi^dchVcY\gVe]i]Z[daadl^c\[jcXi^dchVh
Y1!Y 2!VcYY3dci]ZhVbZhZid[VmZh#JhZVhiVcYVgYl^cYdl#
HZi&/fxx' gx'x' hx*x'

TT TT TT
HZi'/fxq x gx'q x hx*q x
HZi(/fxT
&
x gx' T

&
x hx* T

&
x
4. Reflect
a) 9ZhXg^WZ]dli]ZkVajZd[a^cgxafxX]Vc\Zhi]Z\gVe]d[
fx#
b) 6gZi]ZgZVcn^ckVg^Vcied^cih4
c) =dlVgZi]ZYdbV^cVcYgVc\ZV[[ZXiZY4
2.5 Stretches of Functions • MHR 113

B: Graph Functions of the Form g (x) = f (kx)
1. 8aZVgVcn\gVe]ZY[jcXi^dchVcY\gVe]i]Z[daadl^c\[jcXi^dchVhY1!
Y 2!VcYY3dci]ZhVbZhZid[VmZh#JhZVhiVcYVgYl^cYdl#
HZi&/fxx' gx T
&x ' hx T
&x '
' *
TTTT TTTT
TT
gx T hx T
HZi'/fxqx
q&x
'

q&x
*

HZi(/fxT
& gxT & hxT &

T

T
x & &
x x
' *
4. Reflect
a) 9ZhXg^WZ]dli]ZkVajZd[k^cgxfkxX]Vc\Zhi]Z\gVe]d[
fx#
b) 6gZi]ZgZVcn^ckVg^Vcied^cih4
c) =dlVgZi]ZYdbV^cVcYgVc\ZV[[ZXiZY4
5. Reflect8dbeVgZi]ZigVch[dgbVi^dchdci]Z[jcXi^dch^c
eVgih6VcY7#9ZhXg^WZVcnh^bâVgî^ZhVcYY^[[ZgZcXZh#
I]Z\gVe]d[i]Z[jcXi^dcgxafx!a%!^hVkZgi^XVahigZiX]dgV
kZgi^XVaXdbegZhh^dcd[i]Z\gVe]d[fxWnV[VXidgd[a#
>[a&!i]Z\gVe]^hVkZgi^XVahigZiX]WnV y
[VXidgd[a#
f(x)
>[% a &!i]Z\gVe]^hVkZgi^XVa
XdbegZhh^dcWnV[VXidgd[a#
g(x) = af(x), a > 1
6cned^cihdci]Zx"Vm^hVgZ^ckVg^Vci# x
0
g(x) = af(x), 0 < a < 1
I]Z\gVe]d[i]Z[jcXi^dcgxfkx!k%!^hV]dgôdciVahigZiX]dgV
]dgôdciVaXdbegZhh^dcd[i]Z\gVe]d[fxWnV[VXidgd[T
&#
k
>[k&!i]Z\gVe]^hV]dgôdciVaXdbegZhh^dc y
T
&
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g(x) = f(kx), k > 1
f(x)
k
>[% k &!i]Z\gVe]^hV]dgôdciVahigZiX]Wn
V[VXidgd[T
&#
k 0 x
g(x) = f(kx), 0 < k < 1
6cned^cihdci]Zy"Vm^hVgZ^ckVg^Vci#

>c\ZcZgVa!l]Zci]Z\gVe]d[V[jcXi^dc^hZadc\ViZY^cdcZY^gZXi^dc! stretch
i]ZldgYstretch^hjhZYidYZhXg^WZi]ZigVch[dgbVi^dc#>[î^hh]dgiZcZY • a transformation that
^cdcZY^gZXi^dc!i]ZldgYcompression^hjhZYidYZhXg^WZi]Z results in the distance
from the x-axis of every
igVch[dgbVi^dc# point growing by a scale
factor greater than 1
(vertical stretch) or the
distance from the y-axis
of every point growing
Example 1 by a scale factor greater
than 1 (horizontal
Graph Stretches and Compressions stretch)
TT
<^kZci]Z[jcXi^dcfxqx !lgîZZfjVi^dchidgZegZhZcigxVcY compression
hxVcYYZhXg^WZi]ZigVch[dgbVi^dch#I]Zc!igVch[dgbi]Z\gVe]d[fx • a transformation that
results in the distance
idh`ZiX]\gVe]hd[gxVcYhxVcYhiViZi]ZYdbV^cVcYgVc\Zd[i]Z from the x-axis of every
[jcXi^dch# point shrinking by a
a) gx'fxVcYhxTfx
& scale factor between
' 0 and 1 (vertical
compression) or the
b) gxf'xVcYhxf Tx

& distance from the
' y-axis of every point
shrinking by a scale
Solution factor between 0 and 1
(horizontal compression)
a) gx'fx
TT
'qx
H^cXZa'!i]Z\gVe]d[gx^hVkZgi^XVahigZiX]WnV[VXidgd['d[
i]Z\gVe]d[fx#:VX]y"kVajZd[gxlâaWZil^XZVh[Vg[gdbi]Z
x"Vm^hVhi]ZXdggZhedcY^c\n"kVajZd[fx#
hxT &fx
'
TT
T&
qx
'
H^cXZaT &!i]Z\gVe]d[hx^hVkZgi^XVaXdbegZhh^dcWnV[VXidg
'
d[T
&d[i]Z\gVe]d[fx#:VX]y"kVajZd[hxlâaWZT &Vh[Vg[gdb
' '
i]Zx"Vm^hVhi]ZXdggZhedcY^c\y"kVajZd[fx#
__ __ T1 __ y
x f (x) = qx g (x) = 2qx h(x) = qx 6 g(x) = 2 x
2
0 0 0 0 4
f(x) = x
1 1 2
T1 2
2
4 2 4 1
0 2 4 6 8 x
9 3 6
T3 h(x) = 1 x
2 —2
2
—4
;dgfx!i]ZYdbV^c^hpx2!x %rVcY
i]ZgVc\Z^hpy2!y%r#
;dggx!i]ZYdbV^c^hpx2!x%rVcYi]ZgVc\Z^hpy2!y%r#
;dghx!i]ZYdbV^c^hpx2!x%rVcYi]ZgVc\Z^hpy2!y%r#

b) gxf'x
TTT
q 'x
H^cXZk'!i]Z\gVe]d[gx^hV]dgôdciVaXdbegZhh^dcWnV[VXidg
d[T
&!dgT
&!d[i]Z\gVe]d[fx#:VX]x"kVajZd[gxlâaWZT
&Vh[Vg
k ' '
[gdbi]Zy"Vm^hVhi]ZXdggZhedcY^c\x"kVajZd[fx#
hxf T
&x
'
TTTT
T

q
&x
'

H^cXZk T &!i]Z\gVe]d[hx^hV]dgôdciVahigZiX]WnV[VXidgd[T

&!
' k
dg'!d[i]Z\gVe]d[fx#:VX]x"kVajZd[hxlâaWZil^XZVh[Vg
[gdbi]Zy"Vm^hVhi]ZXdggZhedcY^c\x"kVajZd[fx#
___ y
__ ___
T1 x
q
6
x f (x) = qx g (x) = q2x h (x) = g(x) = 2x
2
4 f(x) = x
0 0 0 0
__ 2
__
T1
1 1
__
q2 q 2
h(x) = 1x
2
0 2 4 6 8 x
2 q2 2 1
__ __ —2
4 2 q8 q2
__
8 q8 4 2
;dgfx!i]ZYdbV^c^hpx2!x%rVcYi]ZgVc\Z^hpy2!y%r#
;dggx!i]ZYdbV^c^hpx2!x%rVcYi]ZgVc\Z^hpy2!y%r#
;dghx!i]ZYdbV^c^hpx2!x%rVcYi]ZgVc\Z^hpy2!y %r#
Example 2
Describe Transformations of Given Equations
;dgZVX][jcXi^dcgx!YZhXg^WZi]ZigVch[dgbVi^dc[gdbVWVhZ[jcXi^dc
TT
d[fxx!fxx'!fxq x !dgfxT
&#I]Zc!igVch[dgbi]Z\gVe]
x
d[fxidh`ZiX]i]Z\gVe]d[gx#
a) gx(x
b) gx)x'
Solution
a) I]Z[jcXi^dcgx(x gZegZhZcihVigVch[dgbVi^dcd[i]ZWVhZ
[jcXi^dcfxx.I]ZVXijVaigVch[dgbVi^dcXVcWZYZhXg^WZY^cild
lVnh#

I]^c`^c\d[gxVh(x(fx y g(x) = 3f(x)
^cY^XViZhi]Viî^hVkZgi^XVahigZiX] 6
WnV[VXidgd[(#
4 f(x) = x
—2 0 2 4 6 x
—2
—4
I]^c`^c\d[gxVh(xf(x^cY^XViZh y g(x) = f(3x)

i]Viî^hV]dgôdciVaXdbegZhh^dcWnV 6
[VXidgd[T
&#
4
( f(x) = x
2
—2 0 2 4 6 x
—2
—4
b) I]Z[jcXi^dcgx)x'gZegZhZcihVigVch[dgbVi^dcd[i]ZWVhZ
[jcXi^dcfxx'.I]ZVXijVaigVch[dgbVi^dcXVcWZYZhXg^WZY^cild
lVnh#
I]^c`^c\d[gxVh)x')fx y
8
^cY^XViZhi]Viî^hVkZgi^XVahigZiX]WnV f(x) = x 2
[VXidgd[)# 6
4
g(x) = 4f(x)
2
—4 —2 0 2 4 x
—2
I]^c`^c\d[gxVh'x'f'x y
8
^cY^XViZhi]Viî^hV]dgôdciVa f(x) = x2
XdbegZhh^dcWnV[VXidgd[T&# 6
'
4
2 g(x) = f(2x)
—4 —2 0 2 4 x
—2

Example 3
Simple Harmonic Motion
6bVhhdcVheg^c\WdWhjeVcYYdlc#I]Z
eZg^dY^hi]ZVbdjcid[i^bZi]ViîiV`Zh[dg
i]ZbVhhidbdkZ[gdbîhhiVgi^c\edhî^dcid
i]Zide!i]Zcidi]ZWdiidb!VcYi]ZcWVXìd
îhhiVgi^c\edhî^dc#I]ZeZg^dY!T! Starting
TTT Position
^chZXdcYh!^h\^kZcWnTm'π T
q
m !l]ZgZ

k
m^hi]ZbVhh!^c`âd\gVbh!VcYk^hi]Zheg^c\
XdchiVci!^ccZlidcheZgbZigZC$b#
I]Z>YZVaHeg^c\8dbeVcncZZYhidh]dl]dlZVX]d[i]Z^gheg^c\h
eZg[dgbhXdbeVgZYidi]Zdi]Zgh#
a) <gVe]i]ZeZg^dYkZghjhi]ZbVhh
Spring Type Spring Constant (N/m)
[dgkVg^djhheg^c\XdchiVcih#
Basic 100
b) =dlVgZi]Z\gVe]hd[i]ZHigdc\ Strong 200

VcY=ZVkn9jinheg^c\hgZaViZY Heavy Duty 300
idi]Z\gVe]d[i]Z7Vh^Xheg^c\4
Solution
a)
T Basic
0.6 Strong
Period (s)
0.4
Heavy Duty
0.2
0 0.4 0.8 1.2 m

Mass (kg)
TTT
b) 8dch^YZgi]Z7Vh^Xheg^c\id]VkZV[jcXi^dc\^kZcWnTm'π T
q
m
k
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Comparison to
Spring Spring Constant Formula Basic
___
T
q
m
Basic k T(m) = 2π
k

_____
T1 m This is a
q
___
Strong kstrong = 2k T T horizontal stretch
q
m 2
T(m) = 2π
2k
= 2π k
by a factor of 2.
_____
T1 m This is a
q
___
Heavy Duty kheavy duty = 3k T T horizontal stretch
q
m 3
T(m) = 2π
3k
= 2π k
by a factor of 3.

Key Concepts
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\gVe]d[fxWnV[VXidgd[T
&#>[k&!i]Z\gVe]^h]dgôdciVaanXdbegZhhZYWnV[VXidgd[T
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k k
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k

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fx!YZhXg^WZ]dlndj`cdli]Viî^hVkZgi^XVahigZiX]VcYcdiV g(x)
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x
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x
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For help with questions 1 to 3, refer to 2. 8denZVX]\gVe]d[fxVcYi]Zc\gVe]
Example 1. VcYaVWZaZVX]gZaViZY[jcXi^dc#
1. a) 8denVcYXdbeaZiZi]ZiVWaZd[kVajZh# i)gx(fx ii) hxf)x
x f (x) = x2 g (x) = 5f (x) h (x) = f (T14x) iii)mxf'x Tx*

iv) rxf
a) b)
y y
0 f(x)
f(x)
2 2 4
4
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6
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b) H`ZiX]i]Z\gVe]hd[Vaai]gZZ[jcXi^dch
dci]ZhVbZhZid[VmZh#
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f(x)
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2 2
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—2 —2

3. ;dgZVX][jcXi^dcgx!^YZci^[ni]ZkVajZ 6. 9ZhXg^WZi]ZigVch[dgbVi^dci]VibjhiWZ
d[adgkVcYYZhXg^WZ]dli]Z\gVe]d[ Veea^ZYidi]Z\gVe]d[fx^cdgYZgid
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a) gx&%fx b) gxf.x a)
y
T&
c) gx fx
* T
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&
d) gxf x 6 g(x)
For help with question 4, refer to Example 2. 4
4. ;dgZVX][jcXi^dcgx!YZhXg^WZi]Z 2
f(x)
igVch[dgbVi^dc[gdbVWVhZ[jcXi^dcd[
TT
fxx!fxx'!fxq x !dgfxT
&#
x —2 0 2 4 x
I]Zc!igVch[dgbi]Z\gVe]d[fxidh`ZiX] —2
i]Z\gVe]d[gx#
b)
a) gx&%x b) gx*x' y
TT
c) gx T d) gxT
g(x)
q
x ) 4
( x
TTTT
f) gxT
x 2
e) gxq &+x f(x)
)
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B Connect and Apply —2
For help with question 5, refer to Example 3. —4
5. KVg^djhheVXZ Reasoning and Proving
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XdcYjXiZY
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ZmeZg^bZcih^c
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c) 9ZiZgb^cZi]ZheZZYd[VihjcVb^lVkZ [jcXi^dc#
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C Extend
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dry concrete 0.77
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Use Technology
Use The Geometer’s Sketchpad ® to Explore Transformations
A: Translations Tools
1. DeZcThe Geometer’s Sketchpad®#<didi]ZFunctions 11eV\Zdc • computer with The
Geometer’s Sketchpad®
i]ZBX<gVl"=âaGnZghdcLZWhîZVcY[daadli]Za^c`hid
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\gVe]d[fx#
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Use Technology: Use The Geometer’s Sketchpad® to Explore Transformations • MHR 123

Te c h n o l o g y Tip B: Reflections
The square root 1. DeZcThe Geometer’s
function, sqrt, can Sketchpad®#;gdbi]Z
be found on the GraphbZcj!X]ddhZ
Functions drop-down
Plot New Function#>ci]Z
menu on the calculator.
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TT
Te c h n o l o g y Tip WVhZ[jcXi^dcfxq x #
To change the colour
of the function
equation and its
graph, right-click on
an item, choose Color,
and select a different 2. EadiVcZl[jcXi^dc#;gdbi]ZGraphbZcj!X]ddhZ
colour. Plot New Function!hZaZXifxdci]Zldg`heVXZ!VcYi]ZcZciZgx
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3. GZeZVihiZe'idXgZViZi]ZcZl[jcXi^dch
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1 to 3, double-click on
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f (x) and change it to
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C: Stretches and Compressions

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fx#
b) LZgZi]ZgZVcn^ckVg^Vcied^cih4
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2.6
Combinations of
Transformations
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k^ZlZYXdggZXian!i]^h^bV\ZgZfj^gZhgZ[aZXi^dchVcY
higZiX]ZhiddXXjgh^bjaiVcZdjhan#>cbVi]ZbVi^Xh!
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bdYZabVcnY^[[ZgZcihXZcVg^dh#
Investigate Tools
• grid paper
Does the order matter when performing transformations?
A: Translations Optional
1. <^kZci]Z[jcXi^dcfxx'!\gVe]ZVX]eV^gd[igVch[dgbZY or
[jcXi^dchdci]ZhVbZhZid[VmZh# • graphing software
a) gxfx(VcYhxgx+
b) mxfx+VcYrxmx(
2. 9ZhXg^WZZVX]igVchaVi^dc^chiZe&#
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igVchaVi^dchbViiZgh4:meaV^cndjggZVhdc^c\#
B: Stretches
1. <^kZci]Z[jcXi^dcfxx'!\gVe]ZVX]eV^gd[igVch[dgbZY
[jcXi^dchdci]ZhVbZhZid[VmZh#
a) bx*fxVcYpxb Tx
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b) nxf Tx VcYsx*nx

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2. 9ZhXg^WZZVX]higZiX]^chiZe&#
3. LgîZZfjVi^dch[dgpxVcYsx^ciZgbhd[fx#
4. Reflect8dbeVgZi]Z\gVe]hd[pxVcYsxVcYi]ZZfjVi^dchd[
pxVcYsx#L]ViYdZhi]^hiZaandjVWdjil]Zi]Zgi]ZdgYZgd[i]Z
higZiX]ZhbViiZgh4:meaV^cndjggZVhdc^c\#
2.6 Combinations of Transformations • MHR 125

C: Translations and Stretches
a) jx'fxVcYsxjx*
b) qxfx*VcYtx'qx
2. 9ZhXg^WZZVX]igVch[dgbVi^dc^chiZe&#
3. LgîZZfjVi^dch[dgsxVcYtx^ciZgbhd[fx#
a) wxf Tx VcYuxwx *

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b) vxfx *VcYzxv Tx
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5. 9ZhXg^WZZVX]igVch[dgbVi^dc^chiZe)#
6. LgîZZfjVi^dch[dguxVcYzx^ciZgbhd[fx#
7. Reflect>cl]^X]dgYZgYdndji]^c`higZiX]ZhVcYigVchaVi^dch
h]djaYWZYdcZl]Zci]ZnVgZXdbW^cZY4:meaV^c#
Example 1
Combinations of Transformations
9ZhXg^WZi]ZXdbW^cVi^dcd[igVch[dgbVi^dchi]VibjhiWZVeea^ZYidi]Z
WVhZ[jcXi^dcfxiddWiV^ci]ZigVch[dgbZY[jcXi^dc#I]Zc!lgîZi]Z
XdggZhedcY^c\ZfjVi^dcVcYh`ZiX]îh\gVe]#
a) fxx'!gxTf P)x(R'
&
TT '
b) fxq x !gx'f(x&*)
Solution
a) 8dbeVgZi]ZigVch[dgbZYZfjVi^dcidyaf PkxdRcid
YZiZgb^cZi]ZkVajZhd[i]ZeVgVbZiZgha!k!d!VcYc#
;dggxT P)x(R'!aT&'!k)!d(!VcYc'#
&f
'
I]Z[jcXi^dcfx^hkZgi^XVaanXdbegZhhZYWnV[VXidgd[T &!
'
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)
g^\]iVcY'jcîhYdlc#
kZgi^XVaXdbegZhh^dc kZgi^XVaigVchaVi^dcd[
WnV[VXidgd[T & 'jcîhYdlc

'
gxT
&f P)x(R'
'
]dgôdciVaXdbegZhh^dc ]dgôdciVaigVchaVi^dcd[
T
&
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)

gxT
&f P)x(R' y f(x) = x2
'
T&
P)x(R''
4 h(x) = 1 f(4x)2
2
' g(x) = h(x — 3) — 2
T
&)x&'''
2
1
= f[4(x — 3)] — 2
' 2
T
&&+x'.+x&))' —2 0 2 4 6 8 10 x
' —2
-x')-x,''
-x')-x,%
b) ;^ghi!gZlgîZgx'f(x&*)^ci]Z[dgbyaf PkxdRc#
gx'f(x&*)
'f P(x*R)
;dggx'f P(x*R)!a'!k(!d*!VcYc)#
I]Z[jcXi^dcfx^hgZ[aZXiZY^ci]Zx"Vm^h!kZgi^XVaanhigZiX]ZYWn
V[VXidgd['!]dgôdciVaanXdbegZhhZYWnV[VXidgd[T&!VcYi]Zc
(
igVchaViZY*jcîhaZ[iVcY)jcîhje#
gZ[aZXi^dc^c kZgi^XVahigZiX] kZgi^XVaigVchaVi^dc
i]Zx"Vm^h WnV[VXidgd[' d[)jcîhje
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& *jcîhaZ[i
(
gx'f P(x*R) y
TTTTTTTT 4
f(x) = x
'q(x*)
TTTTTTTT 2
'q(x&* )
—8 —6 —4 —2 0 2 4 6 8x
p(x) = —f(x)
—2
h(x) = 2p(3x)
g(x) = h(x + 5) + 4
—4
= —2f(3x + 15) + 4
= —2 3x + 15 + 4
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VeeanigVch[dgbVi^dchgZegZhZciZYWni]ZeVgVbZiZghaVcYkWZ[dgZ
igVch[dgbVi^dchgZegZhZciZYWni]ZeVgVbZiZghdVcYc#I]Vi^h!higZiX]Zh!
XdbegZhh^dch!VcYgZ[aZXi^dchdXXjgWZ[dgZigVchaVi^dch#I]^h^hh^bâVgid
i]ZdgYZgd[deZgVi^dch!l]ZgZbjaiêa^XVi^dcVcYY^k^h^dcdXXjgWZ[dgZ
VYYî^dcVcYhjWigVXi^dc#

Example 2
Apply Transformations
9jg^c\VgVXZ^ci]ZhedgihbVc XViZ\dgnd[YgV\gVX^c\!î^hXdbbdc
[dgXVghlî]Y^[[ZgZcieZg[dgbVcXZediZci^VahidgVXZV\V^chiZVX]di]Zg
l]âZjh^c\V]VcY^XVehnhiZb#;dgZmVbeaZ!7ngdc^hgVX^c\V\V^chi:kZ#
H^cXZ:kZ]VhV[VhiZgXVg!l]Zci]ZngVXZ!îVeeZVghVhi]dj\]7ngdc
\ZihV]ZVYhiVgi#I]ZY^hiVcXZ!E!^cbZigZh!i]Vi:kZ»hXVgigVkZah^h
\^kZcWnEt&%t'!l]ZgZt^hi]Zi^bZ!^chZXdcYh!V[iZgh]ZhiVgih#I]Z
Y^hiVcXZ!B!^cbZigZh!i]Vi7ngdc»hXVgigVkZah^h\^kZcWnBt*th'!
l]ZgZt^hi]Zi^bZV[iZg:kZhiVgihVcYh^hi]Z]ZVYhiVgi!^chZXdcYh#
a) Dci]ZhVbZhZid[VmZh!\gVe]Y^hiVcXZkZghjhi^bZ[dgWdi]Yg^kZgh
[dgh"kVajZhd[&h!'h!(h!VcY)h#
b) I]ZhiVcYVgYaZc\i]d[VYgV\higê^hVeegdm^bViZan)%%b#=dl
bjX]d[V]ZVYhiVgiXVc:kZ\^kZ7ngdcVcYhiâaXgdhhi]Z[^c^h]a^cZ
[^ghi4
c) 9ZiZgb^cZi]ZYdbV^cVcYgVc\Zd[ZVX][jcXi^dc#
d) I]ZVXXZaZgVi^dcd[ZVX]XVg^hgZegZhZciZYWni]ZhigZiX]d[ZVX]
ZfjVi^dc#8dbeVgZi]ZVXXZaZgVi^dchd[i]ZildXVgh#
Solution
a) I]ZgZVgZ[^kZXjgkZhid\gVe]/dcZgZegZhZci^c\:kZVcY[djg
gZegZhZci^c\7ngdc\^kZcZVX]]ZVYhiVgi#
Eve E (t ) = 10t 2 Drag Race
Distance (m)
Finish Line B4 B3 E B2 B1
Byron with 1-s head start B1(t) = 5(t + 1)2 400
300
Byron with 2-s head start B2(t) = 5(t + 2) 2
200
Byron with 3-s head start B3(t) = 5(t + 3)2 100
Byron with 4-s head start B4(t) = 5(t + 4)2 —4 —2 0 2 4 6 8 t
Time After Eve Starts (s)
b) 7VhZYdci]Z\gVe]!îVeeZVghi]ViVhadc\Vhi]Z]ZVYhiVgi^hcd
bdgZi]VcVWdji'#*h!:kZlâahiâaXgdhhi]Za^cZ[^ghi#
c) ;dgi]^hhîjVi^dc!i]ZZfjVi^dch\^kZcVgZdcankVa^Y[gdbi]Zi^bZ
i]ZXVghiVgihbdk^c\idi]Zi^bZîXgdhhZhi]Z[^c^h]a^cZ#
Function Domain Range
Eve E(t) = 10t 2
{t 2, t q 0} {E 2, 0 a E a 400}
Byron with 1-s head start B1(t) = 5(t + 1)2 {t 2, t q —1}
{B 2, 0 a B a 400}
Byron with 3-s head start B3(t) = 5(t + 3) 2
{t 2, t q —3}
d) I]ZZfjVi^dc[dg:kZ»hXVg]Vha&%l]âZi]ZZfjVi^dch[dg7ngdc»h
XVg]VkZa*#I]jh!i]ZVXXZaZgVi^dcd[:kZ»hXVg^hil^XZi]Vid[
7ngdc»hXVg#

Key Concepts
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igVch[dgbVi^dch#
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kXdggZhedcYhidV]dgôdciVahigZiX]dgXdbegZhh^dcVcY!^[k %!VgZ[aZXi^dc^ci]Zy"Vm^h#
dXdggZhedcYhidV]dgôdciVaigVchaVi^dcidi]Zg^\]idgaZ[i#
cXdggZhedcYhidVkZgi^XVaigVchaVi^dcjedgYdlc#

C1 HigZiX]Zh!XdbegZhh^dch!VcYgZ[aZXi^dchXVcWZeZg[dgbZY^cVcndgYZg#:meaV^cl]n#
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A Practise
For help with questions 1 to 4, refer to T&'
e) gxf x (
Example 1. T&
f) gx f(x+
)
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d[i]ZeVgVbZiZgha!k!d!VcYc#I]Zc! igVch[dgbVi^dchi]VibjhiWZVeea^ZY
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igVch[dgbZY[jcXi^dc#I]Zc!lgîZi]Z
igVch[dgbVi^dchi]VibjhiWZVeea^ZYidV
XdggZhedcY^c\ZfjVi^dcVcYigVch[dgbi]Z
WVhZ[jcXi^dcfxiddWiV^ci]ZigVch[dgbZY
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[jcXi^dc# TT
b) gxTfx&
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a) gx)fx(
b) fxT
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d) fxx!gx*fx(
2. GZeZVifjZhi^dc&[dgZVX]igVch[dgbZY
[jcXi^dcgx# 4. GZeZVifjZhi^dc([dgfxVcYi]Z
a) gx(f'x&
igVch[dgbZY[jcXi^dcgx#
a) fxx!gxTfP'x&R(
&
b) gx'fx& '
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d) gxf(x)
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c) fxq x !gxTf Tx( *
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T&
d) fxx!gx'fPx(R)

For help with questions 5 and 6, refer to 7. 8deni]Z\gVe]d[i]Z[jcXi^dcfx#H`ZiX]
Example 2. i]Z\gVe]d[gxV[iZgZVX]igVch[dgbVi^dc#
5. ;dgZVX][jcXi^dc!^YZci^[ni]ZWVhZ y
6
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TT
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f(x)
x
d[i]ZWVhZ[jcXi^dcVcYi]ZigVch[dgbZY 2
[jcXi^dc!VcYhiViZi]ZYdbV^cVcYgVc\Z
d[i]Z[jcXi^dch# —8 —6 —4 —2 0 2 4 6x
a) bx&%x-
a) gx(fx)
b) ex(x'*
b) gxf)x(
c) hx*x'%'
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'
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a) 9ZiZgb^cZi]ZZfjVi^dcd[i]Z gxf PkxdRc4
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15. Math Contest>cVbV\^X
i) gx(fx '
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A ' B ( C ) D *

2.7
Inverse of a Function
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gZaVi^dch]êWZilZZci]ZheZZYd[VXVgVcYîh
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Y^hiVcXZ!^cbZigZh!VcYv^hi]ZheZZY!^c`âdbZigZheZg]djg#I]Z\gVe]d[i]^h[jcXi^dcWZadlaZ[i
h]dlhi]ViVhi]ZheZZY^cXgZVhZh!i]Zhidee^c\Y^hiVcXZ^cXgZVhZh[VhiZg#6cdi]ZgjhZ[ja\gVe]^hi]Z
^ckZghZWZadlg^\]i!l]^X]h]dlhi]ZbVm^bjbheZZYVaadlZYidhidelî]^cV\^kZcY^hiVcXZ#
>ci]^hhZXi^dc!ndjlâa D v
Stopping Distance (m)
aZVgcVWdjii]Zinverse 30 60 inverse of a function
Speed (km/h)
of a functionVcY]dl • The inverse of a function
20 40 f is denoted by f —1.
îgZaViZhidi]Z^YZVd[
gZkZgh^c\deZgVi^dch# • The function and
10 20
its inverse have the
property that if
0 20 40 60 v 0 10 20 30 D f (a) = b, then f —1(b) = a.
Speed (km/h) Stopping Distance (m)
Tools Investigate
• grid paper
• ruler How can you determine the inverse of a function?
1. H`ZiX]i]Z\gVe]d[i]Z[jcXi^dc
Points on the Points on the Inverse
fxx 'VcYîh^ckZghZ# Function of the Function
a) HiVgiWnadd`^c\Vied^cihdc (—3, 9)
i]Z\gVe]d[i]Z[jcXi^dc# (—2, 4)
I]^c`^c\d[Vc^ckZghZ^c (—1, 1)
iZgbhd[VgZkZghZdeZgVi^dc! (0, 0)
XdenVcYXdbeaZiZi]ZiVWaZ
(1, 1)
WnhlîX]^c\i]Z
(2, 4)
x"VcYy"XddgY^cViZhd[ZVX]
(3, 9)
ed^ci#
Co nne ct ion s b) Eadii]Zdg^\^cVa[jcXi^dc
ed^cih!YgVlVhbddi]XjgkZi]gdj\]i]Zb!VcYaVWZai]ZXjgkZ
The notation f (x) is
—1
read as “the inverse of fx#

f at x.” Note that the —1 c) Eadii]ZcZled^cihdci]ZhVbZhZid[VmZhVcYYgVlVhbddi]
in f —1(x) does not behave
like an exponent, so XjgkZi]gdj\]i]Zb#AVWZai]^hXjgkZVhf &x#
f —1(x) p
T 1
.
f (x) 2. a) HiViZi]ZYdbV^cVcYgVc\Zd[fx#
b) HiViZi]ZYdbV^cVcYgVc\Zd[f &x#

3. Reflect
a) 8dbeVgZi]ZYdbV^cVcYgVc\Zd[fxidi]ZYdbV^cVcYgVc\Zd[
f &x#
b) >hf &xV[jcXi^dc4:meaV^c#
4. a) 9gVlVa^cZhZ\bZciWZilZZcZVX]dg^\^cVaed^ciVcYîh
XdggZhedcY^c\^ckZghZed^ci#
b) AdXViZi]Zb^Yed^cid[ZVX]a^cZhZ\bZci#
c) 6aad[i]ZhZb^Yed^cihh]djaYa^ZdcVhigV^\]ia^cZ#L]Vi^hi]Z
ZfjVi^dcd[i]Via^cZ4
5. Reflect9ZhXg^WZVlVnidYgVli]Z^ckZghZd[V[jcXi^dcjh^c\
gZ[aZXi^dch#
6. Dci]ZhVbZhZid[VmZh!h`ZiX]i]Z\gVe]hd[gxx
TT
'
!hx'x(!
TT
VcYkxq x #CdiZi]VikxgZegZhZcihild[jcXi^dch/kxq x
TT
VcYkxqx #
7. ReflectL]^X]d[i]Z\gVe]h[gdbhiZe+^hi]ZhVbZVhi]Z\gVe]d[
i]Z^ckZghZd[fx48dbeVgZîhZfjVi^dcidi]Vid[fx#=dlYdndj
i]^cì]Zcdi^dcd[¸gZkZgh^c\¹XdbZh^cideaVnl]ZcYZVa^c\lî]
i]ZZfjVi^dchd[V[jcXi^dcVcYîh^ckZghZ4
Example 1
Determine the Inverse Numerically
I]ZiVWaZh]dlhdgYZgZYeV^ghWZadc\^c\idV[jcXi^dcfx# f (x)
9ZiZgb^cZf &x!\gVe]fxVcYîh^ckZghZ!VcYi]ZchiViZi]Z (—5, 0)
YdbV^cVcYgVc\Zd[fxVcYîh^ckZghZ#
(—4, 2)
(—3, 5)
(—2, 6)
Solution
(0, 7)
HlîX]i]Zx"VcYy"XddgY^cViZh!
VcYi]Zceadii]Zed^cih# y
(0, 7) y=x
f (x) f —1(x) (—2, 6) 6
(—5, 0) (0, —5) f(x) (—3, 5)

4
(—4, 2) (2, —4) (—4, 2)
2
(—3, 5) (5, —3)
(—5, 0) (7, 0)
(—2, 6) (6, —2)
—6 —4 —2 0 2 4 6 x
(0, 7) (7, 0)
—2
f —1(x) (6, —2)
Cdi^XZi]VihlîX]^c\i]Z (5, —3)
—4
x"VcYy"XddgY^cViZhgZ[aZXihi]Z (2, —4)
(0, —5)
\gVe]d[fx^ci]Za^cZyx# —6
2.7 Inverse of a Function • MHR 133

Domain Range Domain Range
—5 0 0 —5
—4 2 2 —4
—3 5 5 —3
—2 6 6 —2
0 7 7 0
Cdi^XZi]Vii]ZYdbV^cd[fx^hi]ZgVc\Zd[f &x!VcYi]ZgVc\Zd[fx
^hi]ZYdbV^cd[f &x#
Co nne ct ion s I]Z^ckZghZd[V[jcXi^dcfxXVcWZ[djcYWngZkZgh^c\i]ZdeZgVi^dch

In mathematics, tools
i]Vii]Z[jcXi^dcheZX^[^Zh#8dch^YZgi]Z[jcXi^dcfx(x'#I]^h
exist for manipulating [jcXi^dcbjaiêa^ZhZVX]x"kVajZWn(VcYVYYh'idi]ZgZhjai#GZkZgh^c\
numbers and i]ZdeZgVi^dchi]ZchjWigVXih'[gdbZVX]xVcYY^k^YZhi]ZgZhjaiWn(#
Hd!i]Z^ckZghZd[fx^hf &xTT
expressions. Many of x'
these tools come in
(
#I]Z^ckZghZ^hi]Z¸gZkZghZ¹d[
pairs. Two examples are i]Zdg^\^cVa[jcXi^dc#
addition and subtraction
and multiplication and 6hnhiZbVi^XbZi]dY[dgYZiZgb^c^c\i]Z^ckZghZd[V[jcXi^dc
division. These are Va\ZWgV^XVaanXVcWZYZhXg^WZYWni]Z[daadl^c\hiZeh/
considered to be inverse
operations since one 1. LgîZi]ZZfjVi^dc^çy¹[dgb!^[î^hcdiVagZVYn^ci]Vi[dgb#
“undoes” or “reverses”
2. >ciZgX]Vc\ZxVcYy^ci]ZZfjVi^dc#
the other.
3. HdakZi]ZcZlZfjVi^dc[dgy#
4. GZeaVXZylî]f &x#
Example 2
Determine the Inverse of a Function Algebraically
;dgZVX][jcXi^dcfx!
i) YZiZgb^cZf &x
ii) \gVe]fxVcYîh^ckZghZ
iii) YZiZgb^cZl]Zi]Zgi]Z^ckZghZd[fx^hV[jcXi^dc
a) fx'x(
b) fx'x'&+x'.
Solution
a) i)fx'x(
HiZe&/y'x( Replace f (x) with y.
HiZe'/x'y( Interchange x and y.
HiZe(/x('y Isolate y. Notice that the inverse operations are

TT
x( y
used.
'
HiZe)/f &xTT
x(
Replace y with f —1(x).
'

ii) I]Z\gVe]hd[i]Z[jcXi^dcfx y
6
VcYîh^ckZghZVgZgZ[aZXi^dchd[
ZVX]di]Zg^ci]Za^cZyx#6cn 4
ed^cihi]Via^Zdci]Za^cZyx
x+3 2
VgZ^ckVg^Vci!h^cXZi]Z^g f —1(x) =
2
x"VcYy"XddgY^cViZhVgZZfjVa#
—6 —4 —2 0 2 4 6x
—2 f(x) = 2x — 3
—4
y=x —6
Using a graphing
calculator, set the line
style of y = x to Dot. The
window can be adjusted
using ZSquare from the
ZOOM menu.
iii) I]Z^ckZghZd[fx^hV[jcXi^dc!h^cXZi]ZgZ^hdcandcZy"kVajZ
[dgZVX]x"kVajZ#>cdi]ZgldgYh!i]Z\gVe]d[f &xeVhhZhi]Z
kZgi^XVaa^cZiZhi#
b) i) fx'x'&+x'.
HiZe&/y'x'&+x'. Replace f (x) with y.
Z[dgZndj^ciZgX]Vc\ZxVcYy!gZlgîZi]ZfjVYgVi^X[jcXi^dc^c
7
kZgiZm[dgb!yaxh'k!WnXdbeaZi^c\i]ZhfjVgZ#
y'x'-x'.
'x'-x&+&+'.
'x'-x&+(''.
'x)'(
HiZe'/x'y)'( Interchange x and y.
HiZe(/x('y) '
Isolate y. Notice that the
TT
x( inverse operations are used.

'
y)'
TTTTTT
TT

q x(
'
y)
Take the square root of both sides.
Recall that there is a positive and a
TTTTTT negative root.
TT

q x(
'
)y TTTTTT
HiZe)/f &x TT

q x(
'
)
Replace y with f —1(x).

ii) I
]Z\gVe]hd[i]Z[jcXi^dcfxVcYîh^ckZghZVgZgZ[aZXi^dchd[
ZVX]di]Zg^ci]Za^cZyx#
y
6
f(x) = 2(x + 4)2 — 3
4
y=x
2
Reflect key points in the line y = x to help

you sketch the graph of the inverse of f (x). —6 —4 —2 0 2 4 6x
—2
—4 f —1(x) = ± x +3— 4
2
—6
______
T
To graph g (x) =
—1
______ q
x+3
— 4, you must enter two equations,
2 ______
y=
q T
x+3
2
— 4 and y = —
q T
x+3
2
— 4.
iii) I]Z^ckZghZd[fx^hcdiV[jcXi^dc!h^cXZi]ZgZVgZildy"kVajZh
[dgZVX]x"kVajZ#>cdi]ZgldgYh!i]Z\gVe]d[f &xYdZhcdieVhh
i]ZkZgi^XVaa^cZiZhi#
Example 3
Apply Inverses
I]ZgZaVi^dch]êWZilZZci]ZheZZYd[VXVgVcYîhhidee^c\Y^hiVcXZ
XVcWZbdYZaaZYWni]Z[jcXi^dcD%#%%+v '!l]ZgZD^hi]Zhidee^c\
Y^hiVcXZ!^cbZigZh!VcYv^hi]ZheZZY!^c`âdbZigZheZg]djg#I]Z\gVe]
d[i]^h[jcXi^dcVcYîh^ckZghZVgZh]dlc#
D v
Stopping Distance (m)
30 60
Speed (km/h)
20 40
10 20
0 20 40 60 v 0 10 20 30 D
Speed (km/h) Stopping Distance (m)
a) HiViZi]ZYdbV^cVcYgVc\Zd[i]Z[jcXi^dcD#
b) 9ZiZgb^cZVcZfjVi^dc[dgi]Z^ckZghZd[i]Z[jcXi^dc.HiViZîh
YdbV^cVcYgVc\Z#

Solution
a) H^cXZi]ZheZZYbjhiWZ\gZViZgi]VcdgZfjVaidoZgd!i]ZYdbV^c^h
pv2!v%r.
9^hiVcXZXVccdiWZcZ\Vi^kZ!hdi]ZgVc\Z^hpD2!D%r#
b) ;dgVgZVa"a^[ZXdciZmi!idYZiZgb^cZi]Z^ckZghZd[i]ZgZaVi^dch]ê!
hdakZ[dgi]ZYZeZcYZcikVg^VWaZ#I]^h^hWZXVjhZi]ZXVjhZ"VcY"Z[[ZXi
gZaVi^dch]êWZilZZcheZZYVcYhidee^c\Y^hiVcXZYdZhcdiX]Vc\Z!
hdndjXVccdi_jhihlîX]DVcYv#
D%#%%+v'
TT

D

v'
%#%%+ TTTTTT
v TT
Take the square root of both sides. Since speed must be

q D
%#%%+
greater than or equal to zero, only the positive root is needed.
I]ZYdbV^c^hpD2!D%rVcYi]ZgVc\Z^h pv2!v%r#
Key Concepts
I]Z^ckZghZd[V[jcXi^dcfx^hYZcdiZYWnf &x#
I]Z^ckZghZd[V[jcXi^dcXVcWZ[djcYWn^ciZgX]Vc\^c\i]Zx"VcYy"XddgY^cViZhd[i]Z
[jcXi^dc#
I]Z\gVe]d[f &x^hi]Z\gVe]d[fxgZ[aZXiZY^ci]Za^cZyx#
I]Z^ckZghZd[V[jcXi^dcXVcWZ[djcYWn^ciZgX]Vc\^c\xVcYy^ci]ZZfjVi^dcd[i]Z
[jcXi^dcVcYi]Zchdak^c\i]ZcZlZfjVi^dc[dgy#
;dgVa\ZWgV^X^ckZghZhd[fjVYgVi^X[jcXi^dch!i]Z[jcXi^dchbjhiWZ^ckZgiZm[dgb#
I]Z^ckZghZd[V[jcXi^dc^hcdicZXZhhVgânV[jcXi^dc#

C1 NdjVgZVh`ZYidhdakZi]ZZfjVi^dc(x)&.#=dl^hi]ZbZi]dYjhZYidhdakZi]^h
ZfjVi^dch^bâVgidi]ZbZi]dYjhZYidYZiZgb^cZVc^ckZghZ4
C2 I]Z[jcXi^dcfx.x*]Vh^ckZghZf &x TT
x*
#9^hXjhh]dli]Z^YZVd[^ckZghZdg
.
gZkZghZYdeZgVi^dchgZaViZhi]Z[jcXi^dcVcYîh^ckZghZ#
C3 :meaV^cl]nVfjVYgVi^X[jcXi^dccZZYhidWZ^ckZgiZm[dgb^cdgYZgidYZiZgb^cZîh^ckZghZ
Va\ZWgV^XVaan#

A Practise
For help with questions 1 and 2, refer to For help with questions 3 to 7, refer to
Example 1. Example 2.
Reasoning and Proving
1. LgîZi]Z^ckZghZd[ZVX][jcXi^dc#I]Zc! 3. 8denZVX]\gVe]
hiViZi]ZYdbV^cVcYgVc\Zd[i]Z[jcXi^dc d[fxVcYi]Zc Representing Selecting Tools
VcYîh^ckZghZ# h`ZiX]i]Z\gVe]d[ Problem Solving
a) {&!*!)!'!*!(!,!%r i]Z^ckZghZd[ZVX]
[jcXi^dc#>hi]Z
b) p(!*!)!%!*!*!+!&%r Communicating
^ckZghZd[fxV
c) [jcXi^dc4:meaV^c#
—4 —1
a)
—2 1 y
4
0 3
f(x)
2 5 2
4 7
—2 0 2 4 6 x
—2
d)
—2 —3 —4
0 —1
—6
1 1
4 7 b)
y
5 9
6
4
2. 8denZVX]\gVe]#I]Zc!h`ZiX]i]Z^ckZghZ f(x)
d[ZVX][jcXi^dcVcYhiViZi]ZYdbV^cVcY 2
gVc\Zd[i]Z[jcXi^dcVcYîh^ckZghZ#
—6 —4 —2 0 2 4x
a)
y
6
c)
y
4 6
2 4 f(x)
—6 —4 —2 0 2 4 6 x 2
—2
—6 —4 —2 0 2 4 6x
—2
b)
y
6 —4
4 —6
2
4. 9ZiZgb^cZi]ZZfjVi^dcd[i]Z^ckZghZd[
—6 —4 —2 0 2 4 x ZVX][jcXi^dc#
a) fx'x b) fx+x*
c) fxx&% d) fx TT

'x)
*

5. 9ZiZgb^cZi]ZZfjVi^dcd[i]Z^ckZghZd[ c) L]^X]ZfjVi^dc!i]Zdg^\^cVadgi]Z
ZVX][jcXi^dc# ^ckZghZ!b^\]iWZbdgZjhZ[ja[dg
a) fxx +
'
b) fx)x ' hdbZdcZjh^c\i]ZXVccdc4
c) fxx-' T&

d) fx x'&% 9. >ci]Z'%%-7Z^_^c\ Reasoning and Proving
'
Danbe^Xh!JhV^c Representing Selecting Tools
6. ;dgZVX]fjVYgVi^X[jcXi^dc!XdbeaZiZi]Z ¸A^\]ic^c\¹7dai
hfjVgZVcYi]ZcYZiZgb^cZi]ZZfjVi^dcd[ hZiVcZlldgaY
Problem Solving
i]Z^ckZghZ# gZXdgY^ci]Z&%%"b Connecting Reflecting
a) fxx'+x&* YVh]WnhbVh]^c\ Communicating
b) fxx''%x.. ]^hdlcegZk^djh

gZXdgYWn%#%(h#7nVaaVXXdjcih!]dlZkZg!
c) fx'x'')x(
]ZXdVhiZYidi]Z[^c^h]a^cZ#=^hXdVX]
d) fx(x'(+x&%%
hj\\ZhiZYi]Vi^[]Z]VYXdci^cjZYVii]Z
7. ;dgZVX][jcXi^dcfx! Reasoning and Proving heZZY]Z]VYWZZcigVkZaa^c\!]ZldjaY
]VkZgjci]ZgVXZ^c.#*'h#
i) YZiZgb^cZf x & Representing Selecting Tools
ii) \gVe]fxVcYîh Problem Solving
^ckZghZlî]dg Connecting Reflecting

lî]djiiZX]cdad\n Communicating
iii)hiViZl]Zi]Zgi]Z
^ckZghZd[fx^hV[jcXi^dcVcYZmeaV^c
ndjggZVhdc^c\
a) fx*x+
T&
b) fx x-
(
E]nh^X^hihaZYWn=Vch@g^hi^Vc:g^`hZc
c) fxx-'&+
^ckZhi^\ViZYi]^hedhh^Wâîn#;dgi]Z
d) fxx''%x+)
bV_dgînd[i]ZgVXZ!7dai»hedhî^dc!^c
bZigZh!XdjaYWZbdYZaaZYWni]Z[jcXi^dc
B Connect and Apply dt&&#-t&'#*!l]ZgZt^hi]Zi^bZ!^c
For help with question 8, refer to Example 3. hZXdcYh#
a) <gVe]7dai»hedhî^dc[jcXi^dcVcYhiViZ
8. >cWVaa^hi^Xh!i]ZeVi]hd[egd_ZXiâZhVgZ
i]ZYdbV^cVcYgVc\Z#
hijY^ZY#>i^h`cdlci]Vii]Z\gZViZgi]Z
heZZYVil]^X]VcdW_ZXi^h[^gZY!i]Z b) Hj\\ZhigZVhdchl]ni]ZYdbV^cd[i]^h
[Vgi]ZgîlâaigVkZa#;dgVeVgi^XjaVg [jcXi^dch]djaYcdihiVgiVit%#
heg^c\"adVYZYXVccdc!i]^hgZaVi^dch]ê c) 9ZiZgb^cZi]Z^ckZghZd[i]^h[jcXi^dc
XVcWZbdYZaaZYWndT v'!l]ZgZd^h VcYhiViZîhYdbV^cVcYgVc\Z#
&%
d) JhZi]Z^ckZghZidYZiZgb^cZ^[7dai»h
i]ZY^hiVcXZ!^cbZigZh!igVkZaaZYWni]Z
XdVX]lVhXadhZidWZ^c\XdggZXi#
egd_ZXiâZVcYv^hi]ZbjooaZheZZY!^c
bZigZheZghZXdcY#9^[[ZgZciheZZYhXVcWZ Con n ec t i on s
ViiV^cZYWnVY_jhi^c\i]Zheg^c\# Go to the Functions 11 page on the McGraw-Hill
a) <gVe]i]ZY^hiVcXZ[jcXi^dcVcYhiViZ Ryerson Web site and follow the links to Chapter 2
to read the paper entitled “Velocity Dispersions in a
îhYdbV^cVcYgVc\Z# Cluster of Stars: How Fast Could Usain Bolt Have Run?”
b) <gVe]i]Z^ckZghZd[i]ZY^hiVcXZ
[jcXi^dc#L]ViYdZhîgZegZhZci4HiViZ 10. :meaV^cl]nfxf &x[dgVcn[jcXi^dc
îhYdbV^cVcYgVc\Z# d[i]Z[dgbfxxb#

11. 9ZiZgb^cZl]Zi]Zgi]ZildgZaVi^dch T.
12. I]ZZfjVi^dcy x('XVcWZjhZYid
*
h]dlc^cZVX]\gVe]VgZ^ckZghZhd[ZVX]
XdckZgiWZilZZc8Zah^jhVcY;V]gZc]Zî
di]Zg#:meaV^cndjggZVhdc^c\#
iZbeZgVijgZh!l]ZgZx^hi]ZiZbeZgVijgZ!
a) ^cYZ\gZZh8Zah^jh!VcYy^hi]Z
y
x iZbeZgVijgZ!^cYZ\gZZh;V]gZc]Zî#
—8 —6 —4 —2 0 2 4 6 8 a) 9ZiZgb^cZi]Z^ckZghZd[i]^hZfjVi^dc#
—2 L]ViYdZhîgZegZhZci4L]ViYdi]Z
g(x) f(x) kVg^VWaZhgZegZhZci4
—4
b) <gVe]i]Zdg^\^cVaVcY^ckZghZ
—6 ZfjVi^dchdci]ZhVbZhZid[VmZh#
—8 c) L]ViiZbeZgVijgZ^hi]ZhVbZ^c8Zah^jh
VcY;V]gZc]Zî4:meaV^c]dlndj`cdl#
b) 13. Chapter Problem6ii]ZigV[[^XhV[Zin
y
10 WjgZVj!BVii]ZlYZiZgb^cZhi]Vi[dgV
f(x)
8 XVgigVkZaa^c\ViVeegdm^bViZan&%%`b$]!
i]Zhidee^c\Y^hiVcXZ!^cbZigZh!dcXZi]Z
6 g(x) WgV`ZhVgZVeea^ZY^hVeegdm^bViZan\^kZc
4
Wnd'#-t*',%!l]ZgZt^hi]Z
i^bZ!^chZXdcYh#
2
a) 9ZiZgb^cZi]Z^ckZghZd[i]^h[jcXi^dc#
L]ViYdZhi]^hgZegZhZci^ci]ZXdciZmi
—2 0 2 4 6 8 10 x
d[i]ZfjZhi^dc4
—2
b) >ci]ZXdciZmi!l]Vih]djaYi]ZYdbV^c
VcYgVc\Zd[i]Zdg^\^cVa[jcXi^dcVcY
c) y
îh^ckZghZWZ4
4
c) 8dbeVgZi]ZY^hiVcXZigVkZaaZY^ci]Z
g(x)
2 [^ghi'%bd[WgV`^c\!i]ZhZXdcY'%bd[
WgV`^c\!VcYi]Zi]^gY'%bd[WgV`^c\#
—2 0 2 x
14. GZ[Zgid:mVbeaZ'd[HZXi^dc'#+#JhZ
—2
f(x) ^ckZghZhidXVaXjaViZi]ZZmVXii^bZV
—4 )%%"bYgV\gVXZldjaYiV`Z[dgZVX]XVg#
15. ;dgZVX]fjVYgVi^X[jcXi^dcfx!
d) i)YZiZgb^cZf &x
y
ii)\gVe]fxVcYîh^ckZghZ
4 f(x) iii)gZhig^Xii]ZYdbV^cd[fxiddcZWgVcX]
2 d[i]ZeVgVWdaVhdi]Vif &x^hVahdV
[jcXi^dc
—4 —2 0 2 4 x iv)\gVe]fxVcYîh^ckZghZlî]i]Z
—2 gZhig^XiZYYdbV^ch
—4 a) fx'x'
g(x)
b) fxx''
c) fxx('

16. a) <^kZci]Z[jcXi^dcfx(x,! T&
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Chapter 2 Review • MHR 143

Chapter 2 Practice Test
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Chapter 2 Practice Test • MHR 145

Task Functions in Design
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Chapter 2

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Chapter 2

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CHAPTER

By the end of this chapter, you will

Functions 11 CH02.indd 75 6/10/09 4:01:21 PM

a) yx* &% ' —2

Translations Graph Functions

76 MHR • Functions 11 • Chapter 2

Functions 11 CH02.indd 76 6/10/09 4:01:24 PM

a) x'*x+ b) x')x&' a) A πr '![dgr

c) x'+x', d) x'&)x). b) P' w![dgw

e) x'+) f) (x'.x&'% c) x'y'&+![dgy

g) 'x''%x*% h) )x''*+ d) yx''%![dgx

Prerequisite Skills • MHR 77

Functions 11 CH02.indd 77 6/10/09 4:01:28 PM

x f (x) = 2(x — 1)2 + (3x — 2) g (x) = 2x2 — x

78 MHR • Functions 11 • Chapter 2

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iii) JhZV\gVe]^c\XVaXjaVidgid\gVe]i]ZildZfjVi^dchVhY1VcYY 2#

2.1 Functions and Equivalent Algebraic Expressions • MHR 79

Functions 11 CH02.indd 79 6/10/09 4:01:32 PM

80 MHR • Functions 11 • Chapter 2

Functions 11 CH02.indd 80 6/10/09 4:01:33 PM

2.1 Functions and Equivalent Algebraic Expressions • MHR 81

Functions 11 CH02.indd 81 6/10/09 4:01:35 PM

82 MHR • Functions 11 • Chapter 2

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Communicate Your Understanding

gxx 'x &*x (,x'%

2.1 Functions and Equivalent Algebraic Expressions • MHR 83

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a) f x TTT

a) TTT x-

84 MHR • Functions 11 • Chapter 2

Functions 11 CH02.indd 84 6/10/09 4:01:40 PM

2.1 Functions and Equivalent Algebraic Expressions • MHR 85

Functions 11 CH02.indd 85 6/10/09 4:01:42 PM

Tools Graph Functions Using a TI-Nspire™ CAS Graphing Calculator

86 MHR • Functions 11 • Chapter 2

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EgZhh/x#6]VcYl^aaVeeZVg# If you are in the

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Skills You Need: do di

88 MHR • Functions 11 • Chapter 2

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2.2 Skills You Need: Operations With Rational Expressions • MHR 89

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Hd!TTT TTT TT

90 MHR • Functions 11 • Chapter 2

Functions 11 CH02.indd 90 6/10/09 4:01:50 PM

2.2 Skills You Need: Operations With Rational Expressions • MHR 91

Functions 11 CH02.indd 91 6/10/09 4:01:51 PM

92 MHR • Functions 11 • Chapter 2

Functions 11 CH02.indd 92 6/10/09 4:01:52 PM

Communicate Your Understanding

2.2 Skills You Need: Operations With Rational Expressions • MHR 93

Functions 11 CH02.indd 93 6/10/09 4:01:53 PM

94 MHR • Functions 11 • Chapter 2

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Wn-%"Xbe^ZXZ Problem Solving

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c) x'+x', d) x'&)x). b) P' w![dgw

e) x'+) f) (x'.x&'% c) x'y'&+![dgy

g) 'x''%x% h) )x''+ d) yx''%![dgx

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HZi&/fxx' gx'x' hx*x'

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I]^c`^c\d[gxVh(xf(x^cY^XViZh y g(x) = f(3x)

b) =dlVgZi]Z\gVe]hd[i]ZHigdc\ Strong 200

x f (x) = x2 g (x) = 5f (x) h (x) = f (T14x) iii)mxf'x Tx*