FURTHER CALCULUS

MAT 203

Dr. Mrs. Agnes Adom-Konadu

Department of Mathematics,
University of Cape Coast
Cape Coast, Ghana

January 23, 2024

Outline
1 Functions
2 Types of Functions
• One to one Function (Injection)
• Inverse Functions
3 Logarithmic Functions
• Rules and Properties of ln
4 Derivative of Functions
• Derivative of loga x
• Differentiation of Logarithmic Function
• Derivative of Inverse Trig Functions
• Differentiation of Hyperbolic Functions
• Differentiation of Inverse Hyperbolic Function
• Expressing Inverse Hyperbolic Function as Natural Logarithms
5 Leibnitz Theorem
• Leibnitz Theorem; By Differentiation
Functions

1. A function f from a set of elements x to a set of elements y is a rule that assigns to each elements x in
X exactly one element y in Y.
One way to demonstrate the meaning of the definition is by using an arrow diagram.

f : X → Y is a function. Every element in X is associated with exactly one element of Y.

g : X → Y is not a function. The element 1 in set X is assigned two elements 3 and 4 in set Y.
2. A function can be described as a set of ordered pairs (x, y) s.t for any x-value in the set, there is only
one y-value. This means that there cannot be any replicated x-values with different y-values.

Example
F = {(1, 5), (3, 3), (2, 3), (4, 2)} is a function.
G = {(1, 5), (4, 2), (2, 3), (3, 3), (1, 6)} is not a function.
Types of Functions
One to one function (Injection)

1. A function f : A → B is said to be one-to-one if f (x1 ) = f (x2 ) =⇒ x1 = x2 for all elements x1 x2 ∈ A.

2. The contra-positive of this definition is; A function f : A → B is one-to-one if x1 , x2 =⇒ f (x1 ) ,
f (x2 ).

Examples of One-to-one Functions

1. The function f (x) = x is one-to-one, since if x1 , x2 , then f (x1 ) , f (x2 ).
2. The function g(x) = x2 is not a one-to-one function.

g(x1 ) = g(x2 )
x1 = x2
g(1) = (1)2 = 1
g(−1) = (−1)2 = 1
But, 1 , −1
Graph of One-to-one Function
An easy way to determine whether a function is one-to-one is to draw a horizontal line across the graph if
two points (x1 , y1 ) and (x2 , y2 ) have the same y-value, then the function is not one-to-one.
Not a one-to-one function graph
Inverse Function

In Mathematics, an inverse function is a function that reverses another function.

OR
It is a function that undoes the action of the other action of the another function.
A function g is the inverse of a function f if whenever y = f −1 (x), the x = f (y)
Mathematically, if f is a one-to-one function with domain A and range B, we can define an inverse
function f −1 (with domain B) by the rule f −1 (y) = x iff f (x) = y.
NOTE:The domain of f −1 equals the√range of f and the range of f −1 equals the domain of f .
What is domain and range of f (x) = 4x + 4.

Finding a Formula for F −1 (x)

Given a formula for f (x), we would like to find a formula for f −1 (x) using the equivalence

x = f −1 (y) iff y = f (x) (1)

Using the following approach

❒ In the equation, y = f (x) solve for x in terms of y.

❒ Switch the roles of x and y to get a formula for f −1 of the form y = f −1 (x).
❒ From equation (1) substitute f (x) for y in the equation on the left of (1).
=⇒ x = f −1 (x) =⇒ f −1 (x) = x
Continuing finding a formula for F −1 (x)
Similarly, if

x = f (y), then y = f −1 (2)

Substituting f −1 for y on the equation on the left of (2)

=⇒ F(f −1 (x)) = x
Worked Examples

Let f (x) = 2x+1

x−3
(a) Find f −1 (x)
(b) f (f −1 (x))
(c) f −1 (f (x)) = x

Solution

(a) Let y = f (x)

2x + 1
=⇒ y =
x−3
y(x − 3) = 2x + 1
xy − 3y = 2x + 1
xy − 2x = 1 + 3y
x(y − 2) = 1 + 3y
1 + 3y
x=
y−2

Switching the roles of x and y

y= 3x+1
x−2 = f −1 (x) ∴ f −1 (x) = 3x+1
x−2
 x−2 ) + 1
2( 3x+1
(b) f (f −1 (x)) =
( 3x+1
x−2 ) − 3
7x
=
7
=x

(c) Finding f −1 (f (x)) = x but f −1 (x) = 3x+1

x−2

x−3 ) + 1
3( 2x+1
f −1 (f (x)) = =x
( 2x+1
x−3 ) − 2

x−3 ) + 1
( 6x+3
= 2x+1
=x
x−3 − 2
6x+3+x−3
x−3
= 2x+1−2(x−3)
=x
x−3
7x
x−3
= 7
=x
x−3
7x x−3
= ·
x−3 7
7x
= =x
7
Graph of y = f −1 (x)

Since the function y = f −1 (x) is the same as the equation x = f (y) the graph of both equations are
identical.
To graph the equation x = f (y), we note that this equation results from switching the roles of x and y in
the equation y = f (x).
Thus transformation of equation results in a transformation of the graph amounting to reflection in the
line y = x. Thus, the graph of y = f −1 (x) in the line y = x and vice versa.
Note that the reflection of the (x1 , y1 ) in the line y = x is (y1 , x1 ). Therefore if the point (x1 , y1 ) is on
the graph of y = f −1 (x), we must have (y1 , x1 ) on the graph of y = f (x)

Properties of the graph of y = f −1 (x) from y = f (x)

Theorem 1: If f is a one-to-one continuous function defined on an interval, hen its inverse f −1 is also
one-to-one and continuous. Thus f −1 (x) has an inverse which has to be f (x), by the equivalence of
equations given on the definition of the inverse function.
Theorem 2: If f is one-to-one differentiable function with inverse function f −1 (x) and f ′ (f −1 (x)) , 0,
then the inverse function is differentiable at a and (f −1 )′ (a) = f ′ (f −1
1
(a))
Proof
y = f −1 (x) iff x = f (y) by implicit differentiation with respect to x using x = f (y).

d(x) d
= (f (y))
dx dx
f (y)dy
1=
dx
dy
1 = f (y)
′
dx
dy 1
= (1)
dx f ′ (y)

Also, from y = f −1 (x)

dy
dx = (f (x))
−1 ′ (2)

From (1) and (2) we have

1
= (f −1 (x))′
f ′ (y)
But y = f −1 (x)
1
= (f −1 (x))′
f ′ (f −1 (x))
 Geometrically, this means that if (a, f −1 (a)) is a point on the curve y = f −1 (x), then the point (f −1 (a), a)
is on the curve y = f (x) and the slope of the tangent to the curve y = f −1 (x) at (a, f −1 (a)) is the reciprocal
of the tangent to the curve y = f (x) at the point (f −1 (a), a).

Example
√
1. The inverse of the function f (x) = x2 with the reduced domain [0, ∞) is f −1 (x) = x. Use the formula
above to find the derivative of f −1 .
2. Find the derivative of f −1 given y = x2 − 7
Solution

1
(f −1 (x))′ =
f ′ (f −1 (x))
f (x) = x2
f ′ (x) = 2x
√
But f −1 (x) = x
√
f ′ (f −1 (x)) = 2 x
1
(f −1 )′ =
f ′ (f −1 (x))
1
= √
2 x
2. Given that y = x2 − 7

x2 = y + 7
p
x2 = y + 7
p

Switching the roles of x and y gives

√
y= x+7
√
f −1
(x) = x+7
Let f (x) = x2 − 7
f ′ (x) = 2x
1
(f −1 (x))′ =
f ′ (f −1 (x))
1
= √
2 x+7
In as exponential inverse function of exponential function

The natural logarithm,ln, ln(x) is the inverse function of the exponential

function ex . For x > 0,

f (f −1 (x)) = eln(x) = x
OR
f −1 (f (x)) = ln ex = x.
Rules and Properties of ln

a. Product Rule: f. ln of positive number:

ln(x · y) = lnx + lny ln(x) is undefined when x ≤ C

b. Quotient Rule: g. ln of zero:

ln xy = lnx - lny ln(0) is undefined
lim ln(x) = -∞
c. Power Rule: x → 0+
ln(xy ) = ylnx ln(1) = 0

d.ln derivative: h. ln of infinity:

f (x) = ln(x) = 1x limx→0 ln(x) = ∞

e.
R ln integral: i. Euler’s identity:
lnx dx = x(lnx - 1) + C ln(-1) = iπ
de = e
d x x
Proof that d
dx (ln(x)) = 1
x

Proof

Let y = ln(x)

ey = e(ln(x))
ey = x
d y d
(e ) = (x)
dx dx
dy
ey · =1
dx
dy 1
=
dx ey
But y = ln x
dy 1
∴ =
dx eln x
dy 1
=⇒ =
dx x
Question
√
If f (x) = 5 x, then what is f ′ (x)?

Solution
√
Let y = 5 x
Take ln of √both sides
ln y = ln 5 x
√
ln y = x ln 5
using product rule
dy 1 √
dx · y = ln5 · 2 x + 0 · x
1√

dy 1
dx · y = ln5 · 2 x
1√

dy ln 5y
dx = 2 x
√
√
x
= ln25·5
√
x
√
Since y = 5 x

Rule 2
f (x) = ax
f ′ (x) = ax ln(a)
Derivative of loga x

Let y = loga x
ay = x (Take ln of both sides)

ln ay = ln x
y ln a = ln x
ln x
y=
ln a
1 d
y= · ln x
ln a dx
1 1
y′ = ·
ln a x
1
y′ =
x ln a
Example
Differentiate f (x) = 4x − 5 loga x

Solution
f (x) = g(x) − h(x), where g(x) = 4x = y and h(x) = 5 loga x = h

Solving for 4x Solving for 5loga x

=⇒ 4x = y (Take lnof both sides) =⇒ h = 5 loga x, which can also be written as
ah = x
Take ln of both sides of ah = x
ln y = ln 4x
ln y = x ln 4(Differentiate w.r.t y) ln ah = ln x
1 h ln a = ln x
y′ · = ln 4
y ln x
h=
y′ = ln 4 · y ln a
1
y′ = y ln 4 = · ln x
ln a
But y = 4x 1
h′ =
y′ = 4x ln 4 x ln a

∴ f ′ (x) = 4x ln 4 − 5 xlna
1
Differentiation of Logarithmic Function

1. Suppose f (x) = ln x
′
=⇒ f (x) = 1x
In a general form, f (x) = ln[g(x)], then f ′ (x) = 1
g(x) · g′ (x) by the chain rule.

2. If f (x) = loga x then f ′ (x) = x ln1 a .

In general, f (x) = loga [g(x)], then f ′ (x) = 1
g(x) ln a · g′ (x)

Example 1
Find y′ given y = ln(x2 + x)
Solution

Given y = ln(x2 + x)
y′ = g(x)
1
· g′ (x)
g′ (x) = 2x + 1
∴ y′ = (x21+x) · 2x + 1
=⇒ y′ = 2x+1
(x2 +x)
Example 2
Find y′ if y =
p
3
loga x
Solution
1
Rewrite the function as y = (loga x) 3

1 −2 d
y′ = (loga x) 3 · (loga x)
3 dx
1 −2 1
= (loga x) 3 ·
3 x ln a
1 1
= 2
Or p
3
3x(loga x) 3 ln a 3x (loga x)2 ln a
Example 3
Given y = ln(x4 · sin x), find y′
Solution
Rewrite the function as y = ln x4 + ln sin x =⇒ y = 4 ln x + ln sin x
d d
y′ = 4 (4 ln x) + (ln sin x)
dx dx
1 1
= [4 · ] + · cos x
x sin x
4 cos x
= +
x sin x
4
= + cot x
x
Example 4
Find y′ if y = xx
Solution
Given y = xx (Take ln of both sides)

ln y = ln xx
ln y = x ln x
1 1
y′ · = x · + ln x
y x
1 x
y′ · = + ln x
y x
1
y′ · = ln x + 1
y
y′ = (ln x + 1)y
But y = xx
∴ y′ = xx (ln x + 1)
Derivative of Inverse Trig Functions

1. Find f ′ (x) if f (x) = (sin−1 (x))2

Solution

f (x) = (sin−1 (x))2

d
f ′ (x) = 2(sin−1 (x)) (sin−1 (x)) (∗)
dx
Let y = sin (x)
−1

Taking sin on both sides

=⇒ sin y = sin sin−1 x
x = sin y
dy
1 = cos y.
dx
dy 1
=⇒ = , But cos2 y + sin2 y = 1
dx cos y
q
cos y = 1 − sin2 y
But x = sin y
 p
cos y = 1 − x2 (∗∗)
Putting (**) into (* )
2 sin−1 (x)
f ′ (x) = √
1 − x2

Formulas
1. d
dx sin (x) =
−1 √ 1 ,x , ±1
1−x2

2. d
dx cos−1 (x) = √ −1 , x , ±1
1−x2

3. d
dx tan−1 (x) = 1
1+x2

4. d
dx csc−1 (x) = √−1 , x , ±1
x x2 −1

5. d
dx sec−1 (x) = √1 ,x , ±1
x x2 −1

6. d
dx cot−1 (x) = √−1 , x , ±1
x 1+x2
Example 1
p
Find y′ if y = tan−1 (x)
Solution

q
y= tan−1 (x)
1
y = (tan−1 (x)) 2
1 1 1
y′ = (tan−1 (x))− 2 ·
2 1 + x2
1 1
y′ = p ·
2 tan−1 (x) 1 + x
2
Example 2
√
Find y′ if y = tan−1 ( x)
Solution
√
y = tan−1 ( x)
1 d √
y′ = √ 2 · ( x)
1 + ( x) dx
1 1
y′ = · √
1+x 2 x
1
= √
2(1 + x) x
Example 3
Find y′ if y = (1 + x2 ) tan−1 (x)
Solution
Differentiating using product rule

d d
y′ = (1 + x2 ) (tan−1 (x)) + tan−1 (x)( (1 + x2 ))
dx dx
1
y′ = (1 + x2 ) · + tan−1 (x)2x
1 + x2
y′ = 1 + 2x tan−1 (x)

Example 4
Find y′ if y = sin−1 ( ax )
Solution

1 1
y′ = q ·
x 2 a
1 − (a)
√ 1
a2 −x2 1
= ·
a a
a 1 1
= √ · ⇒ = √
a2 − x2 a a2 − x2
Differentiation of Hyperbolic Functions

We use the derivative of the exponential function and the chain rule to determine the derivative of the
hyperbolic sine and hyperbolic cosine functions.
The hyperbolic symbol is written by sinh given by;

ex −e−x ex +e−x
y = sinh(x) = 2 and y = cosh(x) = 2

Proof.

ex − e−x
sinh(x) = =y
2
1 d d
y′ = [ (ex ) − (e−x )]
2 dx dx
1
= [ex − (e−x · (−1))]
2
1
= [ex + e−x ]
2
ex + e−x
=
2
= cosh(x)

□
Formula Identities
1. sinh(x) = 2 ex −e−x 1. sinh(−x) = -sinh(x)
2. cosh(x) = e +e
x −x
2. cosh(−x) = cosh(x)
2
x
3. tanh(x) = eex +e
−e −x sinh(x)
−x = cosh(x)
3. cosh2 (x) - sinh2 (x) = 1
4. csch(x) = sinh(x)
1
= ex −e2
−x
4. 1 - tanh2 (x) = sech2 (x)
5. sech(x) = cosh(x) = ex +e−x
1 2 5. sinh(x + y) =
6. coth(x) = sinh(x) cosh(y) + cosh(x) sinh(y)
cosh(x) ex +e−x 6. cosh(x + y) =
tanh(x) = sinh(x) = ex −e−x
1

cosh(x) cosh(y) + sinh(x) sinh(y)

7. coth2 x − csch2 = 1
8. cosh(2x) = cosh2 x + sinh2 x
9. sinh(2x) = 2 sinh(x) cosh(x)
10. sinh2 ( 2x
1
) = 12 (cosh x − 1)
2
11. cosh2 x = 1+cosh 2
x
tanh x+tanh y
12. tanh(x + y) = 1+tanh x tanh y
Example 1
Show that cosh2 x − sinh2 = 1

Solution

ex + e− x
cosh(x) =
2
ex + e− x 2
cosh (x) = [
2
]
2
But (a + b) = a + 2ab + b2
2 2

e2x 2 · ex · e−x e−2x

cosh2 (x) = + +
4 4 4
e 2x 2 · ex · e −x e −2x
sinh2 (x) = − +
4 4 4
e2x e2x 4 · ex · e−x e−2x e−2x
cosh x − sinh = (
2 2
− )+( )+( − )
4 4 4 4 4
1 1
=0+( + )+0
2 2
Since ex · e− x = 1
=1

Hence cosh2 x − sinh2 x = 1

Trial Question
Prove that sinh(2x) = 2 sinh x cosh x

Question
Find the derivative of f (x) = ecosh(4x)
Solution
Let y = ecosh(4x)

dy d cosh(4x)
= (e )
dx dx
d d
= ecosh(4x) · cosh(4x) · (4x)
dx dx
= ecosh(4x) · sinh(4x) · 4
= 4 sinh(4x)ecosh(4x)
Differentiation of Inverse Hyperbolic Function

Find y′ of y = sinh−1 (x)

y = sinh−1 (x)
sinh(y) = x
d d
(sinh y) = (x)
dx dx
dy
cosh y · =1
dx
dy 1
=
dx cosh y
But cosh2 y − sinh2 y = 1
dy 1
=⇒ = q
dx
1 + sinh2 y
But sinh y = x
dy 1
= √
dx 1 + x2
Note that the positive square root is taken since y = sinh−1 (x) is a monotonic increasing function, i.e, the
gradient is always positive and so the result has an important consequence for integration.
Z
dy 1 1
If y = sinh−1 (x) = √ =⇒ √ dx = sinh−1 (x)
dx 1 + x2 1 + x2
Find y′ if y = cosh−1 (x)
Solution

y = cosh−1 (x)
=⇒ cosh y = x
d d
(cosh y) = (x)
dy dx
dy
sinh y · =1
dx
dy 1
=
dx sinh y
But cosh2 y − sinh2 y = 1
sinh2 y = cosh2 y − 1
p
sinh2 y = cosh2 −1
dy 1
=⇒ = q
dx
cosh2 y − 1
But cosh y = x
dy 1
= √
dx x2 − 1
Find y′ if y = sin−1 (x)
Solution

y = sin−1 (x)
sin y = x
d d
(sin y) = (x)
dx dx
dy
cos y · =1
dy
dy 1
=
dx cos y
But cos2 y + sin2 y = 1
q
=⇒ cos y = 1 − sin2 y
dy 1
= q
dx
1 − sin2 y
sin y = x
dy 1
= √
dx 1 − x2
Expressing Inverse Hyperbolic Function as Natural Logarithms
ey −e−y
If sinh y = 2 , what is (sinh−1 (x))?
Solution

Let y = sinh−1 (x)

taking sinh on both sides
sinh y = sinh sinh−1 (x)
sinh y = x
ey − e−y
x=
2
2x = ey − e−y
Multiply through by ey
ey 2x = ey ey − ey e−y
ey 2x = e2y − 1
e − 2xe − 1 = 0
2y y

Let u = ey
=⇒ u − 2xu − 1 = 0
2

And this is in the form au2 + bu − c = 0

where a = 1, b = −2x and c = −1
Using the formula
√
−b ± b2 − 4ac
u=
2a
p
−(−2x) ± (−2x)2 − 4(1)(−1)
e =
y
2(1)
√
2x ± 4x2 + 4
=
2
√
2x ± 4x2 + 4
=
2
√ √
2x ± 4 x2 + 1
=
2
√
2x ± 2 x2 + 1
=
2
p
e = x ± x2 + 1
y

But ey should always be positive

p
∴ ey = x + x2 + 1(Take ln of both sides)
p
ln ey = ln(x + x2 + 1)
p
y ln e = ln(x + x2 + 1)
But ln e = 1
p
∴ y = ln(x + x2 + 1)
 But y = sinh−1 (x)
p
=⇒ y = sinh−1 (x) = ln(x + x2 + 1)
The derivative of sinh−1 (x)
p
= ln(x + x2 + 1) by the chain rule is given by
1 1
y′ = √ · (1 + √ · 2x)
x+ x2 + 1 2 x2 + 1
1
= √
1 + x2

Example
Find the derivative of the following
1. y = x2 sinh−1 (2x)
√
2. y = tanh−1 √ x
3. y = sech −1 1 − x2
 Solution
√
Given y = tanh−1 x multiply through by tanh
√
tanh y = tanh tanh−1 ( x)
√
tanh y = x
d d √
(tanh y) = ( x)
dx dx
dy 1
sech2 y · = √
dx 2 x
dy 1 1
= √ ·
dx 2 x sech2 y
dy 1
= √
dx 2sech2 y x
But 1 − tanh2 y = sech2 y
dy 1
= √
dx 2(1 − tanh2 y) x
√
But tanh y = x
dy 1
= √ √
dx 2(1 − ( x)2 ) · x
dy 1
= √
dx 2 x(1 − x)
Find the derivative of y = x2 sinh−1 (2x)
Solution
Given y = x sinh−1 (2x)
2

d d
y′ = x 2 (sinh−1 (2x)) + sinh−1 (2x) (x2 )
dx dx
d
y′ = x2 (sinh−1 (2x)) + sinh−1 (2x) · 2x (1)
dx
Let y = sinh (2x) Finding the derivative of sinh (2x)
−1 −1

sinh y = sinh sinh−1 (2x)

sinh y = 2x
d d
(sinh y) = (2x)(Using implicit differentiation)
dx dx
dy
cosh y · =2
dx
dy 2
=
dx cosh y
But cosh2 y − sinh2 y = 1
q
=⇒ cosh y = 1 + sinh2 y
dy 2
= q
dx
1 + sinh2 y
But sinh y = 2x
 2
y′ = √
1 + 4x2
Substituting (2) into (1)
2
y′ = x2 · √ + 2x sinh−1 (2x)
1 + 4x2
2x2
= + 2x sinh−1 (2x)
1 + 4x2
By factorizing,
" #
x
y′ = 2x sinh−1 (2x) + √
1 + 4x2
 √
Find y′ if y = sech−1 ( 1 − x2 )
√ Solution
Given y = sech−1 ( 1 − x2 )
p
sechy = sechsech−1 ( 1 − x2 )
p
sechy = 1 − x2
Using implicit differentiation
d d p
(sechy) = ( 1 − x2 )
dx dx
dy −2x
−sechy tanh y · = √
dx 2 1 − x2
dy −2x 1
= √ ·
dx 2 1 − x2 −sechy tanh y
But 1 − tanh2 y = sech2 y
q
=⇒ tanh y = 1 − sech2 y
dy −2x 1
=⇒ = √ · p
dx 2 1 − x2 −sechy 1 − sech2 y
p
But sechy = 1 − x2
dy −2x 1
By substitution, we have; = √ · √ p
dx 2 1 − x2 − 1 − x2 · 1 − (1 − x2 )
 −2x 1
= √ · √ p
2 1 − x2 − 1 − x2 · (x)2
−2x 1
= √ · √
2 1 − x2 −x 1 − x2
−2x
= √ √
−2x( 1 − x2 )( 1 − x2 )
1
=
1 − x2
1
∴ y′ = as required
1 − x2

N.B Trig identities Derivatives of Hyperbolic

cos2 θ + sin θ = 1
2 Functions
1 + tan2 θ = sec2 θ (sinh x)′ = cosh x
1 + cot2 θ = cosec2 θ (cosh x)′ = sinh x
(tanh x)′ = sech2 x
(cosechx)′ = −cschxcothx
(sechx)′ = −sechxtanhx
(cothx)′ = −csch2 x
Also,
csch x = sinh
1
x
sech x = cosh
1
x
coth x = cosh x
sinh x

Question
Given y = x2 sinh−1 (2x)
2
Suggested answer: y′ 2x[sinh−1 (2x) + √ x ] and y′ = 2x sinh−1 (2x) + √ 2x
4x2 +1 4x2 +1
√
y = sech−1 1 − x2
Answer: y′ = 1−x
1
2
Leibnitz Theorem

Leibnitz theorem of nth derivative.

Let y = xn
y1 = nxn−1
y2 = n(n − 1)xn−2
y3 = n(n − 1)(n − 2)xn−3
yn = n(n − 1)(n − 2)(n − 3) · · · 3, 2, 1 =⇒ Ln

Note [y1 = first derivative

y2 = second derivative
y3 = third derivative
yn = nth derivative]
Example 1
If y = x5 , differentiate it to the nth term.
Solution
Then

y1 = 5xn−1 = 5x4
y2 = 5 · 4x3
y3 = 5 · 4 · 3x2
y4 = 5 · 4 · 3 · 2x
yn = 5 · 4 · 3 · 2 · 1
Example 2
If y = sinx, differentiate it to the nth term.
Solution
Then
π 
y1 = cos x = sin +x
2
y2 = − sin x
π 
= cos +x
2
π π 
= sin + +x
2 2
!
2π
= sin +x
2
!
2π
y3 = cos +x
2
!
3π
= sin +x
2
 nπ 
yn = sin +x
2
Leibnitz Theorem; By Differentiation

If y = U · V
and V = V(n) where U = U(x)
dn
then n (UV) = UVn
dx
dn
then n (UV) = UVn + n C1 U1 Vn−1 + n C2 U2 Vn−2 + n C3 U3 Vn−3 + · · · n Cv Un−r + Un V
dx
where Un = nth derivatives of U
Vn = nth derivatives of V
n!
n
Cr = ,
r!(n − r)!
n! n(n − 1)(n − 2)
n
C2 = =
2!(n − 2)! 2!(n − 2)
n(n − 1)
=
2!

Example:
5! 5×4×3×2×1 5×4
5
C3 = = = = 10
3!(5 − 3)! 3 × 2 × 1(2 × 1) 2
Product Rule

d
(UV) = UV1 + U1 V
dx
d2 d d
(UV) = (UV1 ) + (U1 V)
dx2 dx dx
= UV2 + V1 U1 + U1 V1 + VU2
= UV2 + 2U1 V1 + U2 V
= UV2 + 2 C1 U1 V1 + U2 V

NOTE: Choose U such that its successive derivatives are zeros.

d2
(UV) = UV2 + 2 C1 U1 V1 + U2 V
dx2
Example
dn
If y = x2 sin x, then find yn , dxn (x
2 sin x)
Solution
Let u = x2
Then, u1 = 2n
u2 = 2
u3 = 0
v = sin x
v1 = cos x = sin( π2 + x)
v2 = cos( π2 + x) = sin( 2π
2 + x)
vn = sin( nπ
2 + x)

dn 2       
(x sin x) = x2 sin nπ2 + x + 2x sin 2 π + x + C2 · 2 · sin 2 π + x
n−1 n n−2
dxn
    n(n − 1)  
= x2 sin nπ
2 + x + n2x sin 2 + x +
nπ
· 2 sin n−2 2 +x
    2  
= x2 sin nπ
2 + x + 2nx 2 π + x + n(n
sin n−1 − 1) sin n−2 2 π + x
  
∴ yn = x2 sin nπ2 + x + 2nx sin 2 π + x + n(n − 1) sin 2 π + x
n−1 n−2
If (1 − x2 )y2 + xy1 + y = 0, then differentiate n times.
Solution
h i 
(1 − x2 )yn+2 + n C1 (−2x)yn+1 + n C2 (−2)yn + nyn+1 + n C1 (1)yn + yn = 0


2(n)(n − 1)
=⇒ (1 − x2 )yn+2 − 2nxyn+1 − yn + nyn+1 + nyn + yn = 0
2!
(1 − x2 )yn+2 − (2n − 1) × yn+1 − yn (n2 − n − n − 1) = 0
(1 − x2 )yn+2 − (2n − 1) × yn+1 − yn (n2 − 2n − 1) = 0
Leibnitz’s Theorem

Let u and v be two function of x, possessing derivatives of the nth order, then

(UV)n = n C0 Un V + n C1 Un−1V1 + n C2 Un−2 V2 + · · · + n Cr Un−r Vr + · · · + nn UV2

Questions
1. Prove leibnitz theorem using mathematical induction.

1 dn y n!
2. Prove , =
1 − x dxn (1 − x)n+1
 Solution for Question 2
To use the mathematical induction,
Steps;
1. Prove that function given is true for n = 1
2. Assume that it is true for n = k
3. Consider n = k + 1

1. For n = 1
Taking the first derivative
1
y= = (1 − x)−1
1−x
1
y′ = −(1 − x)−2 (−1) = = 1!
(1 − x2 ) (1−x)1+1
n
d y n!
Then comparing n = , If n = 1
dx (1 − x)n+1
1 1
=⇒ = which is the same as the first derivative.
(1 − x)n+1 (1 − x2 )2
2. Assume true for n = k
dk y k!
=
dxk (1 − x)k+1
3. Consider n = k + 1
dk+1 y d dk y
" #
=
dxk+1 dx dxk
" #
d k!
=
dx (1 − x)k+1
d h i
= k!(1 − n)−(k+1)
dx
= −k!(k + 1)(1 − x)−(k+2) (−1)
(k + 1)k!
=
(1 − x)k+2
(k + 1)k!
=
(1 − x)k+1+1
(k + 1)!
=
(1 − x)(k+1)+1
 Assignment
1
− m1
y +y
m = 2x, Show that (x2 − 1)ym+2 + (2n + 1)xym+1 + (n2 − m2 )yn = 0
Evaluating Challenging Integrals Using Differentiation

Leibnitz Rule 1
R 1 xα − 1
Example: Evaluate I(α) = 0
dx via Leibnitz rule. (α > −1).
ln x
Solution
We calculate I ′ (x) and solve the resulting equation.

1
xα − 1
Z
d
I ′ (α) = dx
dx 0 ln x
Z 1 !
1 d α
= x − 1 dx
ln x 0 dx
Lety = x
ln y = ln xα
ln y = α ln x
y′
= ln x
y
y′ = y ln x
Z 1 α
x ln x
= dx
0 ln x
Z 1
= xα dx
0
 xα+1 1
= 0
x+1
1
I(α) =
α+2