Course Name: Biomedical Signals and Systems

Course Code : BME 371

Year : 2022/2023 ‫كلية الهندسة‬
Time :2H

‫برنامج الهندسة الطبية الحيوية‬

)‫)ساعات معتمدة‬

Sheet No. 1

Answer the Following Questions:

1. What is a signal? what is a biomedical signal?
2. If a signal can be represented by a function, what are the independent and dependent variables
of such a function?
3. What are the objectives behind measuring biomedical signals?
4. Give four examples for biomedical signals?
5. What is a system?
6. Give three examples of physiological systems and their signals.
7. What is the difference between continuous-time and discrete-time signals?
8. For continuous signals, what do energy and power signals mean? Give a mathematical
interpretation of your answers.

Biosignals and Systems

 Course Name: Biomedical Signals and Systems
Course Code : BME 371
Year : 2022/2023 ‫كلية الهندسة‬
Time :2H

‫برنامج الهندسة الطبية الحيوية‬

)‫)ساعات معتمدة‬

Answers
1. What is a signal? what is a biomedical signal?
A signal is the measured values of a physical quantity that varies with one or more independent
variables. For example, the temperature against time for all day is a signal; the speech signal
we communicate with is a signal. The price of the gold everyday represents a signal.
A biomedical signal is physical quantity associate with a biomedical and physiological system,
e.g., the arterial blood pressure recorded every hour, the electrical biopotentials recorded on
the scalp surface.

2. If a signal can be represented by a function, what are the independent and dependent
variables of such a function?
A signal can be a one-dimensional function 𝑥(𝑡), where 𝑡 is the independent variable which
most commonly represent time and 𝑥 is the dependent variable, it can be temperature in Kelvin
or degree, it can pressure in mmHg or bar, it can be potential in volt, etc. Also, a signal can be
represented by two-dimensional function 𝑠(𝑥, 𝑦) where 𝑥 and 𝑦 are the independent variables.
These can represent the spatial location is s is the gray level in an image.

3. What are the objectives behind measuring biomedical signals?

We measure and record a biomedical signal for the analysis of this signal to further improve our
understanding of basic mechanism of biological systems or aids us in the diagnosis and
treatment of medical conditions.

4. Give four examples for biomedical signals?

1. The electrocardiogram (ECG)- the surface potential associated the hear activity.
2. The electroencephalogram (EEG)- the surface potential associated the brain activity.
3. A photoplethysmogram (PPG) is an optically obtained plethysmogram that can be used to
detect blood volume changes in the microvascular bed of tissue.
4. A phonocardiogram (PCG) is a recording of the sounds and murmurs made by the heart
with the help of the machine called the phonocardiograph; thus, phonocardiography is the
recording of all the sounds made by the heart during a cardiac cycle.

5. What is a system?
A system is formally defined as an entity that manipulates one or more signals to accomplish
function and thereby generates a new signal. A system can be schematically illustrated by the
bellow figure. Also, a system can be described input-output function Such as
𝑦 = ℱ[𝑥] or 𝑦 = 𝒯[𝑥]
Input Output

𝑥(𝑡) System 𝑦(𝑡)

Biosignals and Systems

 Course Name: Biomedical Signals and Systems
Course Code : BME 371
Year : 2022/2023 ‫كلية الهندسة‬
Time :2H

‫برنامج الهندسة الطبية الحيوية‬

)‫)ساعات معتمدة‬

Block diagram representation of (SISO) a system

6. Give three examples of physiological systems and their signals.
1. In speech, a sound source excites the vocal tract which a system.
2. The processing of the speech signal relies on our ear, the auditory pathway in the brain.
3. Some systems could be electronic systems that try to emulate and mimic biological systems,
e.g., the speech recognition system.
4. In an Aircraft landing system, the input signals are the desired position of the arucrafe
relative to runway, the system is the aircraft, and the output is a xorrection of the lateral
position of the aircraft.

7. What is the difference between continuous-time and discrete-time signals?

Continuous-time signals are the ones that can be measured and observed at any arbitrary
instants of time. For the analysis and processing of these signals integration and differentiation
operations are involved. Discrete-time signals are the one that can exist or can be observed at
certain instants of time. These instants can be uniform or non. In analysis and processing of
these signals summations and differences operations are involved. Sometimes we transform
continuous-time signals to discrete-time ones for the purpose of data and operation reduction.
The transformation process form continues- to discreet-time is called sampling.

Signal Sampling

8. For continuous signals, what do energy and power signals mean? Give a mathematical
interpretation of your answers.
Energy of a continuous-time signal is the integration of the signal magnitude-square over time,
that is the energy of 𝑥(𝑡) is given by.
∞
𝐸𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥(𝑡)𝑥 ∗ (𝑡)𝑑𝑡
−∞
If 0 < 𝐸𝑥 < ∞, 𝑥(𝑡) is called an energy signal.

Biosignals and Systems

 Course Name: Biomedical Signals and Systems
Course Code : BME 371
Year : 2022/2023 ‫كلية الهندسة‬
Time :2H

‫برنامج الهندسة الطبية الحيوية‬

)‫)ساعات معتمدة‬

Power of a continuous-time signal is the time-average of the energy of a signal, that is the power
of (𝑡) is given by.
1 𝑇/2
𝑃𝑥 = lim ∫ 𝑥(𝑡)𝑥 ∗ (𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝑇→∞ 𝑇 −𝑇/2

Signals are called power ones if 0 < 𝑃𝑥 < ∞. Obviously, signals that are not energy ones may be
power ones.

Biosignals and Systems

 Course Name: Biomedical Signals and Systems
Course Code : BME 371
Year : 2022/2023 ‫كلية الهندسة‬
Time :2H

‫برنامج الهندسة الطبية الحيوية‬

)‫)ساعات معتمدة‬

Sheet No. 2

Answer the Following Questions:

1. Check whether these signals are energy or power ones.

−5𝑡
a. 𝑥(𝑡) = { 2𝑒 ; 𝑡 ≥ 0
0. 𝑡<0
−𝑗10𝜋𝑡
b. 𝑥(𝑡) = 2𝑒 ; −∞ ≤ 𝑡 ≤ ∞
−𝑡
c. 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑡); 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ ∞
2. Check with explanation if the following signals are analog or digital.

a b

c d

3. Which of the following signals are periodic and find the fundamental period. A.
−5𝑡
a. 𝑥(𝑡) = { 2𝑒 ; 𝑡 ≥ 0
0. 𝑡<0
−𝑗10𝜋𝑡
b. 𝑥(𝑡) = 2𝑒 ; −∞ ≤ 𝑡 ≤ ∞
−𝑡
c. 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑡); 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ ∞
d. 𝑥(𝑡) = 2cos (10𝜋𝑡) + cos (30𝜋𝑡); −∞ ≤ 𝑡 ≤ ∞
e. 𝑥(𝑡) = 2cos (6𝜋𝑡) + cos (20𝜋𝑡); −∞ ≤ 𝑡 ≤ ∞
4. Check whether the following signals are even or odd signal, and if neither even nor
odd decompose it into even and odd counterparts.

Biosignals and Systems

 Course Name: Biomedical Signals and Systems
Course Code : BME 371
Year : 2022/2023 ‫كلية الهندسة‬
Time :2H

‫برنامج الهندسة الطبية الحيوية‬

)‫)ساعات معتمدة‬

a b

c d

int:

Biosignals and Systems

 Course Name: Biomedical Signals and Systems
Course Code : BME 371
Year : 2022/2023 ‫كلية الهندسة‬
Time :2H

‫برنامج الهندسة الطبية الحيوية‬

)‫)ساعات معتمدة‬

Answers

1.a
∞ ∞
2 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡
−4 −10𝑡 ∞ 4 4
𝐸𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 = ∫ 4𝑒 −10𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑒 |0 = (0 + ) =
−∞ 0 10 10 10
4
Since 𝐸𝑥 = < ∞, then the signal is an energy one.
10

1.b
𝑢 𝑢
2 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡
4
𝐸𝑥 = lim ∫ 𝑥 = lim ∫ 4𝑒 −𝑗10𝜋𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = lim (− (𝑒 −𝑗10𝜋𝑢 − 𝑒 𝑗10𝜋𝑢 ))
𝑢→∞ −𝑢 𝑢→∞ −𝑢 𝑢→∞ 𝑗10𝜋
=∞
Then, the signal is not an energy one.

1 𝑢 2 1 4
𝑃𝑥 = lim ∫ 𝑥 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = lim (− (𝑒 −𝑗10𝜋𝑢 − 𝑒 𝑗10𝜋𝑢 ))
𝑢→∞ 2𝑢 −𝑢 𝑢→∞ 2𝑢 𝑗10𝜋
1 4
= lim
(− (−𝑗10𝜋𝑢 − 𝑗10𝜋𝑢)) = 4
𝑢→∞ 2𝑢 𝑗10𝜋
Then the signal is power one and 𝑃𝑥 = 4.

1.c
𝑢 𝑢
2 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝐸𝑥 = lim ∫ 𝑥 = lim ∫ 𝑒 −2𝑡 cos 2 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 =
𝑢→∞ 0 𝑢→∞ 0
𝑢
1
lim ∫ 𝑒 −2𝑡 (1 + cos(2𝑡))𝑑𝑡
=
2 𝑢→∞ 0
1 𝑢 −2𝑡 1 𝑢 −2𝑡
= lim ∫0 𝑒 𝑑𝑡 + lim ∫0 𝑒 cos(2𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
2 𝑢→∞ 2 𝑢→∞

Since
𝑢
1 1 1
lim ∫ 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = − lim [𝑒 −2𝑢 − 1] =
2 𝑢→∞ 0 4 𝑢→∞ 4

1 𝑢 1 2𝑢
lim ∫0 𝑒 −2𝑡 cos(2𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = lim ∫0 𝑒 −𝑧 cos(𝑧) 𝑑𝑧
2 𝑢→∞ 4 𝑢→∞

Biosignals and Systems

 Course Name: Biomedical Signals and Systems
Course Code : BME 371
Year : 2022/2023 ‫كلية الهندسة‬
Time :2H

‫برنامج الهندسة الطبية الحيوية‬

)‫)ساعات معتمدة‬

1 2𝑢 1 1 1
Since lim ∫0 𝑒 −𝑧 cos(𝑧) 𝑑𝑡 = lim 𝑒 −𝑧 [cos(𝑧) − sin(𝑧)]|2𝑢
0 =
4 𝑢→∞ 4 𝑢→∞ 2 8
Thus,
1 1 3
𝐸𝑥 = + =
4 8 8

2.a The signal is digital one, because it has only two levels of value, or the dpendent
values has only tw0 values, High and Low.
2.b. the signal is analog because it has infinite number of levels, or the dependent
variable has infinite number of values between its minimum and maximum one.
2.c Digital
2.d Analog

3.a is not periodic since periodic signal should be defined from [−∞, ∞]
3.b

𝑥(𝑡) = 2𝑒 −𝑗10𝜋𝑡
𝑥(𝑡 + 𝑚𝑇) = 2𝑒 −𝑗10𝜋(𝑡+𝑚𝑇) = 2𝑒 −𝑗10𝜋𝑡 𝑒 −𝑗10𝜋𝑚𝑇

For 𝑇 = 1/5,
𝑥(𝑡 + 𝑚𝑇) = 2𝑒 −𝑗10𝜋𝑡 𝑒 −𝑗2𝑚𝜋 = 2𝑒 −𝑗10𝜋𝑡 = 𝑥(𝑡)
Then, 𝑥(𝑡) is periodic with fundamental period 𝑇 = 1/5 𝑠𝑒𝑐

3.c the signal is aperiodic.

3.d The signal consists of tow added signals,
The period of the first is

1
𝑇1 =
𝑠𝑒𝑐
5
1
𝑇2 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐
15
𝑇1 15 3
Since = = , this means that 𝑇1 = 3𝑇2 which implies the period of the signal is
𝑇2 5 1
𝑇1 = 02 𝑠𝑒𝑐

Biosignals and Systems

 Course Name: Biomedical Signals and Systems
Course Code : BME 371
Year : 2022/2023 ‫كلية الهندسة‬
Time :2H

‫برنامج الهندسة الطبية الحيوية‬

)‫)ساعات معتمدة‬

3.d
𝑇1 10
=
𝑇2 3
Then, the period is 3𝑇1 = 10𝑇2 = 1 𝑠𝑒𝑐.

4.
a. the signal in a is even because the signal is symmetric around 𝑡 = 0, which implies
that 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑥(−𝑡).

b. the signal in b is odd because the signal is antisymmetric around 𝑡 = 0, which

implies that 𝑥(𝑡) = −𝑥(−𝑡).

b.

Biosignals and Systems