SAMPLING

 Technique of choosing a sub-group from a population to participate in the study.

THEORY OF SAMPLING:
 POPULATION
- Researchers gathers information about a whole group of people
 SAMPLE
- Researchers only observe a part of the population

WHY SAMPLE?
- Less time consuming
- Cheaper
-All members of a population may not be available.
-Broad number of population

SAMPLING PROCEDURES:

PROBABILITY
- Equal chance

NON- PROBABILITY
- Non- parametric sampling

TYPES OF PROBABILITY SAMPLES:

SIMPLE RANDOM
- Done through lottery sample selection or fish bowl

STRATIFIED
- Proportion of each sub-groups from population

CLASTER
-The unit of analysis is a group. (E.g. class, family, branch)

SYSTEMATIC
-The sample selection is from every nth individual.
Formula: k=Skip interval= no. of population
no. of samples

TYPES OF NON- PROBABILITY SAMPLES:

CONVENIENCE
-Consisting of individuals readily available.

PURPOSIVE
-Basis of sample selection is judgment.

QUOTA
-Based on the identification of specific characteristics
RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS
-A tool used to collect, measure, and analyze data related to your subject.

THREE WAYS IN DEVELOPING AN INSTRUMENTS

1. ADOPTING AN INSTRUMENTS
-Utilize an instrument that has been used in well-known institutions.

2. MODIFY AN EXISTING INTRUMENTS

-Available tests do not generate the exact data that you want to obtain, you may alter it.
However, validity and reliability should be considered.

3. CREATE YOUR OWN INSTRUMENTS

-Be guided by the instruments used in the studies similar to yours. The instruments should be
aligned with your research questions or objectives.

WHAT TO CONSIDER
 The actual instrument used
 The purpose of the instrument
 The developer of the instrument
 The number of items or sections in the instrument
 The response format used
 The scoring for the responses
 The reliability and validity