RIGHTS OF RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS
SAMPLE SIZE
1. Human rights
- they are moral principles or norms that describe
certain standards of human behavior and are
regularly protected as natural and legal rights. They
constitute a set of rights and duties necessary for
the protection of human dignity, inherent to all
human beings.
2. Intellectual property
- it protects creations of the mind, which have both
a moral and a commercial value.
3. Copyright infringement
- it is the use or production of copyright-protected
material without permission of the copyright holder.
Copyright infringement means that the rights
accorded to the copyright holder, such as the
exclusive use of a work for a set period of time, are
breached by a third party.
4. Voluntary participation
- people must not be coerced into participation in
research process. Essentially, this means that
prospective research participants must be informed
about the procedures and risks involved in research
and must give their consent to participate.
5. Anonymity
- it is the protection of people’s identity through not
disclosing their name or not exposing their identity.
It is a situation in data gathering activities in which
informant’s name is not given or known.
6. Privacy
- it is someone’s right to keep his personal matters
and relationships secret. It is the ability of an
individual to seclude him from disturbance of any
research activity.
Qualitative research Vs. Quantitative research
OBJECTIVE
Qualitative
- it aims to create new theory based on the
gathered data.
- fact-finding research
-used to gain understanding of an individual
differences in terms of feeling and experiences
Quantitative
- the purpose is to test a hypothesis or theory.
Measures problem using raffling seak and other
research parameters, of group similarities.
DATA DESCRIPTION
Qualitative
- natural setting
-making stories out of a certain phenomenon
-uses pictures, words, sentences, paragraphs,
compositions, narrations, and short stories.
Quantitative
-measurement setting
Performs measures out of a certain phenomenon.
Uses numbers, scales, hypothesis, calculations,
computation, and statistical tools.
Qualitative
- small judgement by decision sampling
Quantitative
- large sample representatives of population.
DATA GATHERING
Qualitative
- unstructured or semi-structured
(flexible processes)
- uses interviews, participant observation, group
discussions
-uses open-ended questions.
-it is a freeform survey questions allow a participant
to answer in open-text format, responses are
unlimited to a set of options.
Quantitative
- standardized/structured
- uses census, survey questionaire, checklist, paper
pencil, test and experimentation.
-uses closed-ended questions.
-these questions can only be answered by selecting
from a limited numebr of options
-usually “multiple choice”, ‘yes” or “no” or rating
scale.
CHARACTESTICS OF RESEARCH
1. Empirical - direct experiences and observation
2. Logical - valid procedures and principles
3. Cyclical - starts with a problem and ends with a
problem
4. Analytical - research utilizes proven analytical
procedures in gathering data, whether historical,
descriptive, experimental, and case study.
5. Methodical - research is conducted in a
methodical manner without bias using systematic
method and procedures.
6. Critical - research exhibits careful and precise
judgement.
7. Replicability - research design and procedures are
repeated to enable the researcher to arrive at a valid
and conclusive result.
DIMENSIONS OF RESEARCH
U - Uses or research
P - Purpose of research
T - time dimension
R - research approach
USES OF RESEARCH
Two schools of thought
1. Researchers who adopt a more detached,
scientific, and academic orientation.
2. Researchers who are more activist, pragmatic, 2. Multiple research approaches and methods that
and reform oriented. allows you to plan your study and being multi-
method research.
Basic 3. Active, powerful and forceful in data gathering
- academic research or pure research and rephrasing interview questions.
- understanding of the fundamental mature of social 4. Specificity to generalization on specific ideas will
reality lead to generalization or conclusions,
- goal is to contribute to theoretical knowledge. 5. Contextualization - context or situation of
individual’s life.
Applied 6. Diversified data in real-life situations on collecting
- address a specific practical issue data in a natural setting.
-answer a policy question 7. Abounds with words and visua that presents
-solve a pressing social problem people’s view in a picture, video, drawing, or graphs.
8. Internal analysis on examining the data yielded by
PURPOSE OF RESEARCH the internal traits of the subject persons.
1. Exploratory
2. Descriptive QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
3. Explanatory
STRENGTHS
Exploratory 1. It adopts a naturalistic approach to its subject
-it is done if the issue is new or little is written on it. matter.
The goal is to formulate more precise questions that 2. Promotes a full understanding of human
future research can answer. behavior/ personality traits in their vatural setting.
3. It is instrumental for positive societal changes.
4. It engenders respect for people’s indivduality
5. It’s a way of undestanding & interpreting social
Descriptive interactions.
- it is done to provide accurate profile of a group or 6. Increases researcher’s interacts in the study
describe a process, mechanism, or relationship. 7. Offers multiple ways of acquiring and examining
knowledge about something.
Explanatory
- the purpose is to explain things the way they are. WEAKNESS
- basic question is “WHY” 1. It involves a lot of researcher’s subjectivity in data
- it is done to determine the accuracy of a principle analysis
or theory. 2. It is hard to know the validity/viability of the data.
3. It is open-ended question yield “ data overload”
TIME DIMENSION that requires long-time analysis.
1. Cross-sectional study 4. It is time consuming.
- it is one that takes place at a single point in time. 5. It involves several processes whose results greatly
2. Longitudinal study depend on the researcher’s view or interpretations.
- it involves gathering data over an extended period
of time. KINDS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Variations: Panel study, trend study, chart analysis. 1. Case study
- long time study of a person, group, organization or
RESEARCH APPROACH OR DATA COLLECTION situation and an empirical inquiry that investigates
METHODS current phenomenon.

Quantitative
- when data are in numbers and analysis is done
with the use of statistics.
Qualitative
- when data gathered are in words and analysis is
done by themes and trends.
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
- is a scientific method of observation to gathered
non-numerical data. It refers to the meanings,
concepts, characteristics, metaphors, symbols and
description of phenomena, and not to their counts
or measures.
PURPOSE OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
- It promotes a deep, holistic understanding of a
particular phenomenon.
CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
1. Human understanding and interpretation in data
analysis.
2. Ethnography
-A study of a particular cultural group
.
3. Phenomenology
- “live-experiences” of a phenomenon. This design
focuses on obtaining descriptions of the subjects or
respondent’s lived experiences either in writing or
through interviews.
4. Content and discourse analysis
Content analysis
- Is a research technique that analyzes the modes of
communication such as letters, emails, etc.
Discourse analysis
- is the study of social life, understood through
analysis of language. It includes face-to-face talks,
non-verbal interaction, images and symbols
5. Historical analysis
- is a qualitative method where there is an
examining of past events to draw conclusions and
make predictions about the future.
6. Grounded theory
- takes place when there is a discovery of new
theory which underlines your study at the time of
data collection and analysis.
7. Narrative report
- designed to present things or events that have
happened in the past through a logical progression
of the relevant information. The main purpose of a
narrative report is to present a factual depiction of
what has occurred.
8. Biography
-is the study of an individual’s life and struggles and
how they reflect cultural themes of the society. It
deals with an interesting story found in documents
and a relical materials. It is concerned with the
reconstruction of meaning based on biographical
narratives and documents.
FIVE COMMON TYPES OF BIOGRAPHY
1. scholarly chronicles
- focus on the historical portrayal of an individual life.
2. Intellectual biography
- narrative of a life through the conceptual analysis
of the subject’s motives and beliefs within the world
of ideas.
3. Life history writing
- recording of life memories, experiences, whether
one’s or another’s.
4. Memoir biography
- stylistic presentation of the biographer’s
reflections and insights in relation to the factual
account of life.
5. Narrative biography
- a nonfiction account of life experiences of a person.
9. Action research
- is a classroom-based or school-based research
seeks transformative change through the process of
taking action and doing research, which are linked
together by critical reflection. This type of research
is commonly conducted by the teachers to give
solutions to the existing problems to improve
students academic performance and positive
attitudes.
THE IMPORTANCE OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
ACROSS FIELDS OF INQUIRY
Basic research approach in a specific area of
discipline
1. Scientific or positive approach
- deals with empirical data instead of personal views,
feelings, or attitudes.
- allows control of variables or factors affecting the
study ( Lausen 2010)
- express and records findings quantitatively
- presents structured interviews, questionnaires and
observational checklists.
2. Naturalistic approach
- a people-oriented approach focusing on
discovering the real concept or meaning behind
people’s lifestyles and social relations
- present things qualitatively through verbal
language using words as unit of analysis.
3. Triangular/mixed method
- allows a combination of a mixture of research
designs, data collection and data reliability of
qualitative research design
- enhances accuracy of interpretation.
Has an opportunity to view every angle of the
research from different perspectives.
THREE MAIN METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
1. Interactive interviewing
- people asked to verbally describe their experiences
of phenomenon.
2. Written descriptions by participant
- people asked to write descriptions of their
experiences of phenomenon.
3. Observation
- descriptive observations of verbal and non-verbal
behavior.
IMPORTANCE OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH ACROSS
FIELDS
Business
- qualitative research explores industry problems in
unstructured manner.
- this research may reveal trends in thoughts,
opinions and dig deeper into the problem. It
examines what is in the mind of customers,
managers, or entrepreneurs including their
emotions, beliefs, intentions, and perceptions.
Humanities and Social Sciences
- qualitative research explores the complexities of
social interactions, systems and processes. It allows
in-depth understanding of people’s attitudes and
behavior. Research results In qualitative research
may serve as basis for identifying and highlighting
social values which define social standards.
Medical and allied health
- qualitative research creates better understanding
of patients’ experiences challenges and struggles. It
helps develop detailed, tailor-made interventions
which improve
Natural sciences
-qualitative research provides non-numerical data
which are first gathered in any scientific
investigation through observation. From these
observations, the researcher can either use
predictions as basis for interpretations
Arts and design
-qualitative research may provide detailed
description on the impact of arts in culture and the
society. As a researcher, you delay into the feelings
and emotions of the artists and artisans and have
better understanding of arts appreciation.
Technology and livelihood field
-qualitative research discovers best practices in the
workplace, work ethics and strategies which
increase production.

Plagiarism
- plagiarism refers to the act of using another
person’s ideas, works, processes, and results
without giving due credit. It should not be tolerated
as the unauthorized use of original works, a violation
of intellectual property rights.

THREE DIFFERENT ACTS ARE CONSIDERED

PLAGIARISM;
1. failure to cite quotations and borrowed ideas;
2. Failure to enclose borrowed language in
quotation marks, and.
3. Failure to put summaries and paraphrases in your
own works.