Documentation of the existence & seriousness of the problem

The Aral Sea, once the world's fourth-largest freshwater lake, has lost its size in three
decades due to pollution and water diversion for irrigation and power generation,
causing food shortages, increased infant mortality, and decreased life expectancy.
(World Wildlife Fund, n.d.)
Mountainous regions provide fresh water to over half of the global population, but
poverty and urbanization can lead to conflicts and depletion of resources. To ensure the
sustainability of these ecosystems, mechanisms like revenue sharing, compensation
subsidies, fair water prices, and protecting water sources must be established to raise
public awareness. (PRB.org, n.d.)
Climate change and rising water demand in arid regions pose a significant challenge for
water conservation. With an average daily water use of 140 liters, wise water
conservation can reduce wastage, save money, and maintain ecosystems. Water-
saving measures are essential for a sustainable and healthy environment.(The Wildlife
Trusts, n.d.)
Climate change is causing dry regions to dry out and wet areas to wet out, increasing
drought risk in arid regions. This has led to 80-90% of natural disasters in the past
decade, making water conservation crucial (World Health Organization: WHO, 2019)
Drought directly impacts the agricultural sector by causing crop failure and pasture
losses, which are often passed on to consumers through increased prices and
government assistance programs. Indirect impacts include reduced supplies and input
demand.Drougth.gov,n.d

RRL
According to Devarajnayaka, R., et.,al,,Watering plants is a labor-intensive and crucial
practice, requiring careful consideration of when and how much water is given, a
manual method that can replace human labor.
According to Atienza 2023, The current method of watering plants is time-consuming,
labor-intensive, and inefficient. Techniques can be used to avoid this, but it's effective for
small plots and larger areas.
According to Ware 2023, Farmers must consider factors like crop type, climate, soil
type, and growth stage when deciding watering frequency for their crops. Different crops
require different watering conditions, and climate, temperature, humidity, and rainfall
patterns also affect watering frequency. Proper irrigation can improve crop yield,
conserve water, and reduce water bills.
According to Li and Rao 2003, Sprinkler irrigation is the most widely used method due
to its affordability, cost-effectiveness, and accurate water supply, benefiting plants and
ensuring water conservation.
Hui (2021) highlights the effectiveness of irrigation sprinklers in preventing plant and soil
damage, conserving water, and saving time and effort. As technology advances,
sprinkler equipment moves towards low-pressure settings, resulting in energy-saving
benefits.
The study of Nelson et al aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of soil moisture sensor
systems, which include a microcontroller, sensor, water gate, sprinklers, and GSM.
Experimental development and descriptive approaches were used, and eleven
assessors concluded the tool was efficient and successful in irrigating plants.
A study of Hua et al., 2019 aims to optimize water use and eliminate human
management in automatic irrigation systems. Regular soil moisture content assessment
helps determine irrigation necessity. The study examines various sprinkler irrigation
system types and their installation, design, and construction. Rotating irrigation systems
provide a scientific foundation for water scheduling. The research focuses on hydraulic
performance and jet-breakup law of specially designed nozzles operating at low
pressure. Non-circular nozzles have shorter jet fragmentation lengths and better water
distribution.
Wang et al. (2017) applied Rayleigh's vibration theory to explain the breakdown
mechanism of special-shaped nozzles. They developed a noise detector with a warning
device, allowing users to control noise and monitor the allowed level. The device
detected noise beyond the limit.
Nelson et al. (2021) studied soil moisture monitoring for irrigation needs. They studied
various sprinkler irrigation systems, using a rotating system for planning. The framework
aims to minimize water waste and runoff, manage complexity, and maintain low
hardware and software costs while preserving the environment.