BEEI 2383

POWER SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY

(TECHNOLOGI SISTEM KUASA)

Semester 2, 2022/2023

Introduction to Protection System

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Explain the basic concept of electrical power
protection in terms of zone of protection and elements
of protection system”
1. Protection System Components
2. Instrument Transformers (aka Transducers)
3. Overcurrent relays
4. Zones of Protection

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 “The equipment use to detect and isolate the faulty

section from the system automatically”.
 “Science, skill and art of applying and setting relays &
fuses to maximum sensitivity to detect disturbances and
to avoid the operation on all permissible tolerable
conditions”
 “Is a branch of electrical power engineering that deals
with the protection of electrical power systems from
faults through the isolation of faulted parts from the rest
of the electrical network”

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 Apparatus Protection
 Transmission Line Protection
 Transformer Protection
 Generator Protection
 Motor Protection
 Busbar Protection
 System Protection
 Out-of-Step Protection
 Under-frequency
 Islanding Systems
 Rate of Change of Frequency Relays

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 Electric energy should be available instantly (No

storage)
 Electric energy should be available according to
certain quality
 Power systems subjected to disturbances (random
load changes, faults, man-made events)

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 Short circuit occur when equipment insulation fails
caused by:
 Lightning or switching surges
 Flashover line-line (caused by wind)
 Flashover to tree
 Insulation contamination by dirt/salt
 Mechanical failure
 Cable insulation failure
 Natural causes
 Tower/pole or conductor falls
 Objects fall on conductors

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 Short circuit currents can be several orders of
magnitude larger than normal operating currents
 If it is allowed to persist, may cause:
 Damage to the equipment due to heavy currents,
unbalanced current, or low voltage produces by the
short circuit
 Fire and explosion effect equipment/people
 Disruption of service in the entire power system area
 Careful design, operation and maintenance of
system protection can minimize the occurrence of
short circuit but cannot eliminate them

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 To safeguard the entire system to maintain
continuity of power supply
 To minimize damage and repair cost
 To ensure safety of personnel

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 To safeguard the entire system to maintain
continuity of power supply
 Detect fault
 Isolate faulted component
 Restore faulted component
 Continued supply for rest of system
 To minimize damage and repair cost
 Protect faulted part from damage
 To ensure safety of personnel

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Economy

Simplicity
Speed

Reliability

Sensitivity
Selectivity
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 Reliability
 Operate dependably and in healthy operating condition
when fault conditions occur, even after remaining idle for
months or years.
 Selectivity
 Clearly discriminate between normal and abnormal
system condition to avoid unnecessary, false trips.
 Sensitivity
 Ability to distinguish the fault condition, although the
different between fault and normal condition is small.

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 Speed
 Fault at any point in the system must be
detected and isolated rapidly to minimize fault
duration and equipment damage. Any
intentional time delays should be precise.
 Economy
 Provide maximum protection at minimum cost
 Simplicity
 Minimize protection equipment and circuitry

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 Total cost should take into account:

 Relays, schemes and associated panels and panel
wiring
 Setting studies
 Commissioning
 CTs and VTs
 Maintenance and repairs to relays
 Damage repair if protection fails to operate
 Lost revenue if protection operates unnecessarily

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 The cost of protection is equivalent to an

insurance policy against damage to plant, and loss
of supply and customer goodwill.
 Acceptable cost is based on a balance of
economics and technical factors. Cost of
protection should be balanced against the cost of
potential hazards.
 There is an economic limit on what can be spent.
 MINIMUM COST :Must ensure that all faulty
equipment is isolated by protection.

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 * Relationship between reliability of supply, its
value and cost to the consumer

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 Transducers/Instrument Transformers
 Provide low current and voltage, standardized levels suitable
for the relays operation.
 Relays
 Discriminate between normal operating and fault conditions.
 When current exceed a specified value relay will be operated
and cause the trip coil of CB to be energized/open their
contact.
 Circuit Breakers
 Open the line
 Batteries to provide power in case of power disconnection in the
system.
 Communication channels to allow analysis of current and voltage
at remote terminals of a line and to allow remote tripping of
equipment
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 
 Current Transformer
 The current transformer has two jobs to do. Firstly, it
steps down the current to such levels that it can be
easily handled by the relay current coil and secondly, it
isolates the relay circuitry from the high voltage of the
EHV system.
 Voltage Transformer
 The voltage transformer steps down the high voltage of
the line to a level safe enough for the relaying system
(pressure coil of relay) and personnel to handle

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 A relay is a logical element which process the
inputs (mostly voltages and currents) from the
system and issues a trip decision if a fault
within its jurisdiction is detected. Inputs to a
relay are
 Current from a current transformer.
 Voltage from a voltage transformer.

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*A circuit breaker is an electrically operated switch,

which is capable of safely making, as well as
breaking, short-circuit currents
 It opens/close on relay command.
 It has to handle large voltages and currents.
 The inductive nature of power system results in arcing
between the terminals of a CB.
 CBs are categorized based on the interrupting medium
used.

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1. When a fault occurs at P on the lines, increase

current flow from both terminals of the transmission
line toward the fault.
2. The increase in current at the line terminals is
accompanied by a reduction in voltages. (at
kiloamperes and kilovolts levels)
3. The high-level signals are converted to a lower level
(tens of ampere and volts) by the transducers T.
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4. Become input signal to the relays R12 and R21.

5. Relays R12 and R21 process these input signals and make
the decision that a fault has in fact occurred on the
transmission line 1-2.
6. This decision is reached within a very short time after the
occurrence of the fault, typically 8-40 ms.
7. The decision by relays R12 and R21 leads to the tripping of
their associated circuit breakers B12 and B21.

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voltage or current rise from normal condition

voltage/current is reduced to match with relay rating

activate circuit breaker

circuit isolation

Fault
* Circuit Fault
Transducer Relay
Occur Breaker Clear

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*
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Characteristics:
 Zones are overlapped.
 Circuit breakers are located in the overlap
regions.
 For a fault anywhere in a zone, all circuit
breakers in that zone open to isolate the
fault.

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 Overlapped of Protection
 No blind spot:
 Neighboring zones are overlapped to avoid
the possibility of unprotected areas
Use overlapping CTs:
 Isolation done by CB. Thus, it must be
inserted in each overlap region to identify
the boundary of protective zones.

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 Overlapped of Protection
 Overlap accomplish by having 2 sets of
instrument transformers and relays for each
CB.
 Achieved by the arrangement of CT and CB.

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Zones of protection indicated by dashed lines

enclosing power-system components in each
zone
 5 zones of protection
 Each zone contains one or more power system
components in addition to two circuit breakers.
 Each breaker is included in two neighboring zones of
protection.
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 Neighboring zones always overlap.
 The overlap is necessary, without it a small part of the
system which falls between the neighboring would be left
without protection.

What happen if a fault occur within the overlapped region ?

A much larger portion of the power system

will be isolated and lost from service.

What is the way to reduce the effect of the above question?

The region of overlap is

made as small as possible.

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Example :

1. Which circuit breakers will open for faults at P1 and P2 ?

2. If three circuit breakers are added at the tap point 2, how
would be the zones of protection be modified ?
3. Which circuit breakers will operate for faults at P1 and P2
under these conditions ?
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Solution :
1. Breakers A, B, and C will operate for fault at P1
Breakers A, B, C, D, and E will operate for fault at P2
2. If three circuit breakers are added at the tap point 2, how
would be the zones of protection be modified ?

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Solution :

3. Which circuit breakers will operate for faults at P1 and P2

under these conditions ? (modified zones)
Breakers A, and F will operate for fault at P1
Breakers G, C, D, and E will operate for fault at P2

Note: Smaller region will be isolated for fault P1

and P2 for the modified zones with additional
breakers compare to the original zones of
protection.

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A system as shown with relays and breakers marked. A single fault

has resulted in the operation of breakers B1, B2, B3 and B4.Identify
the location of the fault
Answer:
* Fault in the overlap zone at breaker B2 as shown

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 * Primary and Backup Protection
 Some components or subsystems of the primary
protection systems may fail to operate correctly.
 Backup protection system which would take over the job
of protection in case the appropriate primary protection
system fails to clear the fault.
 The backup system must allow a sufficient time for the
primary protection system to function normally.
 Introducing a delay to the backup system between the
maximum time for fault clearing by the primary system.
 This delay is called the coordination time delay, and its
required to help coordinate the operation of the primary
and the backup protection system.
 When short circuit occur, both primary and back-up start
to operate, but if primary is operate, then the back-up
will reset.
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 * Primary and Backup Protection

Backup protection Primary protection

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 * Primary and Backup Protection

Fault Primary Back-up

K C,D,E A,B,F

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 * Primary and Backup Protection

Fault Primary Back-up

Line E, F C, D, E, F, G, H A, B, I, J

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Transducers
 Also known as Instrument Transformer
 Use to reduce abnormal current & voltage levels
and transmit input signals to the relays of a
protection system.
 Why do we need transducer:
 The lower level input to the relays ensures that the
physical hardware used to construct the relays will be
small & cheap
 The personnel who work with the relays will be
working in a safe environment.

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Transducers
 Current and Voltage Transformers
 Correct connection of CTs and VTs to the
protection is important directional,
distance, phase comparison and
differential protections.
 Earth CT and VT circuits at one point only;

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VT and CT Schematic

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Current Transformer

Schematic representation to show connection of a current transformer

to the line of a power system

 A current transformer (CT) is used for measurement of

alternating electric currents
 When current in a circuit is too high to directly apply to
measuring instruments, a current transformer produces a
reduced current accurately proportional to the current in the
circuit, which can be conveniently connected to measuring and
recording instruments
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Current Transformer
 The primary winding consist of a single turn which is the
core itself.
 The secondary windings are multiple-turn windings and is
connected to a current-sensing device.
 The normal current rating of CT secondary has been
standardized at 5 A, with a second standard of 1 A being
used in Europe, to a lesser extent.

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Current Transformer

110kV Current Transformer

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Voltage Transformer
 Voltage transformers are high accuracy class
electrical devices used to isolate or transform
voltage levels.
 It is generally modeled as an ideal transformer.
 Metering from high voltage, safely isolating
secondary control circuitry from the high
voltages
 The primary winding of the transformer is
connected to the high voltage and the secondary
is connected to voltage-sensing device with
infinite impedance.
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Voltage Transformer
Two types of voltage transformers are commonly found in
relaying applications.
i. Electromagnetic VT - For low-voltage application
ii. Capacitive VT - For HV, and EHV application

Low-voltage application: VT is quite

similar to a multi-winding power
transformer, and becomes expensive at
higher system voltages.

HV, and EHV application:

A capacitance potential-divider
circuit is used as shown in the figure.
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Electromagnetic Voltage Transformer

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Capacitive Voltage Transformer

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Voltage Transformer

VT ratios: ratio of the high voltage/secondary voltage

1:1 2:1 2.5:1 4:1

5:1 20:1 40:1 60:1
80:1 100:1 200:1 300:1
400:1 600:1 800:1 1000:1
2000:1 3000:1 4500:1

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 The End

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