Summary by: Lawrence S.
Potot
Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda
− Born: June 19, 1861 in Calamba, Laguna
− Died: Dec. 30, 1896 at Bagumbayan.
Buried at: Paco Cemetery in Manila
Pepe. "P.P." stands for "pater putativus,"
meaning "putative father.”
Name:
Mercado: Chinese ancestor, Domingo Lam-
co, changed his family's surname to
Mercado ("market"), reflecting their
commercial heritage.
Rizal: The Mercado family first choice was
Ricial, which means "the green of young
growth" or "green fields," but confusion led
to the compromise name “Rizal Mercado.”
Alonso: Rizal's surname derives from his
mother's old family name.
Realonda: The Alonsos of Binan adopted
the surname Realonda after the Claveria
Decree.
Extra: Claveria decree. 1840s, Narciso
Claveria ordered that Filipinos use surnames
to help with census and tax collection.
Family and Childhood:
Father: Francisco Mercado II, landowner,
sugar & rice planter, of Fil-Chi descent
[Domingo Lam-co (married a wealthy
Chinese, Ines de la Rosa), Rizal's paternal
ancestor is a native of Chinchew district in
China]
DON KIKO
Francisco Mercado Rizal, was well-
respected. Elected by the citizens of
Calamba to be "cabeza de barangay," or
head of the town.
Mother: Teodora Alonso Realonda, one of
the most highly-educated woman in the
country during her time, [Eugenio Ursua,
Rizal's maternal great-great grandfather is of
Japanese ancestry]
• Rizal’s maternal great grandfather
was Manuel de Quintos, a Chinese
mestizo.
Siblings: (9 sisters, and a brother) Jose was
the 7th of 11. Youngest of Paciano.
1. Saturnina: “Neneng” The eldest sibling, played
a nurturing role in the family and
supported Rizal’s education.
2. Paciano: ‘Ciano” only brother, a significant
influence on Rizal’s nationalist
sentiments and ideals.
3. Narcisa: “Sisa”, provided emotional support to
Rizal during his trials.
4. Olimpia: “Ypia” A talented musician, shared
Rizal’s love for the arts and culture.
5. Lucia: a devoted sister who cared for Rizal’s
mother during her illness.
6. Maria: “Biang” kindness and generosity.
7. Concepcion: “Concha” The 3rd sister,
tragically died at a age 3.
8. Josefa: “Panggo” a teacher
9. Trinidad: “Trining” skilled painter. Hid “Mi
Ultimo Adios’(My Last Farewell)”
10. Soledad: youngest sibling, affectionately
called “Choleng.”
The 3 Uncles: (J.M.G. de Quintos Alonzo)
Jose de Quintos Alonzo:
− The youngest uncle.
− Taught Rizal regular lessons.
Manuel de Quintos Alonzo:
− Helped him build a strong physique.
Gregorio de Quintos Alonzo:
− Instilled in Rizal the value of effort
and hard work.
Early Education:
First teacher: his mother (taught him to read,
pray, and write poetry.)
Private tutors taught him Spanish and Latin.
Primary education in Biñan, Laguna(June,
1869; with his brother Paciano) under
Justiniano Aquino Cruz, First day: Met
Pedro (a bully). Andres Salandanan
challenged Rizal for an arm-wrestling. Age
11: continued his studies at Ateneo
Municipal de Manila, where he earned his
Bachelor of Arts degree with highest
honors.
First romance of Rizal was a 16 years old,
Segunda Katigbak- a pretty 14 years old
Batangueña in Lipa: sister of his friend
Mariano katigbak
− Segunda is Olympia's friend in La
Concordia college
− But Segunda was already engaged to
Manuel Luz
Higher Education and Life Abroad:
Mother Teodora opposition to higher
education because she knew what happened
to GomBurza.
Despite of his mother's tears, Don francisco
told Paciano to accompany Rizal to Manila.
Jose was sent to Manila for 4 months after
the martyrdom of Gom-Bur-za, He studied
in Ateneo Municipal.
February 17, 1872, Gom-Bur-za (Mariano
Gómez, José Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora)
was executed by Garotte execution at
sunrise.
o Ateneo Municipal
- Bitter rival of Dominican-owned college of
San Juan de Letran [formerly Escurela pia
(charity School) became the Ateneo de
Manila.]
o June 10, 1872
- he took the entrance exam on christian
doctrine, arithmetic and reading at college of
San Juan De Letran.
- his father was the one who wished him to
study at Letran but changed his mind and
send Jose at Ateneo instead.
o Father Magin Fernando - college registrar
of Ateneo that refused to admit Jose.
o Manuel Xeres Burgos - nephew of father
Burgos who admitted Rizal to enter
Ateneo.
o Boarded on a house on Caraballo Street
owned by Titay.
JESUIT SYSTEM OF EDUCATION
▪ Roman Empire (internos)
"boarders" with red banners
▪ Carthaginian Empire (extemos)"
non-boarders" with blue banners
Each of these empires has its rank. students
fought
1st best: EMPEROR
2nd best: TRIBUNE
3rd best: DELURION
4th best: CENTURION
5th best: STANDARD BEARER
Rizal's 1st year in Ateneo:
▪ June, 1872 - first day of class in Ateneo
Fr. Jose Bech - first professor of Rizal
Took private lesson in Santa Isabel
College for only 3 pesos.
Pursued a degree in medicine at the Univ. of
Santo Tomas (U.S.T.) (1877-1882). Ateneo
Rector's advice- study medicine to be able to
cure his mother's growing blindness.
While Rizal studying in UST, he studied
also in Ateneo, with vocational course
"perito agrimensor" (expert surveyor).
He excelled in all the subject in surveying
course obtaining gold medals in Agriculture
in topography. He passed the final exam in
the surveying course at the age of 17. Nov
25, 1871 - granted the titte "Surveyor"
But due to discrimination against Filipino
students at the University of Santo Tomas,
he transferred.
Transferred to Universidad Central de
Madrid in Spain to complete his medical
studies. He studied philosophy and letters
and attended classes at the Escuela de Bellas
Artes de San Fernando, where he honed his
skills in painting and sculpture.
Rizal completed his degree in medicine in
1882, becoming the first Filipino to earn a
degree in medicine.
also studied in Paris and Heidelberg, where
he pursued further studies in
ophthalmology and took courses in various
fields such as languages, culture, and
history.
-- - F - --
Summer Vacation:
− March 1873 - Rizal returned to Calamba
for summer vacation.
− Visited his mother in prison without
telling his father in Santa Cruz.
− After vacation he returned to Manila for
2nd year term in Ateneo.
− Boarded inside Intramuros at No. 8
Magallanes Street.
− Daña Pepay Jandlady (an old widowed
with a widowed daughter and 4 sons)
Second Year in Ateneo (1873-1874):
− Rizal lost the leadership and studied
harder when he became emperor
− He had 3 classmates from biñan that had
also his classmate in the school of
Maestro Justiniano.
Third Year in Ateneo (1874-1875):
− After opening of classes, his mother was
released from prison
− Failed to win the medal in spanish,
because the spokes not fluently sonorous
Fourth year in Ateneo (1875-1876):
− June 16, 1875 - he became an inferno in
Ateneo.
− Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez-inspired
him to study and write poem, Rizal
described him as a model of uprightness,
earnestness and love"!
− He came back to Calamba with 5 medals
and excellent rating.
Last Year in Ateneo (1876-1877):
− June 1876 - last Year of Rizal in Ateneo.
− The the pride of Jesuits.
− Obtained highest grade in all subjects.
− Graduation with highest honor
− Excellent scholastic records from 1872-
1877 March 23, 1877, Commencement
day, the years old Rizal recieved alma
mater degree of Bachelor of Arts.
Extra- Curricular Activities:
− An emperor inside the classroom and
campus leader outside.
− Secretary of the Marian Congregation.
− Member of Academy spanish Literature .
− Studied painting under the famous
spanish painter Agustin Saez Romualdo
de Jesus, noted Filipino sculptor.
− Studied sculpture under Engage in
gymnastic and fencing.
− Fr. Jose Villaclara-adviced him to stop
umimuning with muses and pay attention
to practical studies wuch as philosophy
and natural science.
Works in Ateneo:
Sculture
− Carved an image of virgin Mary on a
piece of "Baticuling" (philippine
hardwood)
− Carved a sacred heart of Jesus requested
by Fr. Lleonart
Anecdotes of Rizal, The Atenean:
− Felix M. Rama - one of Rizal's
contemporaries in atened
− Manuel xeres Burgos - whose house
Rizal boarded shortly before he became
inferno.
Poems Written in Ateneo:
− Mi Primera Inspiracion (My first
Inspiration) first poem he wrote for his
mother's birthday
− In 1875, inspired by Father Sanchez he
wrote poems such as:
- Filicitacion (Filicitation)
- El Embarque: Himno a la Flota de
Magallanes (The departure Hymn to
Magellane's fleet)
- Y Es Espanol: Elcanto, the first to
circumnavigate the world, - El
Combate: Urbiztondo Terror de Jolo(
The battle: Urbiztondo, Ternor of Jolo)
− In 1876, he wrote various topics:
- Un Rearerdo a mi Pueblu (in memory
of my town)
- Alianza Intima Entre la Region y la
buena Education (Intimate alliance
between Religion and good
Education."
− 1877, he wrote more poems:
- El heroismo de colon (The heroism of
colombus)
- Colon y Juan 11 (Colombus and John
11)
- Gran consuelo en la Mayor Desdicha
(Great solace in great Misforture)
- Un Diarogo Alusivo a la despedida de
los colegiates (A farovell dialogue of
students)
Victim of Spanish Officer's Brutality
During summer vacation in 1878, Rizal
walked in the street and dimly perceived the
figure of a man standing and just passed it
and don't have any greetings not knowing
that person is a lieutenant of Guardia Civil,
this lieutenant whipped out his sword and
brutally slashed the back of Rizal.
− Rizal reported the incident to General
prima de vera but nothing happened.
− The wound lasted two weeks and he did
not obtain justice.
− He wrote a letter to Bluementritt on
March 21, 1887 to get justice.
"To The Filipino Youth" (1879)
− Liceo Artisco-Literano (Artistic-
Literany Lyceum) of Manila - held a
literary contest
− At the age of 18, Rizal submitted his
prem entitled "A 19 Juvented
Filipina" (To the
− Filipino Youth) Board of judges
composed of spaniard gave the first
prize to Rizal, which consisted of
silver pen, feather shaped and
decorated with a gold ribbon.
"The Council of God" (1880)
Rizal's Visit to Pakil of Pagsanjan
Summer of 1881 (May):
Rizal went to Pilgrimage to the town of
Pakil, famous shrine of Birhen Maria de los
Dolores.
− They took a CASCO (flat-bottom sailing
vessel) from calamba to Pakil, Laguna
− stayed the home of Mr. Of Mrs. Manuel
Regalado famous turumba (people
dancing on the streets during prosession)
− Infatuated by a pretty girl colegiala,
Vicenta Ybardolaza, skillfully played
harp
− Rizal made side trip to neighboring town
of Fagsanjan because of two reasons:
- it was the native tawa of Leonor
Valenzuela
- to see the world famed Pagsanjan
Falls

− Liceo Artisco-Literano opened

another contest for both Fillpino
spaniards to comme - morate the 4th
contennial of the death of
CERVANTES (famous author of
Don Quixote)
− Rizal submitted an allegorical drama
entitled "El consejo de los Dioses"
(The council of bad)
− He recieved the first prize, a gold
ring which was engraved the bust of
CERVANTES

Other Literary Works:

Junto al Pasic (Besicle the Pasig) (1980)

− a zarsuela, staged by Ateneans on

Dec 8, 1880, on the annual celeb of
Immaculate Conception

A Filipinas (1980)

− sonnet he wrote for the album of the

society of sculptore

Abd-el-Azis (1879)

− a poem declaimed by Manuel

Fernandez; in honor of the Ateneo's
Patroness.

AI M.R.P Pablo Ramon (1981)

− he wrote as an affection to father

Pablo Ramon
 --- --- --- On Dec. 26, 1896, Rizal was tried and found
guilty of the crime by a military court under
Exile: Gov. Gen. Camilo de Polavieja.

After returning to the Philippines in 1892,
Jose Rizal was imprisoned in Fort
Santiago, under the watch of Gov. Gen.
Eulogio Despujol on charges of rebellion,
sedition, and conspiracy.
On Dec. 30, 1896, Rizal was executed by
firing squad in Bagumbayan in Manila.
Executed by a firing squad (Filipino’s). His
last words were 'Consummatum Esť! (“It
is finished!”).

Was later exiled to Dapitan, Zamboanga

del Norte, for writing seditious materials,
including his novels “Noli Me
Tangere” and “El Filibusterismo”.

Exile in Dapitan:

• He spent 4 years and 13 days in Dapitan,

during which he offered advice to Pio
Valenzuela for the Katipunan.

o Rizal made the most of his time by

engaging in activities:
▪ practiced medicine, treating patients.
▪ established a school for young boys.
▪ conducted scientific experiments and
observations.
▪ continued writing letters, essays, and
poems.

Return and Imprisonment:

− After his exile ended, Rizal was arranged

to become a physician to Cuba on behalf
of Spain.
− However, the Philippine
Revolution broke out in August 1896.
− While his ship for Spain could leave the
Philippines on September 3, he landed in
prison in Spain and returned immediately
to the Philippines.
− Interrogation began 12 days after his
arrival.

Trial:

− Rizal stood in a military court.

− His defense counsel was limited to a
military official, but he chose Luis Taviel
de Andrade, a close friend.
− The trial followed legal formalities but
was unusually done in haste, likely due to
the ongoing Philippine Revolution.
− Records and surveillance on Rizal were
transmitted to the court on December 2.
− He was not allowed to cross-examine
witnesses against him

Execution:
 -- Not included in Midterm Exam –
Romance:
Miss K (first love):
− a.k.a. Segunda Katigbak
− met Segunda when she was with Mariano
Katigbak, during visit to his maternal
grandmother.
− close friend of Olimpia at La Concordia
College
− was married to Manuel Luz through an
arranged marriage.
Leonor Rivera (great love):
− cousin from Camiling, Tarlac
− a La Concordian
− daughter of Antonio Rivera, his uncle, in
whose house Rizal lived during his junior
year at UST.
− engaged with Rizal BUT married Henry
Kipping.
Josephine Bracken (common-law wife):
− 19-year old lady, he met in Dapitan.
− They just simply lived together. Rizal
wanted but unable to merry due to church
requirements.
− Rizal called his "wife" a “dulce
estrangera"
− They had a son, died shortly after birth.
Named him Francisco.
− Later married to a Filipino named
Vicente Abad, died in Hong Kong due to
tuberculosis
Gertrude Becket:
- Blue-blooded Englishwoman, the oldest
daughter of a London church organist in
whose house Rizal lodged when he went
to visit Londo
Consuelo Ortia y Perez:
− Daughter of a liberal Spanish official who
once served in Manila during the Spanish
era.
− His affair with Consuela was just
considered a casual relationship.
O Sei San: (real name: Seiko Usui)
− Daughter of a Japanese nobleman who
had a brief affair with Rizal when she
was 23 while Rizal was 27.
Suzanne Jacoby:
− A Belgian woman Rizal met when he
stayed with the Jacoby's.
− One of the factors that led Rizal to
continue writing El Filibusterismo.
Nelly Bousted:
− Intellectual, sure of herself, attractive and
serious with her religious belief.
− Rizal almost married her when he knew
of Leonor Rivera's love affair.
NOVELS
El Filibusterismo
− Treason
− Dedicated to GomBurZa
− Composed of 38 chapters
− Published in Ghent, Belgium in 1891 •
The main theme focused on the ideal
means of achieving social reform
− A number of chapters have long
dialogues that seem like debates, pitting
Rizal's fading hopes for reform against
his long- held aversion to revolution
− Has similar aims as Noli Me Tangere:
Enlighten the Filipinos on what is
happening in the country and want the
people to fight for their country and have
the total freedom
Noli Me Tangere
− Touch Me Not; the title was based on a
Biblical text, specifically the John 20:17
− Dedicated to the Motherland
− 64 chapters
− Published in Berlin, Germany in 1887
− Rizal's main purpose was to expose the
abuses of the Spanish friars and
government officials
− Rizal also presents the positive qualities
of his countrymen: Family devotion is
seen in the relations of Ibarra, Maria
Clara and others, like the schoolteacher,
with their parents and guardians.
− By presenting different sides of the
national situation, Rizal fulfilled his
intent of presenting a "bold and impartial
account" of Philippine life.
− In doing so, the novel not only exposed
the sufferings of the Philippine natives
but took steps towards defining the
national identity.
− A member of the Senate in the Spanish
Cortes assailed the novel as "Anti-
Catholic, Protestant, socialistic"
The difference of the 2 novels:
Noli Me Tangere El Filibusterismo:
A socio-historical A political novel
novel
Romantic novel, Book of thought,
work of the heart work of the head
A passionate Predicted the
expose of about the coming of the
evils of the Spanish revolution
friars
Crisostomo Ibarra: Simon: for
for reformation revolution
NOTABLE POEMS
- Sa Aking Mga Kabata (To My Fellow
Youth) - written when he was eight years
old, this is Rizal's first known poem.
- A La Juventud Filipina (To the Filipino
Youth) - an inspiring poem that encourages
the youth to love their country and strive for
its progress and freedom; won 1st prize;
written at the age of 18 when he was in
UST.
- Mi Primera Inspiracion (My First
Inspiration) - a poem dedicated to Doña
Teodora, after her release from prison in
1874.
- Me Piden Versos (They Ask Me for
Verses) - a satirical poem that criticizes the
shallow and materialistic values of some
members of Philippine society during Rizal's
time.
- Himno Al Trabajo (Hymn to Labor) - a
poem that praises the dignity and importance
of labor and encourages workers to strive for
their rights and better working conditions.
- Himno A Talisay (Hymn to Talisay) - a
poem that admires the town of Talisay's
beauty, its people, and its rich cultural
heritage
- A Las Flores de Heidelberg (To the
Flowers of Heidelberg) - a nostalgic poem
that expresses Rizal's longing for his
homeland and his appreciation for the
beauty of nature; written when Rizal
attended lecture courses in the University of
Heidelberg
- Mi Retiro (My Retreat) - a reflective poem
that expresses Rizal's desire for peace and
solitude in his life; written in a response to
his mother.
- Mi Ultimo Adios (My Last Farewell) - a
poignant and emotional poem that Rizal
wrote before his execution, bidding farewell
to his country, family, and friends; translated
in Tagalog by Andres Bonifacio.
NOTABLE ESSAYS
- To the Young Women of Malolos(Sa
Kababaihang Taga-Malolos)
o Rizal encourages and inspires the
women of Malolos to pursue.
education and to fight for their rights
and freedom, despite the opposition
and discrimination they may face
from society.
- La Indolencia de los Filipinos (Indolence
of the Filipinos)
o Rizal addresses the stereotype that
Filipinos are inherently lazy and
unmotivated. He argues that the true
cause of their perceived "indolence"
is actually the result of historical,
social, and economic factors that
have suppressed their potential and
hindered their progress.
o According to Rizal, all the causes of
indolence can be attributed to
▪ the limited training and
▪ education the Filipino natives
receive, and the lack of a
national sentiment
▪ of unity among them.
- The Philippines: A Century Hence
• Rizal radically envisions a prophesy of
how the Philippines would be through the
century.
• Rizal proposed that our country will end
up in either three of ways:
▪ the Philippines will remain to be a
colony of Spain but will be in
good terms with its captors,
▪ the Philippines will try to cut the
ties of our Motherland from its
captors through violent means,
▪ and lastly that we will be
colonized by another country.
Summary by: Lawrence S. Potot