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03 Humms 11 Pasay Stats and Prob s2 q1 w3
03 Humms 11 Pasay Stats and Prob s2 q1 w3
RECALL:
You have learned about mean and variance of discrete random variable from the previous
lessons. As a review, let us look back to these:
𝜇 = ∑ 𝑋 • 𝑃(𝑋)
where:
𝑋1 , 𝑋2 , 𝑋3 , … , 𝑋𝑛 are the values of the random variable 𝑋; and
𝑃(𝑋1 ), 𝑃(𝑋2 ), 𝑃(𝑋3 ), … , 𝑃(𝑋𝑛 ) are the corresponding probabilities.
Formula for the Variance and Standard Deviation of a Discrete Probability Distribution
The variance of a discrete probability distribution is given by the formula:
Alternative formula for the variance and standard deviation of a discrete probability
distribution:
𝜎 2 = ∑ 𝑋2 • 𝑃(𝑋) − 𝜇2
𝜎 = √∑ 𝑋2 • 𝑃(𝑋) − 𝜇2
where:
𝑋 = value of the random variable
𝑃(𝑋) = probability of a random variable 𝑋
𝜇 = mean of the probability distribution
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Module Code: PASAY-SP11-S2-Q1-W3-D1
Example 1: Consider rolling a single die. What is the average number of spots that would appear?
Solutions: Rolling a single die has 6 possible outcomes. Those are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. Thus,
1 1
Sample Space : {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. The probability of getting a 1 is , getting a 2 is and also
6 6
getting 3, 4, 5 and 6. Let us construct the probability distribution with the corresponding
probabilities of each possible outcome.
𝑋 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑃(𝑋)
6 6 6 6 6 6
To compute the mean, we will be using the formula. Take note that 𝑋 is the value of the random
variable and 𝑃(𝑋) is its corresponding probability. Thus,
𝜇 = 𝑋1 • 𝑃(𝑋1 ) + 𝑋2 • 𝑃(𝑋2 ) + 𝑋3 • 𝑃(𝑋3 ) + ⋯ , +𝑋𝑛 • 𝑃(𝑋𝑛 )
1 1 1 1 1 1
𝜇 =1•( )+2•( )+3•( )+4•( )+5•( )+6•( )
6 6 6 6 6 6
1 2 3 4 5 6 21
𝜇= + + + + + = = 3.5
6 6 6 6 6 6 6
Thus, the average number of spots that would appear is 3.5.
Example 2: Lian is paid 20 𝑃ℎ𝑝 whenever the results of tossing two coins are both heads but pays
10 𝑃ℎ𝑝 whenever the results are not both heads. What is her expected gain per toss?
Solutions: Let 𝑋 be the random variable defined. There are 4 outcomes in tossing two coins, in which
1
only 1 is a HH. The other results are HT, TH and TT. The probability of both heads is while the
4
3
probability of not both heads is .
4
To determine her expected gain per toss, we will be using the concept in computing the mean of a
probability distribution. Let’s construct the table.
1
20 𝑃ℎ𝑝 will be paid if HH appears with a corresponding probability of , and she will pay 10 𝑃ℎ𝑝 if not
4
both heads that is why it is -10. Using the formula,
1 3
𝜇 = 20 • ( ) + (−10) • ( ) = 5 − 7.5 = −2.5
4 4
This means that Lian would lose 2.50 𝑃ℎ𝑝 per toss.
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Module Code: PASAY-SP11-S2-Q1-W3-D1
Now let us try to solve these problems involving variance of probability distributions.
Example 1: The number of pizzas sold per day at a pizza shop, with its corresponding probabilities,
is shown in the table. Find the variance and standard deviation of the probability distribution.
𝑋 19 20 21 22 23
𝑃(𝑋) 0.20 0.20 0.30 0.20 0.10
Solution. Variance:
To solve this, we will be using the formula of the variance, 𝜎 2 = ∑ 𝑋2 • 𝑃(𝑋) − 𝜇2
Step 1. Find the mean of the probability distribution.
𝜇 = 19 • (20) + 20 • (0.20) + 21 • (0.30) + 22 • (0.20) + 23 • (0.10) = 20.8
Step 2. Multiply the square of the value of the random variable 𝑋 by its corresponding probability.
𝜎 2 = ∑ 𝑋2 • 𝑃(𝑋) − 𝜇2
The variance of the probability distribution is 1.56. The standard deviation is 1.25.
Example 2: Find the variance of the number of monthly absences of Mary based on her previous
records of absences as presented in the probability distribution below.
Number of Absences Percent
0 25%
1 30%
2 30%
3 15%
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Module Code: PASAY-SP11-S2-Q1-W3-D1
Solutions: To solve this, we will be using the formula of the variance, 𝜎 2 = ∑ 𝑋2 • 𝑃(𝑋) − 𝜇2
𝑋 𝑃(𝑋) 𝑋 • 𝑃(𝑋) 𝑋2 • 𝑃(𝑋)
0 25% 0 02 • 0.25 = 0
1 30% 0.30 12 • 0.30 = 0.30
2 30% 0.60 22 • 0.30 = 1.2
3 15% 0.45 32 • 0.15 = 1.35
= 1.35 ∑ 𝑋2 • 𝑃(𝑋) = 2.85
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1: Solve the following problems. Show your complete solution on the space
provided below.
1. The random variable 𝑋, representing the number of nuts in a chocolate bar has the following
probability distribution. Compute the mean.
𝑋 0 1 2 3 4
𝑃(𝑋) 1/10 3/10 3/10 2/10 1/10
2. By investing in a particular stock, Jommel can make 4000 𝑃ℎ𝑝 in a month with a probability
of 0.2 or take a loss of 1000 𝑃ℎ𝑝 with a probability of 0.8. What is his expected gain per month?
PRACTICE EXERCISE 2: Solve the following problem. Show your complete solution on the space
provided below.
The number of inquiries per day by the Office of Admissions in a certain university is shown
below. Find the variance and standard deviation.
Number of Inquiries 𝑋 Probability 𝑃(𝑋) 𝑋 • 𝑃(𝑋) 𝑋2 • 𝑃(𝑋)
22 0.08
23 0.19
24 0.36
25 0.25
26 0.07
27 0.05
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Module Code: PASAY-SP11-S2-Q1-W3-D1
Learning Summary:
To solve problems involving mean and variance of probability distribution, we use the
following formulas:
𝜎 2 = ∑(𝑋 − 𝜇)2 • 𝑃(𝑋) for the variance, 𝑋 = value of the random variable
EVALUATION:
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Module Code: PASAY-SP11-S2-Q1-W3-D2
TRY TO DISCOVER:
If you asked people about their height, you will find out that most of the people in a specific
population are of average height. The number of people shorter or taller than the average height is
almost equal, and very small number of people are extremely tall or extremely short.
If you administer a test among 100 students, there will be few high scores and few low scores.
Most of the scores will be found in between the extreme scores. If you make the distribution consist
of very large number of cases and the three measures of central tendency equal (mean, median and
mode), what you have now is what we call the normal distribution or simply normal curve.
Symmetry
50% 50%
3. The mean, the median, and the mode coincide at the center.
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Module Code: PASAY-SP11-S2-Q1-W3-D2
4. The width of the curve is determined by the standard deviation 𝜎 of the distribution.
5. The tails of the curve flatten out indefinitely along the horizontal axis, always approaching the
axis but never touching it. That is, the curve is asymptotic to the base line.
6. The area under the curve is 1. Thus, it represents the probability or proportion or the percentage
associated with specific sets of measurement values.
Example 1:
a. Which curve has greater mean?
b. Which curve has greater
standard deviation?
Solutions:
a. The line of symmetry of curve 𝐴 occurs at 𝑋 = 5. The line of symmetry of curve 𝐵 occurs at
𝑋 = 9. Curve 𝐵 has a greater mean.
b. Curve 𝐵 is more spread out than curve 𝐴, so curve 𝐵 has the greater standard deviation.
Example 2:
The heights of a fully-grown magnolia
bushes are normally distributed. The curve
represents the distribution. What is the
mean height of a fully grown magnolia
bush?
Solutions:
Observing the given distribution, the line if symmetry is at 𝑋 = 8. Thus, the heights of the magnolia
bushes are normally distributed with a mean height of about 8 feet.
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Module Code: PASAY-SP11-S2-Q1-W3-D2
Example 3:
A trunk diameter of a certain variety of pine tree is normally distributed with a mean of 𝜇 = 150 𝑐𝑚
and a standard deviation of 𝜎 = 30 𝑐𝑚. Sketch a normal curve that described this distribution.
Solutions:
Example 4:
The height of the same variety of pine tree are also normally distributed. The mean height is 𝜇 = 33 𝑚
and the standard deviation is 𝜎 = 3 𝑚. Which normal distribution below summarizes the data?
A B C
Solutions:
The mean is 33, it should be found in the center. The standard deviations is 3, so the
distances between the 𝑥 values should be 3. The normal distribution that summarizes the data is B.
Page 8 of 20
Module Code: PASAY-SP11-S2-Q1-W3-D2
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1:
Modified True or False. Determine whether each statement is true or false. Write True if the
statement is true, otherwise change the underlined word to make the statement correct.
_______________1. The normal curve is a bell-shaped distribution.
_______________2. In a normal curve, the mean, median and mode have equal values.
_______________3. A normal curve is asymptotic to the y-axis.
_______________4. The normal curve is symmetric to the x-axis
_______________5. The total area under the normal curve is 1.
PRACTICE EXERCISE 2:
On the spaces provided before each item, write the correct answers for each of the following
questions.
18 22 26 30 34 38 42
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Module Code: PASAY-SP11-S2-Q1-W3-D2
Learning Summary:
A normal distribution has the following properties:
• Its curve is bell-shaped.
• Its curve is symmetric about the y-axis.
• The mean, median and the mode coincide at the center of the distribution.
• Its curve is asymptotic with respect to the x-axis.
• The total area under its curve is 1.
EVALUATION:
Illustrate the normal distribution for each of the following data given.
1. The mean is 135. The standard
deviation is 12.
3. 𝜇 = 10 𝜎 = 0.8
4. 𝜇 = 78.9 𝜎 = 2.9
5. 𝜇 = 188.2 𝜎 = 21.1
Page 10 of 20
Module Code: PASAY-SP11-S2-Q1-W3-D3
Objectives: Identifies regions under the normal curve corresponding to different standard normal
values.
TRY TO DISCOVER:
A normally distributed random
variable with a mean µ = 0 and standard
deviation ơ = 1 is called a standard
normal variable. It is presented using
standard normal distribution where the
center of the curve is zero, which is mean
and added one unit from the center to the
right and subtract one unit from the center
to the left. This is shown on the right.
Since the standard normal distribution is normally distributed, 50% of the region below the
curve is found below the mean, while the other 50% is found above the mean.
Illustration: 𝒛 = −𝟐. 𝟒𝟗
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Module Code: PASAY-SP11-S2-Q1-W3-D3
Solutions:
Step 4. Identify
the appropriate
The area to be found is the region below, and the value obtained in Step 3
operation to be
is 0.8907, therefore the area of the region below 𝑧 = 1.23 is 0.8907.
used based on
step 2.
Step 1.
Step 2.
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Module Code: PASAY-SP11-S2-Q1-W3-D3
The area to be found is the region to the right of z, the area will be 1
minus the value obtained in Step 3.
Step 4.
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 1 − 0.8907 = 0.1093
Therefore, the area to the right of 𝑧 = 1.23 is 0.1093.
Step 1.
Step 2.
Step 3. The value that corresponds to 𝑧 = −0.75 is 0.2266 and 𝑧 = 1.23 is 0.8907.
The area to be found is the region between two z-values, the area will be
0.8907 − 0.2266.
Step 4.
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 0.8907 − 0.2266 = 0.6641
Therefore, between 𝑧 = 1.23 and 𝑧 = −0.75 is 0.6641.
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1:
Identify the regions under the normal curve of the following standard normal values using
the 𝑧 −table.
1. 𝑧=2 _____________________
2. 𝑧 = −2.23 _____________________
3. 𝑧 = 0.18 _____________________
4. 𝑧 = −0.11 _____________________
5. 𝑧 = 1.96 _____________________
PRACTICE EXERCISE 2:
Find the area of the region indicated in each item. Sketch and label each curve.
2. below 𝑧 = −1.26
3. above 𝑧 = 0.03
4. between 𝑧 =
−2.11 and 𝑧 =
1.13
5. between 𝑧 =
0.19 and 𝑧 =
2.75
Page 13 of 20
Module Code: PASAY-SP11-S2-Q1-W3-D3
Learning Summary:
Steps in Finding the Area of the Region Under the Normal Curve Corresponding to Z-Value:
EVALUATION:
Determine the area of the region indicated in each item. Draw and label each curve.
2. below 𝑧 = −0.15
3. above 𝑧 = 1.67
5. between 𝑧 = −1.88
and 𝑧 = −0.89
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𝒁 − 𝑻𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆
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Module Code: PASAY-SP11-S2-Q1-W3-D4
Objectives: Converts a normal random variable to a standard normal variable and vice versa.
TRY TO DISCOVER:
Suppose you scored 40 in a test in Statistics and Probability and the scores are normally
distributed with a mean of 34 and standard deviation of 3, then your score is exactly 2 standard
deviations above the mean. This 2 is called a 𝒛 −score. All values above the mean are positive
𝑧 −scores while all values below the mean are negative 𝑧 −scores . If your score is 31, then your
score if 1 standard deviation below the mean and your 𝑧 −score is −1.
𝒁 −score or standard score tells us how many standard deviations a value is, away from
the mean. A negative 𝑧 −scores tells that the value is below the mean, while a positive
𝑧 −score tells us that the value is above the mean.
The formula used in converting a random variable 𝑋 to a standard normal variable 𝑧 is
𝑥−𝜇
𝑧=
𝜎
where: 𝑧− standard normal score, 𝑧 −score
𝑥− any data value in a normal distribution
𝜇− mean
𝜎− standard deviation
Example 1: Given the mean, 𝜇 = 50 and the standard deviation 𝜎 = 4, find the 𝑧 −value that
corresponds to a score 𝑥 = 58.
Solutions:
𝑥−𝜇
The 𝑧 −score can be computed using the formula 𝑧 = .
𝜎
Given: 𝜇 = 50 𝜎=4 𝑥 = 58
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Module Code: PASAY-SP11-S2-Q1-W3-D4
Example 2: Suppose IQ scores are normally distributed with a mean of 100 and standard deviation
of 10. If your IQ is 85, what is you 𝑧 −score? (Round off your answer to the nearest hundredths)
Solutions:
𝑥−𝜇
The 𝑧 −score can be computed using the formula 𝑧 = .
𝜎
Given: 𝜇 = 100 𝜎 = 10 𝑥 = 85
Substitute the variables by its corresponding values then simplify.
𝑥−𝜇
𝑧=
𝜎
85 − 100 15
𝑧= = = −1.50
10 10
𝑧 = −1.50
Example 3: The weight of chocolate bars from a particular chocolate factory has a mean of 8 ounces
with standard deviation of 0.1 ounce. What is the z-score corresponding to a weight of 8.17 ounces?
(Round off your answer to the nearest hundredths)
Solutions:
𝑥−𝜇
The 𝑧 −score can be computed using the formula 𝑧 = .
𝜎
𝑥 = 𝑧𝜎 + 𝜇
where: 𝑥− any data value in a normal distribution
𝑧− standard normal score, 𝑧 −score
𝜇− mean
𝜎− standard deviation
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Module Code: PASAY-SP11-S2-Q1-W3-D4
In this example, z-score is given while the normal random variable is unknown. To solve for
the normal random variable 𝑥, multiply the 𝑧 −score 𝑧 by the standard deviation 𝜎, then add
the mean 𝜇, or simply use the formula 𝑥 = 𝑧𝜎 + 𝜇.
Given: 𝑧 = 2 𝜇 = 10 𝜎=2
𝑥 = (2)(2) + (10) = 4 + 10 = 14
𝑥 = 14
Example 5: The monthly electric bills in a city are normally distributed with a mean of 6,000 𝑃ℎ𝑝
and a standard deviation of 800 𝑃ℎ𝑝. Find the 𝑥 −value corresponding to a 𝑧 −score of 1.60.
Solutions:
In this example, z-score is given while the normal random variable is unknown. To solve for
the normal random variable 𝑥, multiply the 𝑧 −score 𝑧 by the standard deviation 𝜎, then add
the mean 𝜇, or simply use the formula 𝑥 = 𝑧𝜎 + 𝜇.
𝑥 = 7280
Page 18 of 20
Module Code: PASAY-SP11-S2-Q1-W3-D4
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1:
Given the raw score 𝑥, mean 𝜇 and standard deviation 𝜎, determine the 𝑧 −score for each of
the following items. (Round off your answers to the nearest hundredths)
𝒙 𝝁 𝝈 𝒛
1. 25 40 6
2. 39 30 3
3. 125 105 8
4. 39 45 6
5. 20 26 4
PRACTICE EXERCISE 2:
Determine the raw score 𝑋 for each of the following items.
𝒛 𝝁 𝝈 𝒙
1. −2.25 218 36
2. 1.11 145 20
3. 3.25 150 15
4. −1.35 60 5
5. 2.25 70 9
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Module Code: PASAY-SP11-S2-Q1-W3-D4
Learning Summary:
A 𝑧 −score is a measure of the number of standard deviations (𝜎) a particular data value is away
from the mean (𝜇).
𝑥 = 𝑧𝜎 + 𝜇
where: 𝑧− standard normal score, 𝑧 −score
𝑥− any data value in a normal distribution
𝜇− mean
𝜎− standard deviation
Evaluation:
Solve for what is asked in each of the following situations.
b. 41
c. 31
2. Mayumi and Marikit who are best friends took a college entrance examination. The mean
score and standard deviation of the examination are 115 and 12, respectively. If Mayumi
and Marikit obtained z-scores of 1.5 and -0.95 respectively, what was their scores in the
examination?
a. Mayumi’s score = ____________
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