1.

Impacts of western expansion on Native Americans

Northwest Ordinance (1787) → Effect: encouraged Western expansion, disastrous
for Indian territorial rights
Organized western territory for settlement, land sales would make up large portion of
national revenue
● Portion of land sales to fund education in the region
● Ban on slavery in new territory
The expansion of slavery in the deep South and adjacent western lands and rising
antislavery sentiment began to create distinctive regional attitudes toward slavery

2. Causes and effects of the American Revolution

Causes

The aftermath of the French and Indian War would help to cause the American
Revolutionary War between the colonists and the British. The colonists no
longer had to deal with the French in the Ohio River Valley, and they felt
compelled to travel and settle in the west.

These laws and policies (Stamp Act 1765, Sugar Act 1764, Quartering Act
1765, Townshend Act 1767, Tea Act 1773) were a significant factor in the
growing tensions between the colonies and the British government that
eventually led to the American Revolution

Effects

Domestic

Women’s rights, slavery, democracy, equality, and freedom of religion were all
important ideas during and after the revolution.

The Declaration of Independence stated that “all men were created equal.”
What about the women? Abigail Adams, the wife of President John Adams,
was a noted advocate for women in this period, writing to him to "remember the
ladies."

Most women of the American Revolution still did traditional domestic work.
“Republican Motherhood” evolved as a consequence of the Revolution.
Republicanism meant that one should be a good citizen and be civic-minded.
Women could fulfill this duty by being good mothers to their children and taking
responsibility to instill republican principles in the youth of a new country.
Equality was an important concept associated with the Revolution. Colonial
society disliked kings, primogeniture laws of inheritance, and the aristocracy.
Democracy was the buzzword. However, slavery still ran rampant in the
colonies. America was not ready to take on this “peculiar institution” because
it would divide a country that just united in a war.

Yet the beginnings of the abolition of slavery were evident in the Revolution.
The first antislavery society originated in Philadelphia in 1775 with the
Quakers, and other northern colonies went on to abolish slavery.

Religious debates emerged from the Revolution as well, resulting in the

separation of church and state. Thomas Jefferson helped to pass the Virginia
Statute for Religious Freedom in 1786, which allowed people to worship their
own religion of choice.

An increased awareness of inequalities in society motivated some individuals

and groups to call for the abolition of slavery and greater political democracy in
the new state and national governments.

● Slavery
-Northern states begin to phase out slavery, set to end in most
northern state by 1820
- Southern states seeing less profit in tobacco
● Invention of cotton gin in 1793 would reinvigorate
institution
- Despite contributions of Black Americans to the Revolution there
was no path to equality for them
● Greater level of democracy
- Voting rights expanded across the states - universal suffrage for
white males
- New Jersey allowed women to vote from 1776-1807

Global

The ideals of the American Revolution later spread to other regions that would
rebel against tyranny and authority. These revolutions took place in France,
Haiti, Europe, and Latin America.

During the French Revolution of 1789, the Third Estate of France, or the
commoner class, revolted against King Louis XVI's policies and the poverty he
 created. Similar to the American Revolution, the French Revolutionary leaders
issued a guiding document that had clear Enlightenment principles. The
Declaration of Rights of Man and of the Citizen sought to guide the French
people toward natural rights, equality, and a representative government that
derived its authority from the people—establishing a new political order based
on democracy.

On the Caribbean island of Haiti, Haitian slaves embraced the ideals of both
the American Revolution and the French Revolution in rebelling against their
French masters. Under the leadership of Toussaint L’Ouverture, the Haitians
achieved freedom from France in 1804. Haiti established equality and
citizenship. In a unique moment, leaders redistributed land to the formerly
enslaved and free black people as Haiti became the first black-led country in
the western hemisphere

Revolutionaries in Latin America led successful rebellions. Simon Bolivar

guided a diverse independence movement through Venezuela, Columbia,
Ecuador, and Peru. He wrote the Jamaica Letter (1815), which advocated
independence for the Latin American nations and identified “Spanish
Americans” as a group distinct from the Spaniards back in Europe.

3. Causes and effects of the French and Indian War

Causes

Colonial rivalry intensified between Britain and France in the mid-18th

century, as the growing population of the British colonies expanded into
the interior of North America, threatening French–Indian trade networks
and American Indian autonomy.

The competition among the British, French, and American Indians for
economic and political advantage in North America culminated in the
Seven Years’ War (the French and Indian War), in which Britain defeated
France and allied American Indians

● Began as a territorial dispute in the Ohio River Valley

● George Washington sent to expel the French from Ft. Duquesne-
diplomatic effort turns violent
 The Seven Years’ War erupted as a result of European rivalries in North
America

Effects

Britain achieved a major expansion of its territorial holdings by defeating

the French, but at tremendous expense, setting the stage for imperial
efforts to raise revenue and consolidate control over the colonies.

● Territorial Gains
- Britain gains Canada, Florida and all territory east of Mississippi
River
- Spain gets Louisiana Territory
● British debt
- War more expensive than previous 3
- British landowners already paying highest taxes
● Raising revenue
-
Sugar Act (1764) and Stamp Act (1765) the first attempts to
raise revenue from colonies
● Consolidating control
- British troops stationed in N. America to protect new territory
● Will lead to conflicts with Natives
- Quartering Act (1765) passed to ease cost of occupation

- The British won despite slow start

- Most decisive war between European powers, large territorial gains for
Britain
- Large debt from the war as the cause for revenue raising efforts

4. Views of Hamilton vs Jefferson

5. Foreign policy issues under Washington and Adams (ex: XYZ Affair etc.) Note

leaders created institutions and precedents that put the principles of the
Constitution into practice.

● Creation of the Cabinet by Washington

- 4 departments - State, Treasury, War, Attorney General
● Establishing the federal courts through the Judiciary Act of 1789
● Stretching the powers of the Federal Government
● “Necessary and Proper” clause in Constitution
● Hamilton’s Financial Plan:
​ 1. Assume and pay off State Debts
​ 2. Impose tariffs to protect industry
​ 3. Create a National Bank
● Putting down insurrections - Whiskey Rebellion
● Creating the Coast Guard
● Organizing western lands (Public Land Act, 1796) and admitting new
states (Vermont, Kentucky, Tennessee)
● Two-term tradition for the presidency
 ● XYZ Affair, 1797
- France asked for bribes from American diplomats to meet with
foreign minister
- Heightened tensions lead to the Quasi-War (1798-1800)

6. Weaknesses of the articles of confederation

Weaknesses
Congress had no power to levy or collect taxes
Congress had no power to regulate foreign trade
Congress had no power to enforce laws
Approval of 9/13 states was needed to enact laws
13/13 states needed to approve amendments to the Articles
The government had no executive branch, reflecting colonial suspicions of tyranny and
federal authority.
There was no national court system
7. Shays’ rebellion note

Shays Rebellion 1786-87 in Massachusetts, anger over high taxes, debtors prisons,
lack of paper money

8. Whiskey Rebellion

One of the first challenges to Hamilton’s program was the Whiskey Rebellion of 1794.
Farmers in southwestern Pennsylvania protested harshly against the whiskey tax, which
was the government's primary source of money. President Washington would send a
militia to western Pennsylvania and squash the uprising. Federalists supported this
action, while Antifederalists hated it.

These political differences within the U.S. would create informal political parties that
differed in their view of government.

9. Reasons America won the war of independence against Britain

Alliance with France
Arguably the single most important of Benjamin Franklin's many contributions to his
nation was securing a French alliance during the revolution. Without the financial and
military assistance provided by France, the colonists would certainly have fared much
worse against the mighty British empire.

British Debt
Ironically, this was one of the key factors that caused the revolution in the first place.
Britain had acquired a massive debt fighting the French and Indian War. It attempted to
pay down that debt by taxing colonists through the Stamp Act, generating far more
resentment than revenue. When hostilities first erupted, the crown did not anticipate that
the war would drag on as long as it did (nor cost them so much). The ever-growing
expenses of the war piled on top of an already enormous mountain of debt that Britain
could no longer afford.

10. Republican motherhood

In response to women’s participation in the American Revolution,

Enlightenment ideas, and women’s appeals for expanded roles, an ideal of
“republican motherhood” gained popularity. It called on women to teach
republican values within the family and granted women a new importance in
American political culture.

● Women’s participation in Revolution

-
Boycotts, Daughters of Liberty, soldiers, maintaining colonial
economy
● Republican Motherhood
- Expanded accepted level of education for women
- Still a largely domestic role, no equality guaranteed in new
governments
- Abigail Adams’ request “remember the ladies”
● Mary Wollstonecraft’s Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792) widely
read and debated
- Judith Sargent Murray’s On the Equality of the Sexes (1790)

11. Examples of colonial resistance against Britain

Pontiac's Rebellion
Pontiac's Rebellion was a conflict that took place in the Great Lakes region of
North America in the mid-18th century. It was an uprising led by the Ottawa
leader Pontiac against British rule in the region.

Bacon's Rebellion

Bacon's Rebellion was a rebellion that took place in the English colony of
Virginia in 1676. It was led by Nathaniel Bacon, a wealthy and influential
colonist who was unhappy with the policies of the colonial government.

1. The Sugar Act of 1764: This act imposed taxes on sugar, molasses,
and other products that were imported.
2. The Quartering Act of 1765: This act required the colonists to provide
food, shelter, and other supplies to British soldiers stationed in the
colonies. The act was intended to help defray the costs of maintaining a
standing army in the colonies and to ensure that the soldiers were
properly cared for.
3. The Stamp Act of 1765: This act imposed a tax on all printed materials,
including newspapers, legal documents, and even playing cards. It was
met with significant resistance from colonists in America, who argued
that it violated their rights as Englishmen. This was a very triggering act
for the colonists because of the ongoing print culture in the colonies.
4. The Townshend Acts of 1767: These acts imposed taxes on a variety
of imported goods, including glass, lead, paint, and tea. They were met
with arguably the most resistance, as the colonists loved tea.
Additionally, the revenues from this tax would help pay the despised
British government officials within the colonies.
5. The Tea Act of 1773: This act granted the British East India Company a
monopoly on the sale of tea in the colonies and lowered the price of tea.
It led to the famous Boston Tea Party, which we'll discuss soon, in which
colonists threw crates of tea into the harbor to protest the tax.
6. The Navigation Acts: These acts required that certain goods, such as
sugar and tobacco, be shipped to Britain or its colonies on British-owned
ships. They were intended to regulate trade and protect the interests of
British merchants.
12. Successes of the articles of confederation. (Northwest Ordinance and Land
Ordinance)

Although there were many weaknesses of the Articles, there were two
strengths. Congress placed newly acquired western lands under its control for
the benefit of all states:

1. The Land Ordinance of 1785 - allowed the federal government to sell

western lands to pay off the national debt and organize these new lands
into townships and public schools.
1. The new nation was "land rich," but was "money poor."
Government leaders looked for ways to use the land to fund
services, such as public education! This ordinance set a
precedent for the public funding of schools.
2. As mentioned, it also established a plan for dividing the land. The
government would first survey the land, and then divide it into
townships. Individuals could purchase a section of land and even
further divide it into smaller units.
3. Government leaders hoped the buyers of this land would develop
farms and establish communities, developing settlements across
the western territories.
2. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 - set a process for new states to
join the United States of America, ensuring the country would continue
to grow. New states were equal in status to existing states (the 13
colonies).
1. Congress would appoint a territorial governor and judges
2. When the territory reached 5,000 voting residents, which were at
the time white males, the settlers could write a temporary
constitution and elect their own government.
3. When the population reached 60,000 free inhabitants, the settlers
could write a state constitution, which had to be approved by
Congress. Once approved, the state would be granted statehood
with no slavery allowed.

13. Division over desire for independence

 ● Federalists were in favor of ratifying the Constitution and believed that
a stronger national government was necessary to address the problems
facing the country under the Articles of Confederation. They argued that
the Constitution would provide the needed stronger central government
that would be better able to regulate commerce, provide for the common
defense, and protect individual rights. They were often propertied men
who did not believe in states' rights.
● Antifederalists, on the other hand, were opposed to ratifying the
Constitution. They believed that the Constitution would create a powerful
national government that would threaten the rights and sovereignty of
the states. They also worried that the Constitution did not include a Bill
of Rights to protect individual liberties and that it would lead to an
oppressive government. Antifederalists were largely rural farmers.

14. Why were the Articles of Confederation created to have such a weak central
government
The Articles of Confederation created a national governing system that placed
most power in the hands of the states. The Founders feared giving too much
power to a central government, which might become tyrannical.
15. proclamation of 1763

However, the British had other plans for their subordinates. Surprisingly, the
British issued the Proclamation of 1763. This act prohibited the colonists from
traveling beyond the Appalachian Mountains. The British felt that this would
prevent problems with the Native Americans, but the colonists detested this
restrictive law and broke it at will.

● Proclamation of 1763
- Prevented colonists from further Westward movement.
- British attempt to avoid further conflict with settlers and natives
- Angered colonists

16. Issues of frontier Americans and examples of these conflicts / issues

 As increasing numbers of migrants from North America and other parts of the
world continued to move westward, frontier cultures that had emerged in the
colonial period continued to grow, fueling social, political, and ethnic tensions.

● Migrants continued to come for chance at owning land

- Population continued to increase naturally
● Frontier cultures
- Colonial era - Paxton Boys, conflict with natives
- New Republic - Daniel Bonne and exploration of Kentucky builds
lore of pioneers

17. Washington’s farewell address

Washington had successfully bid farewell to America in 1796 and established

the two-term tradition in America for future presidencies. Washington wanted to
set a precedent for a peaceful transition of power, rather than serving as
president for life (which could have made the presidency seem like an elected
monarchy). In his Farewell Address he urged America to:

● Stay out of foreign alliances.

● Not to get involved in political affairs.
● Not to form political parties.

George Washington’s Farewell Address encouraged national unity, as he

cautioned against political factions and warned about the danger of permanent
foreign alliances.

● National Unity
- Wanted a national university to bring people across US together
● Political Factions
- Worried political parties and sectionalism would hurt country
● Foreign Alliances
- Warned of permanent alliances, avoid fighting wars in which we
are not directly involved
18. Alien and Sedition Acts

The Federalists created the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798, which slowed the
naturalization process and restricted free speech. This was seen as a political
attack on Jeffersonians, allowing the Federalist Party (which was in power at
the time) to suppress political opposition.

Newer citizens tended to support the Democratic-Republican Party, so the

Alien Act made it more difficult for immigrants to become citizens. The Sedition
Act also made it a crime to publish false, scandalous, or malicious statements
about the government or its officials. Critics argued that the Sedition Act was a
violation of the First Amendment, which guarantees the freedom of speech and
the freedom of the press. The only journalists who were prosecuted under the
Sedition Act were editors of Democratic-Republican newspapers.

By 1800, America had faced and survived numerous domestic and foreign
challenges to its future and prosperity. It had earned its freedom from Britain
and was determined to establish a democratic example for the world.

Thomas Jefferson and James Madison responded to these acts with drafted
documents. Jefferson secretly wrote the Kentucky Resolutions, and Madison
wrote the Virginia Resolutions. Both of them were simply saying that the federal
government had legally exceeded its power with the Alien and Sedition Laws.
They argued that since the states created the Constitution, the states had the
right to nullify, or not follow, any legislation that they deemed necessary.

After the Federalist Party lost power in the 1800 election, the
Democratic-Republican Party, which was led by Jefferson, took control of the
government. As part of its efforts to roll back the Federalist policies of the
previous administration, the Democratic-Republicans repealed the Alien and
Sedition Acts.

● Alien and Sedition Acts, 1798

- Passed to limit dissent and criticism from D-R

19. VA & KY Resolutions

 Thomas Jefferson and James Madison responded to these acts with drafted
documents. Jefferson secretly wrote the Kentucky Resolutions, and Madison
wrote the Virginia Resolutions. Both of them were simply saying that the federal
government had legally exceeded its power with the Alien and Sedition Laws.
They argued that since the states created the Constitution, the states had the
right to nullify, or not follow, any legislation that they deemed necessary.

● Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, 1798-99

- Argued that states could nullify federal laws

20. Nullification

Calhoun’s pamphlet sparked a national debate over the doctrine of nullification

and its constitutionality. Former president John Quincy Adams was one of the
leading voices opposing Calhoun and nullification. He argued that it was the
Supreme Court, not the states, that had the ultimate authority to declare federal
legislation unconstitutional. And although Jackson was sympathetic to
Southerners who complained that protective tariffs damaged their interests, he
refused to countenance threats of nullification. Jackson supported states’ rights
but viewed nullification as a prelude to secession, and he vehemently opposed
any measure that could potentially break up the Union. In July 1832, in an effort
to compromise, he signed a new tariff bill that lowered most import duties to
their 1816 levels.

This compromise measure failed to satisfy Southern radicals who wished to

see the tariff repealed, and in November 1832, a convention of Southern
politicians and proponents of states’ rights met to discuss nullification. The
convention declared the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 unconstitutional and therefore
unenforceable in the state of South Carolina. The delegates to the convention
threatened to secede if the federal government forcibly sought to collect import
duties.

President Jackson again sought to compromise. In March 1833, he signed a

 new tariff bill that lowered tariffs even further, thereby appeasing the South. But
he also signed the Force Bill, which authorized the compulsory collection of
import duties from the South—by force of arms if necessary. It was a signal to
Southerners that threats of nullification and secession would not be tolerated.
Though this effectively brought the constitutional crisis to an end, it did not
forestall the eventual outbreak of civil war.

Southern planters and slaveholders would continue to use the doctrine of

states’ rights to protect the institution of slavery, and the nullification crisis set
an important precedent. For some Southern radicals, the tariff issue had been
a mere pretext for the threat of secession. These radicals continued to view the
federal government with intense suspicion and threatened to secede every
time a federal policy or law was perceived as antagonistic to the interests of the
slaveholding South.

21. Enlightenment ideas

● Enlightenment Ideas supported the calls for revolution as England

denies the colonies representation in their Parliament. In addition,
the same ideas emphasized talent over bloodlines and an end to
hereditary privilege.

The Enlightenment was a philosophical movement that emerged in

18th-century Europe and emphasized reason, individualism, and skepticism. It
was a time of great intellectual and cultural awakening, and it laid the
foundations for many of the values and ideals that continue to shape modern
Western society.

Central Ideas of the Enlightenment

“Reason over Revelation” is normally a tagline associated with The

Enlightenment, signifying how people began looking to humans, rather than a
deity, to solve their problems and make reason of things going on in their lives.
Now, out of reason emerges new political ideas about people, natural rights,
and the function of government, questioning the authority of monarchs:
● Being born with a tabula rasa, or blank slate, is a central tenet of
Enlightenment thought. It suggests that people are born without innate
knowledge or predispositions and that their experiences and
environment shape who they become. This creates the idea that
everyone is born equal and the son of a king does not have a divine
right to rule.
● John Locke wrote a work of political philosophy, titled, "Two Treatises of
Government." He argued that people have certain inalienable rights,
including the right to life, liberty, and property, that are protected by the
government. He believed that these rights are granted by God and are
not dependent on the government or any other authority. If any
government did not serve its purpose of granting these natural rights,
the people had the right to alter or abolish it.
● Thomas Hobbes was best known for his work on the social contract. He
argued that the natural state of humanity is a state of war and that
people form governments in order to escape this state and ensure their
own safety and security. Hobbes believed that the role of government is
to provide order and stability, and he argued that people must give up
some of their rights in order to live under a strong, centralized
government (as stated by the social contract).
● Baron de Montesquieu was a political theorist best known for his ideas
about checks and balances and the separation of powers. He argued
that in order to protect against tyranny, a government should be divided
into different branches, each with its own distinct powers and
responsibilities.
● Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a French philosopher who expanded on
the social contract theory, emphasizing the importance of the common
good. He argued that people are naturally free and equal and the role of
the government is to serve the common good and protect the will of the
people / their natural rights.
● As discussed, the idea of the social contract arose during this time
period, suggesting that people agree to give up some of their individual
freedom and rights in order to live in a society with a shared authority or
government. According to the social contract theory, government is a
product of this agreement, and it exists to serve the common good and
protect the natural rights of its citizens.
 These ideas generally included individual rights, republicanism, democracy, the
separation of powers, equality, a distrust of aristocracy, and an emphasis on
science over religion.

The new thinking of the Enlightenment influenced Ben Franklin, John Adams,
Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton in their roles as
Founding Fathers. We will see how these ideas influenced the drafting of
important revolutionary documents such as the Declaration of Independence
and the Constitution as well in the next few study guides.

22. Remember the Ladies from Abigail Adams

Abigail Adams, the wife of President John Adams, was a noted advocate for women in
this period, writing to him to "remember the ladies."

23. Mercantilism
24. Federalist vs Antifederalist views
Federalist Anti-Federalist

Leaders Alexander Hamilton, James Patrick Henry, Samuel

Madison, John Jay Adams, John Hancock
Stance The Articles of Confederation is Liked elements of the
weak; favored stronger central Articles; favored weak
government central government and
stronger state governments

About Mostly wealthy property owners Mostly small farmers,

Them shopkeepers, laborers
Supports Federalist Papers Strong national government
threatened rights of the
common people

Powers of central government need Constitution lacked Bill of

to be strengthened to protect the Rights
nation on a global scale and solve
domestic problems
 Strong national government over Argued against 2/3
uncooperative states ratification
Men of talent should rule; feared Opposed omitting God
mobocracy
National government should protect Created a strong executive
rights similar to monarchy
Checks and balances would protect
against abuses
25. Constitutional compromises

The delegates initially planned to revise the Articles of Confederation;

however, after deliberation, a new constitution emerged. Checks and
Balances helped limit individual powers as a foundation for their new
constitution. Debates over slavery, trade, and representation resulted in
multiple compromises, such as the Three-Fifths Compromise.

The debate over ratification raged as factions, known as the Federalists and
Anti-Federalists, emerged. Federalists, supported by Alexander
Hamilton,supported the strong central government; Anti-Federalists, such as
Thomas Jefferson, supported strong state governments. Anti-Federalists

📃
ratified the Constitution only after the decision to add the Bill of Rights to
protect individual liberties was agreed upon by the Federalists.

The Great Compromise

After much debate, the Great Compromise, also known as the Connecticut
Compromise, was negotiated:

● Proposed by Roger Sherman of Connecticut

● It combined elements of the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan.
● It established a bicameral legislature with a different method of
representation in each house.
● The lower house, the House of Representatives, would be apportioned
according to population.
● The upper house, the Senate, would have equal representation for each
state, with each state having two senators.
 ● This compromise resolved the disagreement over how much power
each state should have in the new government and helped get the
Constitution ratified.

This is how we established our government with a bicameral Congress,

representing both the Virginia and New Jersey Plans. It allowed for equal
representation in Congress and balanced the power of small and large states.

The Three-Fifths Compromise

Now that a framework for Congress was established, the delegates at the
Constitutional Convention discussed the representation of slave states.

The Three-Fifths Compromise determined how enslaved people would be

counted in terms of representation and taxation. The compromise was reached
between the northern states, which were generally more industrialized and had
fewer enslaved people, and the southern states, which were more agrarian and
had more enslaved people.

Delegates from the states participated in the Constitutional Convention and

through negotiation, collaboration, and compromise proposed a constitution.

● Convention called after failure to improve Articles at Annapolis

Convention
● 12 of 13 states sent delegates
● Constitution based primarily on Madison’s Virginia Plan with 3 branches
of government
● Connecticut Compromise
- Settled issue of representation with bicameral legislature
● Creation of Electoral College to maintain importance of states in
Presidential elections

The Constitutional Convention compromised over the representation of slave

states in Congress and the role of the federal government in regulating both
slavery and the slave trade, allowing the prohibition of the international slave
trade after 1808.

● Southern states ask for protections

- ⅗ Compromise - counting method to determine representation
 - Fugitive Slave Clause in Article IV guaranteed return of
runaways across state lines
- Delay in banning international slave trade

26. The concept of Virtual representation

Virtual representation is an idea developed in the British colonial period that

said members elected to Parliament represented the whole British empire, not
specific people or geographic locations. This was rejected by the American
colonists that sought to be represented by their geographic location.

27. How geography relates to slavery

https://quizlet.com/290777908/apush-pointcounter-point-north-vs-south-issue-of-
slavery-flash-cards/
28. Join or die cartoon and the Albany Plan

Franklin’s Albany Plan attempted to establish a colonial government based on

home rule. It called for three things:

● A Grand Council would be formed with elected representatives from the

different colonies to oversee matters of common defense, western
expansion, and Indian affairs.
● A President General would be established and appointed by the King
who would preside. They would have the power to veto decisions made
by the Grand Council.
● The Council would be authorized to collect taxes for military
expenditures.

The Albany Plan was seen as a radical proposal at the time, as it called for a
level of colonial unity and self-governance that was unprecedented. It was
ultimately rejected by the British government and the colonies, but it is
considered an important early attempt to address the growing tensions
between the colonies and the mother country and to find a way for the colonies
to work together for their mutual benefit. The colonists felt it did not give them
enough authority, while London argued it gave them too much.
 The above political cartoon is one of the "first" U.S. political cartoons, and it
was created by Ben Franklin. It highlighted the need for colonial unity as he
promoted the Albany Plan.

29. Intolerable acts

King George III 👑 and Parliament implemented additional strategies for collecting

😠
revenue, ultimately leading to the Boston Tea Party and the Intolerable/Coercive Acts
against the port of Boston.

Coercive/ Intolerable Acts (1774) as punishment for Boston

30. The Stamp Act

The Stamp Act of 1765: This act imposed a tax on all printed materials,
including newspapers, legal documents, and even playing cards. It was met with
significant resistance from colonists in America, who argued that it violated their
rights as Englishmen. This was a very triggering act for the colonists because of
the ongoing print culture in the colonies.

31. Boston Tea Party

The Sons of Liberty also staged the most profound protest in Boston's harbor: The
Boston Tea Party. On the night of December 16, 1773, a group of colonists, disguised
as Native Americans, boarded three British ships that were docked in Boston Harbor
and threw 342 chests of tea shipped by the British East India Company.

The protest was in response to the Tea Act and was one of the first acts of open
defiance by the colonists against British rule and helped to galvanize the independence
movement. It caused the Parliament to punish Boston and the colony of Massachusetts
severely.

https://quizlet.com/89255964/apush-unit-2-vocabulary-terms-flash-cards/