Mangrove

Forest

GROUP 8(Langga & Jaudian)

 Introduction
The mangrove forest is referred to as the "forest of the sea" due to its
unique habitat in tidal sea fringes, typically above the mean sea level
in coastal marine and river estuaries' intertidal zones.
Mangrove forests are unique coastal ecosystems that provide habitats
for many marine and amphibious animals. They can thrive in salty
water and form dense forests along coastlines in tropical and warm
temperate regions. Countries like Indonesia, Thailand, and Mexico
have large mangrove forest areas.
Approximately 80 distinct species of mangrove trees exist, all of
which thrive in environments with low-oxygen soil, where sluggish
water flow permits the accumulation of fine sediments.
Mangrove forests are limited to tropical and subtropical latitudes near
the equator due to their vulnerability to freezing temperatures.
Mangroves are critical to coastal ecosystem, as well as the
sustainability and security of coastal inhabitants.
COMMON FLORA & FAUNA
Beside fish and shrimps mangroves are a source of crabs,
lobsters, bivalve and gastropod molluscs, and other
invertebrates.
Mangrove trees have evolved specific adaptations to thrive
in the challenging environments of estuaries. These
adaptations include the ability to survive in waterlogged,
oxygen-depleted soil, and to tolerate brackish waters.
There are 46 mangrove species in the Philippies out of 70 in
the world record.
Common mangrove formations found in the Philippines
include: Rhizophora trees along rivers; Avicennia stands; and
Sonneratia stands.
RHIZOPHORA FLORA
(RHIZOPHORACEAE)

AVICENNIA
(AVICENNIACEAE/ACANTHACEAE)

SONNERATIA
(LYTHRACEAE)
 Rhizophora
apiculata
(Rhizophoraceae)
Tall-stilted Red Mangrove
Bakauan-lalaki
The plant has distinctive stilt roots that arch
up to 5 meters along the stem and can
develop aerial roots. Its dark green leaves
are smooth and leathery, elliptical with
complete edges, and supported by reddish
stalks. Long, red stipules grow from the
bases of the leaves.
 Rhizophora
mucronata
(Rhizophoraceae)
Asiatic Mangrove
Bakauan-Babai
Tall, always-green tree with dark, fissured
bark. It grows up to 20-25 meters tall and
develops both aerial and stilt roots from
lower branches. Its leaves are broad,
leathery, and arranged opposite each
other, measuring 11-23 by 5-23 cm.
 Avicennia marina
(Acanthaceae)
Gray/White Mangrove
Bungalon-puti
Avicennia marina, commonly known as gray
mangrove or white mangrove, is a shrub or tree
from the Acanthaceae family.
They typically reach 10-14 meters in height, with
light gray or whitish bark characterized by stiff,
brittle, thin flakes.
Their leaves are thick and glossy, bright green on
top, and gray or silvery white with small hairs
underneath. Their pneumatophores, specialized
roots for gas exchange, can grow up to 20 cm
long.
 Sonneratia alba
(Lythraceae)
Apple Mangrove
Pagatpat
The tree typically has a wide, spreading
canopy and reaches heights of 15-20
meters, occasionally growing up to 30
meters tall. Its trunk has cream-colored
to brown bark with smooth, fine,
longitudinal fissures. The tree also
bears thick, blunt pneumatophores,
which are conical roots that emerge
vertically from the ground and can
grow up to 1 meter tall.
 Ceriops tagal
(Rhizophoraceae)
Indian Mangrove
Tangal/Tongog
This tree is small to medium in size,
reaching about 20 meters tall. Its
bark is smooth, sometimes with
fissures, and is greyish-brown. The
base of the trunk is flanged. Short
buttress roots develop from short
stilt roots that start at the base of a
mature trunk.
 FAUNA
PORTUNIDAE
THALASSINIDAE
OXODERCIDAE
POTAMIDIDAE
THRAUPIDAE
Scylla serrata
(Portunidae)
Mud Crab
Alimango
A swimming crab
with an oval
carapace possess
sizeable claws used
for crushing and
cutting prey.
Thalassina anomala
(Thalassinidae)
Mud Lobster
Bulaso/Kulukoy
The mud lobster is actually not a
lobster but more of a giant
shrimp.It is more closely related to
ghost shrimps of genus
Callianasa.The mud lobster lives
deep under the mound in a
U-shaped tunnel and rarely
emerges above ground.
 Periophthalmus
kalolo
(Oxodercidae)
Mudskipper
Tustusak/Tambasakan
Mudskippers are so named for
their ability to walk,climb,and
“skip” out of water. Their large
pectoral fins are shaped like legs
to help them move.Out of
water,they breathe air through
their gill chambers while
keeping them wet by wiping
them with their fins.
 Telescopium
telescopium
(Potamididae)
Telescope Snail
Bagongon/Bagungon

Telescope snail can be

recognized with its cone-
shape shell
 Camarhynchus
heliobates
(Thraupidae)
Mangrove Finch
The mangrove finch is a critically
endangered species of bird in
Darwins group of tanager,endemic to
the Galápagos Islands.Originally
found in Fernandina & Isabela islands.
A recent study suggests these
populations are undergoing
speciation and may become extinct
due to a lack of interbreeding.
 “Siargao It up” is a mangrove conservation
program in Del Carmen,Siargao
Del Carmen Islands,Philippines,aimed at protecting the
largest mangrove forest in the
Mangrove country,spanning 4,871 hectares.

Reserve This ecosystem is vital for rare &

endangered species and helps maintain
Siargao Island Protected ecological balance by providing breeding
Landscape and Seascape grounds for aquatic life.
(Largest Mangrove Forest Additionally,the mangrove forest plays a
in crucail role in carbon sequestration,helps
Philippines) reducing carbon emissions in the country.
Common Flora & Fauna
Del Carmen Mangrove Reserve

Rhizophora Rhizophora Crocodylus Philippine

mucronata apiculata porosus Cockatoo
(Asiatic (Tall-stilted Red (Saltwater (Cacatua
Mangrove) Mangrove) Crocodile) haematuropygia)
 The Sundarbans mangrove forest is one of
the largest in the world, covering 140,000
The hectares. It sits at the delta of the Ganges,
Brahmaputra, and Meghna rivers on the
Sundarbans Bay of Bengal.
The area has a complex network of tidal
India & Bangladesh waterways, mudflats, and small islands
(UNESCO World Heritage with mangrove forests. It's known for its
Site) diverse wildlife, including 260 bird species,
(World’s Largest
the Bengal tiger, and endangered animals
Mangrove Forest)
like the estuarine crocodile and the Indian
python.
Common Flora & Fauna
The Sundarbans

Nypa Excoecaria Agallocha Uca spp. Bengal Tiger

fruticans (Milky Mangrove) (Male fiddler crabs) (Panthera tigris
(Mangrove/ tigris)
Nipa Palm)
Uniqueness
Mangrove forests help stabilize coastlines by lessening erosion
from storm surges, currents, waves, and tides.
Mangroves protect water quality by filtering out nutrients and
pollutants from stormwater runoff, preventing harm to seagrass
habitats and coral reefs.
Mangrove peat acts as a sponge, absorbing water during heavy
rains and storm surges, thereby lowering the risk of coastal
flooding.
Mangroves serve as critical nursery habitats for numerous
commercial fish and shellfish species, thereby enhancing local
seafood abundance
Mangrove forests serve as a sustainable habitat for numerous
species of fish and shellfish, offering an avenue for income
generation and poverty reduction through their capture and sale
Thank You!
References
https://floridadep.gov/sites/default/files/benefits-of-mangroves-2-8-16.pdf
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337137516_Species_Composition_and_Diversity_of_Natural_an
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References
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/22/10-years-after-haiyan-are-mangroves-protecting-
philippine-coastal-
areas#:~:text=The%20Philippines%20is%20home%20to,the%20land%20meets%20the%20sea.
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Common-mangrove-formations-in-the-Philippines-A-
Rhizophora-along-river-B-
Avicennia_fig1_326676032#:~:text=by%20Dixon%20Geva%C3%B1a-,Common%20mangrove%20formati
ons%20in%20the%20Philippines%3A%20(A)%20Rhizophora%20along,mixed%20species%20in%20eleva
ted%20coast.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/avicennia-marina
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https://galapagosconservation.org.uk/species/mangrove-finch/
https://www.britannica.com/place/Sundarbans