Chapter 6: Indefinite integrals

Nguyen Thu Huong

School of Applied Mathematics and Informatics

Hanoi University of Science and Technology

December 18, 2022

Indefinite integrals

Content

6. Indefinite integrals
6.1 Antiderivatives. Definition. Properties
6.2 Table of indefinite integrals
6.3 Substitution Rule
6.4 Integration by parts
6.5 Integrals of rational functions
6.6 Trigonometric integrals
6.7 Rationalizing substitutions
Content

6. Indefinite integrals
6.1 Antiderivatives. Definition. Properties
6.2 Table of indefinite integrals
6.3 Substitution Rule
6.4 Integration by parts
6.5 Integrals of rational functions
6.6 Trigonometric integrals
6.7 Rationalizing substitutions
Indefinite integrals

Motivation

Given the velocity of a function, one wishes to know its

position at a given time.
Find a function whose derivative is known.
Indefinite integrals

Antiderivatives

Definition
A function F (x) is called an antiderivative of f (x) on an interval I
if F 0 (x) = f (x) for all x ∈ I .

Example

0 2x 2x
ln(1 + x 2 ) = 1+x 2
so ln(1 + x 2 ) is an antiderivative of 1+x 2
.
x 4 + 2 is an antiderivative of 4x 3 .
Indefinite integrals

Theorem
If F (x) is an antiderivative of f (x) on I . Then the family of all
antiderivatives of f (x) is F (x) + C .

Definition
The family of all antiderivatives of is called the indefinite integral
of f (x). R
Denote f (x)dx = F (x) + C , where F (x) is a known
antiderivative.

Z Z
2x
dx = ln(1 + x 2 ) + C , 4x 3 dx = x 4 + C .
1 + x2
Indefinite integrals

Linearity

Theorem
A function f (x) which is continuous on [a, b] has an antiderivative
on that interval.

Theorem
Let F (x), G (x) be antiderivatives of f (x), g (x) respectively. Then
Z
(Af (x) + Bg (x))dx = AF (x) + BG (x) + C .
Content

6. Indefinite integrals
6.1 Antiderivatives. Definition. Properties
6.2 Table of indefinite integrals
6.3 Substitution Rule
6.4 Integration by parts
6.5 Integrals of rational functions
6.6 Trigonometric integrals
6.7 Rationalizing substitutions
Indefinite integrals

Table of indefinite integrals

(
x α+1
if α 6= −1,
Z
α α+1+C
x dx =
ln |x| + C if α = −1.
Z
dx 1 x
= arctan + C
a2+x 2 a a
Z
dx x
√ = arcsin + C
a 2 − x2 a
Z
a x
ax dx = + C , 0 < a 6= 1
ln a
Z Z
sin xdx = − cos x + C , cos xdx = sin x + C
Z Z
dx dx
2
= − cot x + C , 2x
= tan x + C
sin x cos
Indefinite integrals

Example
√
The linear density of a rod of length 4m is given by ρ(x) = 9 + 2 x
measured in kilograms per meter, where x is measured in meters
from one end of the rod. Find the total mass of the rod.
Content

6. Indefinite integrals
6.1 Antiderivatives. Definition. Properties
6.2 Table of indefinite integrals
6.3 Substitution Rule
6.4 Integration by parts
6.5 Integrals of rational functions
6.6 Trigonometric integrals
6.7 Rationalizing substitutions
Indefinite integrals

The Substitution Rule

Theorem
If u = g (x) is a differentiable function whose range is an interval I and f
is continuous on I , then
Z Z
0
f (g (x))g (x)dx = f (u)du.

Example
Evaluate the following integrals
x 4 dx
Z
1
x 10 + 1
Z
dx
2
x ln x
Z
dx
3 √
x2 + 4
Content

6. Indefinite integrals
6.1 Antiderivatives. Definition. Properties
6.2 Table of indefinite integrals
6.3 Substitution Rule
6.4 Integration by parts
6.5 Integrals of rational functions
6.6 Trigonometric integrals
6.7 Rationalizing substitutions
Indefinite integrals

Integration by parts

Assume that u(x), v (x) are continuously differentiable functions.

We have Z Z
udv = uv − vdu.
Indefinite integrals

Example
Evaluate the integrals
Z
4 xe −2x dx
Z
5 x ln2 xdx
Z p
6 x 2 + 4dx
Indefinite integrals

Table of indefinite integrals

Z
dx p
√ = ln |x + x 2 + α| + C
x2 + α
a2
Z p
xp 2 x
a2 − x 2 dx = a − x2 + arcsin + C
2 2 a
Z p
x p α p
x 2 + αdx = x 2 + α + ln |x + x 2 + α| + C .
2 2
Content

6. Indefinite integrals
6.1 Antiderivatives. Definition. Properties
6.2 Table of indefinite integrals
6.3 Substitution Rule
6.4 Integration by parts
6.5 Integrals of rational functions
6.6 Trigonometric integrals
6.7 Rationalizing substitutions
Indefinite integrals

Example
Evaluate the integrals
Z
xdx
7
(x + 2)2 (x − 1)
Z
xdx
8
x + 3x 2 + 2
4

x4 + 1
Z
9 dx
x(x 2 + 1)2
Indefinite integrals

R
Aim: Evaluate R(x)dx, where

b0 + b1 x + . . . + bm x m
R(x) = , ai , bi ∈ R, an , bm 6= 0,
a0 + a1 x + . . . + an x n
is a rational function.
Method: expressing R(x) as a sum of partial fractions.
1 Performing a polynomial division to reduce to a proper
rational function (m < n).
2 Factorizing the denominator into factors
2
(x − a)k , (x 2 + px + q)k , where q − p4 > 0.
3 Writing R(x) as a sum of partial fractions.
Z Z
Al dx Bl x + Cl
l
, dx, l = 1, 2, . . . , k.
(x − a) (x + px + q)l
2
Content

6. Indefinite integrals
6.1 Antiderivatives. Definition. Properties
6.2 Table of indefinite integrals
6.3 Substitution Rule
6.4 Integration by parts
6.5 Integrals of rational functions
6.6 Trigonometric integrals
6.7 Rationalizing substitutions
Indefinite integrals
R
Trigonometric integrals R(sin x, cos x)dx
Z
Evaluate R(sin x, cos x)dx, where R(sin x, cos x) is a rational
function of the variables u = sin x, v = cos x.
General substitution: t = tan x2 , x ∈ (−π, π).
1 − t2
Z  
2t 2dt
We obtain R 2
, 2
.
1+t 1+t 1 + t2
Example
Evaluate the following integrals
Z
dx
10 .
3 sin x + 4 cos x
Z
dx
11 .
2 sin x − cos x + 5
Indefinite integrals

Special cases

If R(− sin x, − cos x) = R(sin x, cos x), set t = tan x or

t = cot x.
If R(− sin x, cos x) = −R(sin x, cos x), set t = cos x.
If R(sin x, − cos x) = −R(sin x, cos x), set t = sin x.

Example
Evaluate the following integrals
Z
12 sin2 x. cos5 xdx
Z
dx
13
sin x
sin3 x
Z
14 dx
cos5 x
Content

6. Indefinite integrals
6.1 Antiderivatives. Definition. Properties
6.2 Table of indefinite integrals
6.3 Substitution Rule
6.4 Integration by parts
6.5 Integrals of rational functions
6.6 Trigonometric integrals
6.7 Rationalizing substitutions
Indefinite integrals

Rationalizing substitutions

Z p Z p
Consider R(x, a2 − x 2 )dx, R(x, x 2 + α)dx.

Expression Substitution Result

√
x = a sin t, t ∈ − π2 , π
 
a2 − x 2 2 a cos t
√ a
x = a tan t, t ∈ − π2 , π


a2 + x 2 2 cos t
√ a
, t ∈ 0, π2


x 2 − a2 x= a tan t
cos t
Indefinite integrals

Example
Evaluate the following integrals
x 3 dx
Z
15 √
Z 1 − x2
dx
16 √
2
Z xpx + 2x + 2
17 x −x 2 + 4x − 3dx

Homework: Page 80 – 82: I. 1, 5, 6, 8, 11. II. 2, 5, 6. III. 1, 2, 4,

5, 6, 11. IV. 5, 6. V. 3, 5, 6.