SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY

What are the roles of Science Technology?

1. Advancing knowledge of understanding
2. Driving economic development
3. Improving health & medicine
4. Enhancing communication and connectivity
5. Addressing environmental challenges
6. Enabling Social and Cultural Transformation

STONE AGE
Refers to a time when stone tools were predominantly used by ancient societies for various purposes
Example:
Hand axe - used to butcher animals; to dig for tubers, animals and water, to chop wood
Chopper - extracting meat and bone marrow
Scraper - used in animal hides, wood or bones.
Take the hair off the skins outer layer and remove the fatty tissue
Microliths - ‘hafted’ (attached) to a bone

Stone age
Period Paleolithic Mesolithic Neolithic
Time range Approx. 2.6 million 10,000 BCE - 8,000 BCE 8,000 BCE - 3,000 BCE
years ago to 10,000
BCE
Source of food Hunting and gathering Hunting and gathering Agriculture and animal
domestication
Settlement Nomadic lifestyle Semi-nomadic (rivers) Permanent settlements
(caves)
Tools Simple stone tools Refined stone tools Polished stone tools
Notable discoveries Control of fire fishing Agriculture and
domestication

BRONZE AGE
Characterized by the widespread use of bronze, an alloy made primarily of copper and tin.
Represents a significant advancement in metalworking technology.

Smelting - extraction of metal from ores and combining copper with tin to create bonze. (alloy)

SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION
1. Cuneiform
>First writing system
>Utilizes word pictures and triangular symbols carved on day using wedge instruments

2. Uruk City
>Considered the first true city in the world
>Build only using mud or clay mixed with reeds, producing sunbaked bricks used to make houses and
walls

3. The great Ziggurat of Ur

>Mountain of God
>In sacred places, only priests are allowed to enter
4. Irrigation and dike
>Was built to answer the increased demand for food
>Used to bring water to farmlands
>Control flooding of the rivers
>Considered one of the world’s most beneficial engineering works

5. Sailboats
>People wanted to discover faraway lands to settle
>Essential in transportation and trading

6. Wheel
>Not intended for transportation but for farm work and food processes
>Mill grains with less effort and less time

7. Plow
>Humans evolved from food gatherers to form cultivators
>Invented to dig the earth at a faster pace
>Result in the mass produce food with less effort and time

8. Road
>To facilitate faster and easier travel
>Very useful during rainy season
>Same technology with sunbaked bricks

BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION
Hanging Gardens of Babylon
-One of the seven wonders of the ancient world
-Structures that contain several layers upon layers of gardens containing different species of plants
-Built by King Nebuchadnezzar II for his wife Queen Amytis

CODE OF HAMMURABI (babylonian)

This was the first code established laws and regulations for various aspects of society, promoting
justice, fairness, and the rule of law
It served as a foundation for later legal systems and influenced the development of legal codes in
other civilizations

EPIC OF GILGAMESH
-One of the oldest surviving works of literature in the world
-This epic poem explores themes of heroism, friendship, and the search for immortality, providing
insights into ancient Babylonian culture, beliefs, and values

CIVILIZATION SUMERIAN BABYLONIAN ATHENIAN

Bronze age phase Early bronze age ( 3rd Middle to Late bronze Late bronze age (2nd
millennium BCE) age ( 2nd millennium millennium BCE)
BCE)
Source of food Agriculture (irrigation) Agriculture (trade) Agriculture , trade
(fishing)
Settlement City states (ziggurats) City states (palaces) City states (acropolis)
Tools Bronze tools (plows) Advanced Bronze tools
metalworking (weaponry)
Notable discoveries Cuneiform writing Code of Hammurabi, Democracy,
system, wheel, early advanced astronomy philosophy, theater
mathematics
EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION

1. PAPYRUS
-Before, clay tablets were used, but clay tablets were fragile, heavy, and delicate to handle.
-Papyrus was a plant that grew along the Nile River. Egyptians process the plant to produce thin
sheets. (Nile river the longest river in the world)
-Considered as the major accomplishment in record keeping and communication.

2. Ink
Made by combining soot with different chemicals to produce ink of different colors
Should withstand elements of nature so that it can preserved the record of history, culture and
codified laws.

3. Hieroglyphics
System of writing adapted from Sumerian as a result of trade
Written on the walls of pyramids and other important structures

4. Cosmetics
Invented for both health and aesthetic reasons
Egyptians wore kohl(soot/malachite mixed with mineral galena) around their eyes to prevent and
even cure eye diseases

5. Wig
Ancient Egyptian times, wigs were worn for health and wellness rather than aesthetic purposes.
To protect the shaved heads of the wealthy Egyptians from harmful rays of the sun.
Believed to be cleaner than natural hair because it prevent accumulation of head lice.

6. Water clock / Clepsydra

Utilizes gravity that affects the flow of water from one vessel to another.
Time - keeping device.
Served various purposes, including regulating work shifts, determining the length of religious rituals,
and indicating specific time intervals during the day.

IRON AGE
Characterized by advancement of metallurgy, increased urbanization, and evolving social and political
structure.

Steel
A hard, strong, gray or bluish - gray alloy of iron with carbon and usually other elements, used
extensively as a structural and fabricating material

Hittite empire
-Battle of Khadesh-
The battle of khadesh, sometimes called the first world war, featured one of the largest - ever chariot
battles
Competing hittite and egyptian interests in the region of canaan. For the egyptians, canaan was
crucial to the overall security and well-being of ancient Egypt

Persian empire
- trade and industry-
Coins became more widespread and standardized.
Adopted the used of coins from various conquered regions and facilitated their circulation within its
vast territories

ANTIQUITY PERIOD
Rise of the Greek civilization and the first scientist and philosophers were known
GREEK CIVILIZATION
(artistic civilization)
Known as the birthplace of western philosophy

1. Alarm clock
Used large complicated mechanisms to time the alarm
They made use of water (small stones to sand) that dropped into drums which sounded the alarm

2. Water mill
Considered as one of the most important contributions of the Greek civilization to the world
They only required access to rivers or flowing water where a mechanism of a large wheel with small
“buckets” of water attached to it could be installed

ROMAN CIVILIZATION
Legislation and codified laws
The roman empire was perceived to be the strongest political and social entity in the west. It was
considered to be the cradle of politics and governance during that period

1. Newspaper
The first newspaper, known as gazettes, contained announcements of the roman empire to the
people.
- Acta Diurna (translated as Daily Public Records or poetically as Daily Gazette)

2. Bound books or codex

Record keeping was much easier since paper did not easily break, was light weight, and did not
occupy much space.
The earlier covers were made of wax but were later on replaced by animal skin which proved to be
stronger and longer-lasting

3. Roman architecture
The development in the field of engineering and architecture was fully supported and funded by the
roman government so they were able to implement major projects such as large churches (cathedrals
and basilica, aqueduct coliseums, amphitheaters, and even residential houses)

4. Roman numerals
(used until now)
Devised their own number system specifically to address the need for a standard counting method
that would meet their increasing communication and trade concerns

PRE-SOCRATIC PHILOSOPHERS
They laid foundation for western philosophy by exploring fundamental questions bout the nature of
reality, the origin of the universe, and the principles that govern the natural world

1. Thales
Considered one of the first philosophers and known for his focus on the primary element of water as
the fundamental substance
2. Anaximander
Proposed that an indefinite and boundless substance called “ apeiron’ was the source of all things
3. Pythagoras
Renowned for his mathematical phytagorian theorem
4. Heraclitus
Emphasized the concept of eternal change and believed that reality is in a constant state of flux
5. Empedocles
Composed of four substances;
Earth, air, fire, and water
6. Democritus
Developed atomism

SOCRATIC PHILOSOPHERS
Ethical and metaphysical questions

1. Socrates
Known for his socratic method, a method of questioning that aimed to stimulate critical thingking and
self-examination
2. Plato
Platonic academy. Theory and coined the term element to describe these four substances. Was a
student of socrates.
3. Hippocrates
Often regarded as the Founder of medicine. He is not typically considered a socratic philosopher. Was
primarily known as a physician. He is associated with the Hippocratic Corpus, a collection of medical
writings attributed to him and his followers

CHINESE CIVILIZATION
- is considered to be the oldest civilization in Asia.
Also known as the Middle Kingdom, China is located on the far east of Asia. It was famous among
other ancient civilization because of its silk trade.

1. Silk
-naturally produced by silk worms, the chinese were the ones who developed the technology to
harvest the silk and process it to produce paper and clothing.
- the production of silk resulted in the creation of a product fro trade. The silk trade opened in China
to the outside world, making way for cultural, economic, and scientific exchanges.
- it bridged the gap between the western world and the middle kingdom.

2. Tea Production
- It was believed that the first tea was drunk by Chinese emperor.
- tea production was developed when an unknown Chinese inventor created a machine that was able
to shred tea leaves into strips.
- today, tea production developed by the ancient Chinese may have resulted in making tea as one of
the most popular beverages in the world.

3. The Great Wall of China

- it is said to be the largest and most extensive infrastructure that the nation built. It was constructed
to keep out foreign invaders and control the boarders of china.
- made with stone, brick, wood, earth, and other materials, it showcased the extent of Chinese
engineering technology at that time.

4. Gunpowder
- it was developed by Chinese alchemist who aimed to achieved immortality

MIDDLE AGES (Medieval Period)

The start of middle ages was marred by massive invasions and migrations

1. Printing press
- johannes gutenberg was able to invent the printing press
2. Microscope
- Zacharias Janssen was able to develop the first compound microscope.
3. Telescope
4. War Weapons
MODERN: RENAISSANCE PERIOD
1. Pasteurization - the process of heating dairy products to kill the harmful bacteria. (Louis Pasteur)
2. Petroleum Refinery - illuminating oil. (Samuel M. Kier)
3. Telephone - communication system (Alexander Graham Bell)
4. Calculator

PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS
- discoveries and inventions were built from indigenous materials or created to adapt to the harsh
environment

1. Salamander Amphibious Tricycle

2. Salt Lamp - filipina inventor Aisa Mijeno (Sustainable Alternative Lightning ) SALt lamp
3. Medical Incubator - to maintain conditions suitable for newborn
4. Mosquito Ovicidal/Larvicidal Trap System - (DOST- ITDI)
5. Ejeepney