Intro

Energy is the fundamental requirement of the development of every aspect of a society in the world also
to maintain the ecosystem, life and human civilization. (Jiang et al. 2014; Ozturk et al. 2017). However,
the utilization of common energy sources can cause a series of problems. Such as the fossil fuel, is not
renewable energy sources and excessive use will lead to serious problem and can accelerate global
warming such as increase of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. (Hoekman et al. 2018). Biomass
is a renewable source that has steady and abundant supply, especially those materials of by product of
agricultural activity. Every year there are 140 billion metric tons of biomass waste are generated globally.
For Both large scale and community-level biomass has potentials for enterprises. (UNEP, 2009).
Biomasses represent an energy-dense fuel with lower carbon emissions than fossil-based petroleum, it can
produce a sustainable biofuel. Biomass feedstock can transform into biofuels such as biodiesel and
bioethanol. (Xu et al., 2017).
Globally, bioethanol produced in year 2018 was 110 billion liters it was expected to increase to 140
billion liters in 2022 with compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.6% due to anticipated economic
feasibility of the process. The countries that produce more bioethanol are US, Brazil, European Union,
China, and Canada respectively they are the global powerhouses in bioethanol production. Us uses corn
as the feedstock and obtained a production capacity of ~57.7 billion liters of bioethanol while Brazil uses
sugarcane and had a total production capacity of ~27.6 billion liters. (Edeh, 2020). Philippines has 12
accredited bioethanol producers with a total production of capacity of 380.50 liters since 2018 and as of
the end of March 2020. The majority of bioethanol produced from 2007 to 2014 in the Philippines is
sugarcane due to the SRA’s mandate. (Gatdula et al. 2021). The existing food crop with starch and sugar
are necessary to produce bioethanol such as liquid bioethanol for transport fuel. Sugar and starch as
substrate have invigorated research and speculation about factors that determine the yield of these
metabolites in crop plants for bioethanol production. (Smith, 2008).
Giant swamp taro (GST), Cyrtosperma merkusii, it in freshwater marshes of tropical regions and it is an
important staple food. (Englberger et al. 2008).
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