Module 1 Psych Stat

Evolve.
Adapt.
Overcome.
CEFI is now ready.
PSYCHOLOGICAL STATISTICS
MODULE 1. INTRODUCTION
Definitions, Data, Variables & Samples
MRS. AMELIA A. JARAPA

COLLEGE OF LIBERAL ARTS, SCIENCES & EDUCATION
Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc.
Why should we study Statistics?

CASE 1
Three groups of adults with depression attend different
clinics. One group receives CBT, another psychoanalysis and
a third Rogerian therapy.
Are there significant differences in remission symptoms
and is there a difference between male and female
patients?
Why should we study Statistics?

CASE 2
Kidd and Castano (2013) found that reading novels, as
opposed to popular fiction, non-fiction and nothing at all,
improved empathy, as represented by Theory of Mind skill.
You want to try this design out with young people with
behavioral problems and see it has an effect on social skills,
attitudes and behavior.
What is Statistics?
In any organization, developing sound decisions is crucial.
Decision-makers must use all relevant information effectively.
And that is the main purpose of Statistics.
STATISTICS is an applied mathematics that deals with

collection, presentation and interpretation of data.
Typical Applications
üSummarize data related to human performance and other

metrics
üQuantify relationships between variables related to human

characteristics and other metrics
üCompare effectiveness of different methods or techniques

Key Concepts
Population is the collection of all Parameter is the characteristic of
observable characteristic of the population
objects under consideration
Eg. The average grade of
Eg. All Psychology students in CEFI Psychology students in CEFI AY
AY 2023-24 2023-24
Sample is subset of the population Statistic is the characteristic of the
sample
Eg. Considering the population
example above, one group of Eg. The average grade of the first
sample is the first year college year Psychology students in CEFI
students for AY 2023-24.
Key Concepts
Variable is characteristic or Data are the actual values of
measurement that can the variable
be determined for each
member of a population
Eg. Average grade Eg. Ages : 1.88, 2.05, 1.20, etc.

Practice
Determine what the key terms refer to in the following study.
A study was conducted at a local college to analyze the average cumulative
GPA’s of students who graduated last year. Give the letter of the phrase that best
describes each of the items below.
1. Population 2. Statistic 3. Parameter 4. Sample 5. Variable 6. Data
a) the average cumulative GPA of one student
b) 3.65, 2.80, 1.50, 3.90
c) a group of students who graduated from the college last year, randomly
selected
d) the average cumulative GPA of students who graduated from the college last
year
e) all students who graduated from the college last year
f) the average cumulative GPA of students in the study who graduated from the
college last year
Types of Variables
QUALITATIVE / CATEGORICAL
categorical in nature and cannot be measured.
eg. sex, religion, place of birth
QUANTITATIVE / NUMERICAL
Numerical in nature and can be measured
Eg. Number of customers per day, age
§ Discrete type is measured by means of counting.
eg. Number of siblings
§Continuous type is measured using a device
eg. Weight, body temperature
Measurement Scales
NOMINAL. This corresponds to categorical data of no natural
order, eg. Nationality, marital status
ORDINAL. Data that represents an ordered series of
relationships, eg. Social status, costumer preferences
INTERVAL. Continuous data that measures distances between
objects and has an arbitrary zero point, eg.
Temperature, IQ, etc.
RATIO. Continuous data similar as Interval except that there is
an absolute zero value, eg. Income, age
Sampling
Gathering information about an entire population often
costs too much or is virtually impossible, that is why we use a
sample of the population.
A sample is a part or subset of a population. It should
have the same characteristics as the population is
representing.
The process of getting a sample from the population is
known as sampling.
Types of Sampling
1. Non Probability Sampling - involves non-random selection
of individuals as sample
2. Probability Sampling – involves random selection of

individuals where every member of the population has the
chance of being chosen.
Non-Probability Sampling
This type of sampling is easier and cheaper but has
higher risk of sampling bias. That is, the inferences that can be
made for the population are weaker and limited.
Non-probability sampling techniques are usually applied
in exploratory and qualitative research which do not test
hypothesis but rather try to develop initial understanding of a
case in a small group of population.
1. Convenience Sampling
2. Voluntary response sampling
3. Purposive Sampling
4. Snowball Sampling
Convenience Sampling
A convenience sample simply includes the individuals who
happen to be most accessible to the researcher.
Voluntary Response Sampling

Similar to a convenience sample, a voluntary response
sample is mainly based on ease of access. Instead of the
researcher choosing participants and directly contacting
them, people volunteer themselves
Purposive Sampling
This type of sampling, also known as judgement sampling,
involves the researcher using their expertise to select a
sample that is most useful to the purposes of the research.
Snowball Sampling
If the population is hard to access, snowball sampling can be
used to recruit participants via other participants. The number
of people you have access to “snowballs” as you get in
contact with more people.
Probability Sampling
Probability sampling means that every member of the

population has a chance of being chosen. It is mainly used
in quantitative research. If you want to produce results that
are representative of the whole population, probability
sampling techniques are the most valid choice.
1. Simple Random Sampling
2. Systematic Random Sampling
3. Stratified Random Sampling
4. Cluster Random Sampling
Simple Random Sampling
In this sampling, every member of the population has an equal
chance of being selected. Your sampling frame should
include the whole population.
Systematic Random Sampling

is similar to simple random sampling, but it is usually slightly easier
to conduct. Every member of the population is listed with a
number, but instead of randomly generating numbers,
individuals are chosen at regular intervals.
Cluster Random Sampling
This involves dividing the population into subgroups, but each
subgroup should have similar characteristics to the whole
sample. Instead of sampling individuals from each subgroup,
you randomly select entire subgroups.
Stratified Random Sampling

This sampling involves dividing the population into
subpopulations that may differ in important ways. It allows you
draw more precise conclusions by ensuring that every
subgroup is properly represented in the sample.
Stratified Random Sampling
This sampling involves dividing the population into subpopulations that may
differ in important ways. It allows you draw more precise conclusions by
ensuring that every subgroup is properly represented in the sample. QUOTA
SAMPLING
PROGRAMS NO. OF ENROLLED % SAMPLE SIZES
Nursing 50 62.5% 31
CLASEd 20 25% 13
PT 10 12.5% 6
Total 80 100% 50
https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/sampling-methods/
Holmes, Alexander, et. al. (2018) Introductory Statistics. OpenStax.org.

Retrieved from: https://openstax.org/details/books/introductory-
business-statistics
Rene, Belecina (2016). Statistics and probability. Mania: Rex Bookstore., Inc.
References
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Evolve.

MRS. AMELIA A. JARAPA

Why should we study Statistics?

Why should we study Statistics?

STATISTICS is an applied mathematics that deals with

üSummarize data related to human performance and other

üQuantify relationships between variables related to human

üCompare effectiveness of different methods or techniques

Eg. Average grade Eg. Ages : 1.88, 2.05, 1.20, etc.

2. Probability Sampling – involves random selection of

Voluntary Response Sampling

Probability sampling means that every member of the

Systematic Random Sampling

Stratified Random Sampling

Holmes, Alexander, et. al. (2018) Introductory Statistics. OpenStax.org.

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