Nutrition

Biological molecules
Enzymes
Human Digestive System
Photosynthesis
Nutrition is taking in of materials for
energy, growth and development

organic
compound
ions
water

Plants Animals
Biological
Molecules
Carbohydrates
Contain the elements: Carbon, Hydrogen & Oxygen, Hydrogen
Major function --> provide energy
Type:
Monosaccharides (monomer) usually soluble in water :
glucose, galactose, fructose
Disaccharides (two sugar): maltose (glucose + glucose),
sucrose (glucose + fructose), lactose (glucose + galactose)
Polysaccharide (long chain of sugar) is a polymer that insoluble in
water:
> Starch: made from glucose (storage in plant),
> Glycogen: made from glucose (storage in human and animal)
> Cellulose: made from glucose (mechanical strength for plant cell
wall)
 polysaccharides

monosaccharides

disaccharides
Carbohydrates
Reaction to join monomers are called
condensation, that will produce water
Large molecule degrade by using enzyme -->
hydrolysis, that need water to do
Amylase: starch --> sugar
Cellulase: cellulose
Pectinase: to degrade pectin in food industry
Test by using:
Iodine for starch --> blue black (+), yellow (-)
Benedict (need heat) for reducing sugar -->
red brick (+), blue (-)
Proteins
Contain the elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen,
Nitrogen, some has Sulfur
Major function:
Building blocks of cells, enzymes, hormones,
antibodies, etc.
Type:
Smaller sub unit (monomer): amino acids (21)
Long chain (polymer): protein. The shape of protein
is depend on the sequence of amino acids --> this
shape need to be maintained in the cells so the
protein can work properly & specific, such as in
enzyme active site & antibody binding site
Proteins
Reaction to join monomers are called
condensation, that will produce water

Large molecule degrade by using enzyme -->

hydrolysis, that need water to do

Protease: protein --> amino acids

Test by using:
Biuret --> violet (+), blue (-)
Contain the elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
Type: Fat (solid in room temperature), oil (liquid in room temperature)
major function: storage of energy
Smaller sub unit: 3 fatty acid and glycerol
joined into fat/oil by condensation
Large molecule degrade by using enzyme --> hydrolysis
Lipase: fat/oil --> 3 fatty acid + glycerol

Lipids
Test by using:
Ethanol (emulsification test) --> white (+), transparent (-)

Lipids
 Nucleotides: DNA and RNA
Contain the elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen,
Nitrogen, Phosphorous
Type:
Monomer: base nucleotide
Polymer:
> DNA (deoxyribose nucleic acid): 2
strand coiled as double helix, each
strand contains of bases which
complementary paired and cross linked
(A=T and G=C)
> RNA (ribose nucleic acid)
 vitamins
c d
soluble in water oil

deficiency scurvy rickets

absorb calcium &

function cell maintenance phospate

DCPIP
test by (+) colourless, (-) blue
Rickets

Scurvy
 minerals

Calcium:
Function: to build up
bone & teeth; to help
blood clot
Deficiency: rickets

Iron
Function: to make
haemoglobin
Deficiency: anemia
 Roughage fiber

Found in the form of cellulose and lignin --> human unable

to digest it --> but fiber will help to keep the peristalsis
movement in the alimentary canal
Deficiency: constipation
 water

Function: solvent --> metabolic reaction only able to take

place in the presence of water
In digestion: to soften food --> easier to be swallow
In excretion: to dissolve salt & urea before excreted --> in
sweating also act as cooling agent
In transport: as medium of transportation in blood plasma,
in vascular bundler substance transported as solution
Deficiency: dehydration
 balanced diet
Contain:
All energy needed à the amount of energy in food can be
measured by using calorimeter
All the nutrient needed
This is related to age, gender, and activity
Unsuitable diet will cause malnutrition such as:
Starvation: not enough food à lead to marasmus
Kwashiorkor: not enough protein
Deficiency: not enough particular nutrient
Coronary heart disease à cholesterol/saturated fat block the
coronary artery
Obesity: eating too much à too much fat stored
 Marasmus

Kwashiorkor
enzymes
 enzyme
Are made from protein --> denatured by the change
of temperature and pH
Has specific function
Act as biological catalyst
Catalyst: a substance that increases the rate of a
chemical reaction and is not changed by the
reaction
Needed because without enzyme reaction too slow
to maintain life & increasing of temperature may
fatal for cells
Work as lock and key --> enzyme: lock; substrate: key.
The enzyme active site is complementary with the
substrate, so substrate fit with active site
 Effect of
Temperature
Too low --> kinetic energy low -
-> movement of molecule too
slow --> collision between
enzyme and substrate rate
Too high --> the form of active
site of enzyme change
(denatured) --> substrate no
longer fit
 Effect of ph
Too low and too high denatured (change of
active site’s shape) --> substrate no longer
fit (but reversible)
 catalase
→
Reactions: 2 H2O2 2 H2O + O2
(+ reaction produce bubble)
Found in: potato, liver
 enzyme function
In digestive system: amylase, lipase, protease
In detergent (Biological Washing Product): stain is usually protein -->
usually amylase & protease
Food industry:
Syrup & juice: pectinase (break down cell wall)
Lactose free milk: lactase
Yogurt: Lactobacillus --> create enzyme --> sugar --> lactic acid
Bread: Saccharomyces cerevisae --> break down sugar --> CO2 +
alcohol
Mycoprotein (single cell protein) --> made from yeast to make
vegetarian meat
Medicine: enzyme inside Penicillium --> penicillin: antibiotic
These process usually need fermenter
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
 PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Defined as the process by which plants manufacture carbohydrates from raw
materials using energy from light
Formula:

During Photosynthesis:
chlorophyll inside chloroplast trap light energy --> use it to breakdown water &
release chemical energy in molecules The energy use to convert carbon dioxide
into sugar
The sugar then use for respiration or converted into:
Starch as storage
Sucrose for transport
Protein
LEAF STRUCTURE (PG. 60 - 63)
Chloroplast present in: palisade,
spongy, guard cell
Stomata able to close & open
depend on the concentration of
water inside plant --> functioning
during gas exchange (CO2 enter
the plant cell through stomata)
Air space among spongy --> increase
surface area to transport CO2
Each structure in leaf adapted to
maximized photosynthesis
 MINERAL REQUIRE BY PLANT
Nitrate
Function: combine with sugar to
make amino acids
Deficiency: yellow leaves, weak
growth

Magnesium
Function: to make chlorophyll
Deficiency: yellowing between the
vein of leaves
PHOTOSYNTHESIS EXPERIMENT

Ingenhouse (pg 67)

PHOTOSYNTHESIS EXPERIMENT

Sachs (pg 67)

 LIMITING FACTORS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS

The presence of chlorophyll --> in variegated plant

high temperature --> enzyme will be denatured and usually its related to
dry condition that cause stomata closed
carbon dioxide --> if stomata closed --> synthesis glucose is inhibited
Light intensity --> light needed to provide energy
Human
Digestive System
 Process In Human Alimentary Canal

Assimilation
Ingestion movement of digested food
taking substances (e.g. molecules into the cells of the
food, drink) into the body where they are used,
body through the becoming part of the cells
mouth

Absorption Egestion
passing out of food that
movement of small food molecules
has not been digested or
& ions through the wall of the
absorbed, as faeces,
intestine into the blood or to lymph
through the anus
vessel
Human Alimentary Canal
Chemical & Mechanical Digestion
 Mechanical Digestion

Definition
the breakdown of food
into smaller pieces
without chemical change
to the food molecules

Help by teeth,
peristalsis movement
& reaction with bile
 Teeth
Part: pg. 80
Type (pg. 80-81)
Incisors: chisel-shaped --> chop
Canines: cone shaped --> tear and pierce
Premolars & Molars: broad crowns, has several
cusps, for molars have several roots --> grind
Tooth Decay and Prevention
Process (pg 82):
Teeth is coated with bacteria --> sugary food --
> used for respiration of bacteria and form acid
--> plaque --> decay in enamel --> decay in
dentin --> decay in pulp

Prevention:
Low sugar consumption
Toothpaste usually contain alkali, anti
bacterial and fluoride
Make regular visits to a dentist
 Chemical Digestion
Definition
the breakdown of large, insoluble molecules into small, soluble
molecules by the help of enzymes
 Gastric Jiice

Definition
Produce in stomach
Consist of : enzyme (pepsin) & hydrochloric
acid
Functions of the hydrochloric acid in gastric
juice:
to kill bacteria in food by denaturing
their enzyme
give an acid condition/low pH (optimum
pH) for pepsin
 Bile

Produce by liver --> store in gall bladder

--> work in duodenum
Function:
Mechanically: emulsify fat --> make fat
into droplets --> increase surface area
so lipase will work faster
Chemically: neutralising the acidic
mixture of food & gastric juices from
the stomach --> provide a suitable pH
for enzyme action
 Absorption
Water absorption is happened in small intestine (5-10 dm3/day) &
colon (0.3-0.5 dm3/day)
Nutrient absorption is happened in ileum (part of small intestine.
Ileum has villi to increase the surface area of absorption. Structure of
villi (pg. 85)
Inside villi:
Capillaries --> absorb: glucose & amino acid by diffusion & active
transport into blood vessel (hepatic portal vein)
Lacteal --> absorb: fatty acid & glycerol into lymph vessel
Disease example: Cholera (pg. 88)
Caused by: Vibrio cholerae(bacteria)
Infected wall of intestine & produce toxin --> causes secretion of
Cl- ions into the small intestine --> movement of water into the
gut by osmosis --> diarrhoea, dehydration & loss of salts from
blood --> Diarrhoea: the loss of watery faeces
Therapy for diarrhea: oral rehydration therapy (oralit)
Method of transmission: water and food borne
Prevention: water treatment, hygienic food preparation, good
personal health care
Thank you