c`v_©weÁvb cÖ_g I wØZxq cÎ 1

c`v_©weÁvb
cÖ_g I wØZxq cÎ
2 c`v_©weÁvb cÖ_g I wØZxq cÎ

c`v_©weÁvb cÖ_g cÎ

Aa¨vq-1 : †fŠZRMr I cwigvc (Physical World and Measurement)

 wMÖK kã fusis (dzwmm) †_‡K c`v_©weÁvb K_vwU G‡m‡Q| wMÖK fvlvq dzwmm k‡ãi A_© cÖK…wZ|
 1 †iwWqvb = 57.3 wWwMÖ|
 weÁvbx fv¯‹ivPvh© cvB () Gi gvb wbY©q K‡ib|
 Avj gvmy`x me©cÖ_g evqyK‡ji aviYv cÖ`vb K‡i|
 QvcvLvbv Avwe®‹vi K‡ib †RnvÝ ¸‡UbevM©|
 Uterine cancer wPwKrmvq e¨envi Kiv nq Cs137|
 X-iwk¥ Øviv wbDwK¬K Gwm‡Wi MVb Rvbv hvq|
 AvaywbK c`v_©weÁv‡b wZbwU ¯’vwbK gvÎvi mv‡_ PZz_©gvÎv wn‡m‡e mgq‡K we‡ePbv K‡i ¯’vb Kvj Pv`i ev space-time fabric
ejv nq|

Aa¨vq-2 : †f±i (Vector)

 †f±i †hvMR wZb iK‡gi n‡q _v‡K| h_v :
K. †hvMR ev †iLv mgvKj (Line integrals)
L. Zj †hvMR ev Zj mgvKj (Surface integrals) I
M. AvqZb †hvMR ev AvqZb mgvKj (Volume integrals)|
 mgRvZxq `ywU †f±i hw` wecixZ w`‡K wµqv K‡i Z‡e Zv‡`i‡K wem`„k †f±i e‡j|
 †MÖwW‡q›U n‡jv wewfbœ A‡ÿi mv‡c‡ÿ †Kvb †¯‹jvi dvsk‡bi Xvj|

Aa¨vq-3 : MwZwe`¨v (Dynamics)

 cÖ‡ÿcK/cÖv‡mi MwZ D`vniYÑ Mjd e‡ji MwZ, ey‡j‡Ui MwZ, wgmvB‡ji MwZ BZ¨vw`|
 f‚wgi mgvšÍiv‡j PjšÍ e¯‘i MwZi Dci AwfKl©R Z¡i‡bi cÖfve †bB|
 Amg `ªæwZ‡Z ev Amg †KŠwbK †e‡M Nyi‡Z _vK‡j ¯úk©x Z¡ib, †KŠwbK Z¡ib I †K›`ªgyLx Z¡ib me¸‡jvB _v‡K|

Aa¨vq-4 : wbDUbxq ejwe`¨v (Newtonian Mechanics)

 `ywU e¯‘ ci¯ú‡ii ms¯ú‡k© †_‡K hw` G‡Ki Ici w`‡q AciwU Pj‡Z †Póv K‡i Zvn‡j e¯‘؇qi ¯úk© Z‡j G MwZi weiæ‡×
GKUv evavi DrcwË nq, G evav‡K Nl©Y e‡j|
Nl©Y mvaviYZ Pvi cÖKv‡ii n‡q _v‡K| h_v :
K. w¯’wZ Nl©Y (Static Friction)
L. MZxq Nl©Y ev wemc©-Nl©Y (Kinetic Frictionor Sliding Friction)
 c`v_©weÁvb cÖ_g I wØZxq cÎ 3
M. AveZ© Nl©Y (Rolling Friction) Ges
N. cÖevnx Nl©Y (Fluid Friction)|
 w¯’wZ Nl©Y ¸Yv¼ : `ywU e¯‘ ci¯ú‡ii ms¯ú‡k© _vK‡j w¯’wZ Nl©‡Yi mxgvwšÍK gvb I Awfjw¤^K cÖwZwµqvi AbycvZ‡K w¯’wZ
Nl©Y ¸Yv¼ e‡j|
w¯’wZ Nl©‡Yi mxgvwšÍK gvb fs Ges Awfjw¤^K cÖwZwµqv R n‡j w¯’wZ Nl©Y ¸Yv¼ s n‡e,
fs
s = R ............................. (5.59)

ev, fs = sR
†h‡Kv‡bv `ywU Z‡ji ga¨eZ©x w¯’wZ Nl©Y ¸Yv‡¼i gvb me mgq 1-Gi †P‡q †Qv‡Uv nq|
gvÎv I GKK : GKB RvZxq `ywU ivwki AbycvZ nIqvq Nl©Y ¸Yv‡¼i †Kv‡bv gvÎv ev GKK †bB|
 Nl©Y †KvY : mxgvwšÍK Nl©‡Yi †ÿ‡Î Awfjw¤^K cÖwZwµqv Ges Nl©Y ej‡K ms‡hvRb K‡i †h jä cÖwZwµqv cvIqv hvq †mwU
Awfjw¤^K cÖwZwµqvi mv‡_ †h †KvY Drcbœ K‡i Zv‡K Nl©Y †KvY e‡j|
 Nl©Y †KvY I w¯’wZ Nl©Y ¸Yv‡¼i m¤úK© :
GLb, R = S cos λ ................................................... (4.60)
fs = S sin λ ............................................................ (4.61)
f S sin λ
Avgiv Rvwb, w¯’wZ Nl©Y ¸Yv¼ = s = Rs = S cos λ
s = tan λ ......................................................... (4.62)
A_©vr Nl©Y †Kv‡Yi Uªvb‡R›U w¯’wZ Nl©Y ¸Yv‡¼i mgvb|
 mej wbDwK¬q ej Zwor‡PŠ¤^Kxq e‡ji †P‡q cÖvq 100 ¸Y †ewk kw³kvjx|
 †K›`ªgyLx I †K›`ªwegyLx e‡ji e¨envi wn‡m‡e MÖn I DcMÖ‡ni MwZ, Nyb©vqgvb fvix hš¿cvwZ, Zi‡ji wewfbœ Nb‡Z¡i Dcv`vb
c„_K Kiv BZ¨vw` Kiv nq|
 †cÖvwUb I wbDUªb †KvqvK© bvgK KwbKv Øviv ˆZwi nq|
 `~ej
© wbDwK¬I ej Gi Rb¨ `vqx KwbKv n‡jv W+, W-, Z †evmb hv‡K †MR †evmb ejv nq|

Aa¨vq-5 : KvR, kw³ I ÿgZv (Work, Energy and Power)

 mviv wek¦e¨vcx cwigv‡ci GmAvB c×wZ cÖPjb nIqvq GLb KvR cwigvc Kiv nq †KejgvÎ Ryj (J) GK‡K| GmAvB
c×wZ cÖPj‡bi c~‡e© Kv‡Ri †ek K‡qKwU GKK cÖPwjZ wQj| †h¸‡jv GLb Avi e¨eüZ nq bv| †mB AcÖPwjZ GKK¸‡jv
n‡”Q, 1. AvM©, 2. dzU cvDÛvj, 3. MÖvg-‡mw›UwgUvi, 4. dzU-cvDÛ Ges 5. wK‡jvMÖvg-wgUvi| eZ©gv‡b cÖPwjZ Ryj GK‡K
ZLb MKS c×wZ‡Z cig GKK ejv n‡Zv|
 dzU-cvDÛvj : GdwmGm c×wZ‡Z Kv‡Ri cig GKK n‡”Q dzU cvDÛvj| 1ft-poundal = 1 poundal  1 ft = 4.2  105 erg
 MÖvg-‡mw›UwgUvi : wmwRGm c×wZ Kv‡Ri AwfKl©xq GKK n‡”Q MÖvg-‡mw›UwgUvi| 1 gm - cm = 1 gm-wt  1 cm = 980
dyne  1 cm = 980 erg
 dzU-cvDÛ : GdwmGm c×wZ Kv‡Ri AwfKl©xq GKK n‡”Q dzU-cvDÛ| 1 ft - 1b = 1 1b-wt  1 ft = 32.2 poundal  1 ft =
32.2 ft-poundal = 1.356 Joule
 wK‡jvMÖvg-wgUvi : Gg‡KGm c×wZ‡Z Kv‡Ri AwfKl©xq GKK n‡”Q wK‡jvMÖvg-wgUvi| 1 kg-m = 1 kg-wt  1 m = 9.8 N 
1 m = 9.8 Joule|
 AvaywbK c`v_©weÁvb KvR ev kw³i cwigv‡ci Rb¨ B‡jKUªb †fvë bvgK GKwU GKK e¨envi Kiv nq|
4 c`v_©weÁvb cÖ_g I wØZxq cÎ
 Nyb©‡bi †ÿ‡Î ej Øviv K…ZKvR †KŠwbK mi‡bi mgvbycvwZK|
 Mvwoi PvKv Ges dzUe‡j ˆiwLK Ges AveZ© Dfq ai‡bi MwZkw³ _v‡K|
 mej wbDwK¬q ej I `~e©j wbDwK¬q ej AmsiÿYkxj e‡ji D`vniY|

Aa¨vq-6 : gnvKl© I AwfKl© (Gravitation and Gravity)

 g½jMÖ‡n 691 w`‡b eQi nq|

 mylg wmwjÛvi ev †ejbvK…wZi `Û Gi AwfKl© †K›`ª A‡ÿi ga¨we›`y‡Z|
 e¯‘i fi‡K‡›`ª ej cÖ‡qv‡M ïaygvÎ ˆiwLK MwZcÖvß nq|
 K…ZKvR FbvZ¥K n‡j gnvKl©xq wefe me©`v FbvZ¥K|
 GKwU ¸iæfvi e¯‘ n‡Z Amxg `~i‡Z¡ gnvKl©xq wefe I cÖvej¨ DfqB k~b¨|
 gnvK©lxq wefe Gi †ÿ‡Î `~iZ¡ e„w× †c‡j gnvKl© wefe e„w× cvq|
 Avgv‡`i †`‡k †h mKj cÖvB‡fU †Uwjwfkb P¨v‡bj i‡q‡Q Giv K…wÎg DcMÖ‡ni gva¨‡g Abyôvb m¤úªPvi K‡i| ZvB G‡`i
m¨v‡UjvBU †Uwjwfkb ejv nq|

Aa¨vq-7 : c`v‡_©i MvVwbK ag© (Structural Properties of Matter)

 Aa¨vcK Ameb© †ibìm (Prof. Osborne Reynolds) me©cÖ_g cÖgvY K‡ib †h, †Kv‡bv Zi‡ji µvwšÍ‡eM wbf©i K‡i Zi‡ji
mv›`ªZv¼ (), Zi‡ji NbZ¡ () Ges †h bj w`‡q Zij cÖevwnZ n‡”Q Zvi e¨vmv‡a©i (r) Ici| wZwb wnmve K‡i †`Lvb †h,

µvwšÍ‡eM, vc   r

ev, Vc = Re =  r
GLv‡b, Re = †ibìm-Gi msL¨v = GKwU aªæeK| G aªæe‡Ki gv‡bi Ici wbf©i K‡i Zi‡ji cÖevn aviv‡iL cÖevn n‡e bv
wewÿß cÖevn n‡e| Re < 2000 n‡j A_©vr †ibìm-Gi mL¨v 2000 Gi Kg n‡j Zij cÖevn aviv‡iL cÖevn n‡e| Avi Re Gi
gvb 2000 †_‡K 3000 Gi g‡a¨ n‡j eyS‡Z n‡e Zij cÖevn aviv‡iL †_‡K wewÿß cÖev‡n iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡”Q| Re GK gvb
3000 Gi Ic‡i n‡j cÖevn cy‡ivcywi wewÿß cÖev‡n cwiYZ n‡e|
 AvqwbK eÜbhy³ †Kjv‡mi ˆewkó¨ n‡jv : 1. †ik k³, 2. MjvsK I ùzUbvsK †ewk, 3. mvaviY `„k¨gvb Av‡jv‡K Giv ¯^”Q,
4. Zwor cwievwnZv Kg|
 f¨vÛviIqvjm eÜb Øviv AvbweK KwVb c`v_© ˆZwi nq †h¸‡jv mvaviYZ big Ges wb¤œ MjbvsKwewkó n‡q _v‡K|
 †ewkifvM avZe c`v‡_©i †ÿ‡Î cqm‡bi Abycv‡Zi gvb 0.3 nq|
 aviv‡iLxq MV‡bi D`vniY n‡jv : gv‡Qi †`n, Giv‡cøb, †RU †cøb, ey‡jU †cøb, †iwms †gvUi Mvwo|
 ˆKwkK b‡j †Kvb Zi‡ji Awa‡ÿcb A_ev Ae‡ÿcb b‡ji e¨vmv‡a©i e¨¯ÍvbycvwZK| GwU‡K Rywi‡bi m~Î ejv nq|
 c`v_©weÁvb cÖ_g I wØZxq cÎ 5

Aa¨vq-8 : ch©ve„wËK MwZ (Periodic Motion)

 ch©vqe„Ë MwZm¤úbœ Kbvi MwZc_ mij‰iwLK, e„ËvKvi, Dce„ËvKvi, RwUjI n‡Z cv‡i|
 mij Qw›`Z MwZi †ÿ‡Î mib-mgq †jLwPÎ sin m`„k nq, †eM-mgq †jLwPÎ cos m`„k nq, L-T2 †jLwPÎ g~jwe›`yMvgx
GKwU mij‡iLv nq|
 cvwicvwk¦©K 1g m~ÎwU M¨vwjwjI 1582 mv‡j Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| 1g m~ÎwU‡K mgKvj m~Î ejv nq|
 †`vjK‡K cvi` Øviv Aa©c~Y© Kiv n‡j fvi‡K›`ª wb‡P †b‡g Avmvq Kvh©Kix ˆ`N©¨ †e‡o hvq Ges †`vjbKvj †e‡o hv‡e|
 mij Qw›`Z ¯ú›`‡bi we¯Ívi e„ËvKvi MwZi †ÿ‡Î e„‡Ëi e¨vmv‡a©i mgvb n‡e|
Aa¨vq-9 : Zi½ (Waves)

 ARvbv K¤úv‡¼i myikjvKvq †gvg jvMv‡j hw` weU msL¨v ev‡o Zvn‡j ARvbv K¤úv¼ Rvbv K¤úv‡¼i †P‡q †Qv‡Uv n‡e Avi
hw` weU msL¨v K‡g Zvn‡j ARvbv K¤úv¼ Rvbv K¤úv‡¼i †P‡q e‡ov n‡e|
 1. †h myikjvKvi evûi fi evov‡j A_©vr hvi K¤úv¼ Kgv‡j weU ev‡o (A_©vr K¤úv‡¼i cv_©K¨ ev‡o) Zvi K¤úv¼ Ab¨wUi
†P‡q Kg|
2. †h myikjvKvi evûi fi evov‡j A_©vr hvi K¤úv¼ Kgv‡j weU K‡g (A_©vr K¤úv‡¼i cv_©K¨ K‡g) Zvi K¤úv¼ Ab¨wUi
†P‡q †ewk|
3. †h myikjvKvi evûi fi Kgv‡j A_©vr hvi K¤úv¼ evov‡j weU ev‡o (A_©vr K¤úv‡¼i cv_©K¨ ev‡o) Zvi K¤úv¼ Ab¨wUi
†P‡q †ewk|
4. †h myikjvKvi evûi fi Kgv‡j A_©vr hvi K¤úv¼ evov‡j weU K‡g (A_©vr K¤úv‡¼i cv_©K¨ K‡g) Zvi K¤úv¼ Ab¨wUi
†P‡q Kg|
 KzBK b‡ji mvnv‡h¨ k‡ãi †eMwbY©q Kiv hvq|
 w¯’i Zi‡½i cÖwZdwjZ I g~j Zi‡½i cÖK…wZ Awfbœ n‡jI `kv ˆelg¨ 1800|
 me‡P‡q mij ¯^iMÖvg WvqvUwbK ¯^iMÖvg|
 ciek K¤úb : Av‡ivwcZ K¤ú‡bi d‡j e¯‘ ¯^vfvweK K¤ú‡bi cwie‡Z© Av‡ivwcZ K¤ú‡bi K¤úvsK ¯úw›`Z nIqvi NUbv‡K
ciek K¤úb e‡j| †hgb : Zvbcyiv, †mZvi, †envjv, wMUvi, Zxeª f‚wgK‡¤ú Nievwo †f‡½ hvIqv ciek K¤ú‡bi djvdj|
 †Kv‡bv GKwU e¯‘i ¯^vfvweK ch©vqKvj hw` Gi Dci Av‡ivwcZ ch©vqKv‡ji mgvb nq, ZLb e¯‘wUi K¤ú‡b Abybv` nq|

Aa¨vq-10 : Av`k© M¨vm I M¨v‡mi MwZZË¡ (Ideal Gas and Kinetics of Gases)

 cig ïb¨ ZvcgvÎvi wb‡P M¨v‡mi AvqZb FbvZ¥K nq weavq gnvwe‡k¦ †Kvb wKQziB ZvcgvÎv -273 wWwMÖ †mjwmqvm Gi Kg
n‡Z cv‡i bv|
 evqy -184 wWwMÖ †mjwmqvm G Zi‡j cwiYZ nq|
 nvB‡Wªv‡Rb -269 wWwMÖ †mjwmqvm ZvcgvÎvq Zi‡j cwiYZ nq|
 cÖgvY ZvcgvÎv I Pv‡c cÖwZ NbwgUvi M¨v‡m 2.9  1025 wU Aby _v‡K|
 cvwbi msKU ZvcgvÎvi gvb 374 wWwMÖ †mjwmqvm A_©vr 374 wWwMÖ †mjwmqvm ch©šÍ cvwb Zij Ae¯’vq _vK‡Z cv‡i|
 Rjxq ev‡®úi msKU ZvcgvÎv 361 wWwMÖ †mjwmqvm|
6 c`v_©weÁvb cÖ_g I wØZxq cÎ

c`v_©weÁvb 2q cÎ
Aa¨vq-1 : ZvcMwZwe`¨v (Thermodynamics)
 wK¬wbK¨vj ev Wv³vwi _v‡g©vwgUvi|
 GwU GKwU AZ¨šÍ my‡e`x Pig cvi` _v‡g©vwgUvi| gvbe‡`‡ni ZvcgvÎv ev R¡i gvcvi Rb¨ wPwKrm‡Kiv GwU e¨envi K‡ib
e‡j G‡K wK¬wbK¨vj ev Wv³vwi _v‡g©vwgUvi ejv nq| GwU mvaviYZ dv‡ibnvBU †¯‹‡j `vMvw¼Z _v‡K| gvbe‡`‡ni ZvcgvÎv
950 F †_‡K 1100 F Gi g‡a¨ _v‡K e‡j G _v‡g©vwgUv‡ii Mv‡q mvaviYZ 950 F †_‡K 1100 F ch©šÍ `vMKvUv _v‡K| G
_v‡g©vwgUvi gvbe‡`‡ni m‡e©v”P ZvcgvÎv wb‡`©k Ki‡Z cv‡i e‡j G‡K Pig _v‡g©vwgUvi (Maximum Thermometer) e‡j|
 ZvcMwZwe`¨vi k~b¨Zg m~‡Îi Dci wfwË K‡i weÁvbx Avi. GBP. dvIjvi _v‡g©vwgUvi Avwe®‹vi K‡ib|
 -40 wWwMÖ †mjwmqvm Ges -40 wWwMÖ dv‡ibnvBU G †mjwmqvm Ges dv‡ibnvBU †¯‹‡j GKB cvV cvIqv hv‡e|
 ZvcMZxq wm‡÷‡g m‡gvò cwieZ©b G K…ZKv‡Ri cwigvY m‡e©v”P nq|
 mKj M¨v‡mi †ÿ‡Î Mvgv Gi gvb 1 †_‡K eo nq|
 †iwd«Rv‡iU‡ii cÖ_g bj KzÐjx‡K ev®úxfeb KzÐjx ejv nq|
 †iwd«Rv‡iU‡ii wØZxq bj KzÐjx‡K Nbxfeb KzÐjx ejv nq|

Aa¨vq-2 : w¯’iZwor (Static Electricity)

 600 BC †Z wMÖK `vk©wbK †_wjm jÿ¨ K‡ib †h, A¨v¤^vi ev †mv‡jgvwb cv_i ïKbv †ikwg Kvco Øviv Nl‡j A¨v¤^v‡i
GKcÖKvi kw³i Avwef©ve N‡U Ges †QvU †QvU KvM‡Ri UzKiv‡K AvKl©Y K‡i|
 †Kvb e¯‘‡K 3 fv‡M PvwR©Z Kiv m¤¢e : Nl©Y, Av‡ek Ges cwienb|
 PvwR©Z e¯‘i Pv‡R©i gvb LyeB ÿz`ª n‡j Zv‡K ciL PvR© ejv nq|
 mylg Zwor †ÿ‡Îi mKj we›`y‡Z Zwor cÖve‡j¨i gvb I w`K mgvb|
 cwj÷vwib Gi WvBB‡jw±ªK aªæeK 2.6, cvB‡i· Gi WvBB‡jw±ªK aªæeK 4.7|
 wMÖK fvlvq A¨v¤^vi Gi Aci bvg B‡jKUªb|

Aa¨vq-3 : PjZwor (Current Electricity)

 4.2 k ZvcgvÎvi wb‡P cvi` AwZcwievwnZv cÖ`k©b K‡i|
 bvB‡µvg I g¨vsMvwbR Gi ZvcgvÎvi cwieZ©b G †iv‡ai LyeB Kg cwieZ©b N‡U|
 wgUvi weªR G wZbwU Zvgvi cvZ e¨envi Kiv n‡q _v‡K|

Aa¨vq-4 : Zwor cÖev‡ni †PŠ¤^K wµqv I Pz¤^KZ¡

(Magnetic Effect of Electric Current and Magnetism)
 ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ †KvY Drcbœ K‡i hw` `ywU we`y¨r cÖev‡ni GKwU †Q` we›`y n‡Z `~‡ii w`‡K cÖevwnZ nq Z‡e Zviv G‡K
Ac‡ii weKl©Y Ki‡e|
 †PŠ¤^K ZxeªZvi cyivZb GKK I‡qi‡÷W, 1 I‡qe‡÷W = 80 A/m|
 †PŠ¤^K MÖvnxZv : GwU GKwU †¯‹jvi ivwk| Gi †Kvb GKK †bB|
 XvKvi f‚-‡PŠ¤^K †ÿ‡Îi Abyf‚wgK Dcvsk, B = 34  10 -6 T|
 c`v_©weÁvb cÖ_g I wØZxq cÎ 7
 Co Gi Kzixwe›`y : 11000C|
 Fe Gi Kzixwe›`y : 7700C|
 Ni Gi Kzixwe›`y : 4000C|

Aa¨vq-5 : Zwor †PŠ¤^Kxq Av‡ek I cwieZ©x cÖevn

(Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Current)

 c`v_©weÁv‡b wZbwU Av‡ek Av‡QÑ

K. †PŠ¤^Kwe`¨vq †PŠ¤^Kxq Av‡ek
L. w¯’i Zwo‡Z w¯’i Zwor Av‡ek Ges
M. Pj Zwo‡Z Zwor †PŠ¤^Kxq Av‡ek|
 UªvÝdigv‡ii gyL¨ KzÐjx wW.wm. Dr‡mi cwie‡Z© G.wm Dr‡mi mv‡_ hy³ Kiv nq|
 evsjv‡`‡k e¨eüZ G.wm. Kv‡i‡›Ui mvcøvB †fv‡ëR 220 V, K¤úv¼ 50 Hz, ch©vqKvj 0.02 sec|
 evmvevwo‡Z mieivnK…Z †fv‡ë‡Ri gvb 220 V|

Aa¨vq-6 : R¨vwgwZK Av‡jvKweÁvb (Geometrical Optics)

 dvg©v‡Ui bxwZi cÖ‡qvM :
K. Av‡jvi cÖwZdj‡bi m~ÎØq cÖwZcv`b
L. Av‡jvi cÖwZmi‡Yi m~ÎØq cÖwZcv`b
M. Av‡jvi mij ˆiwLK MwZi cÖgvY|
 evqy mv‡c‡ÿ cvwbi cÖwZmiv¼ 1.33|
 evqy mv‡cÿ Kv‡Pi cÖwZmiv¼ 1.5|
 cÖwZmiv¼ AvcZb †Kv‡Yi Dci wbf©i K‡i bv; ïaygvÎ gva¨g؇qi cÖK…wZ I Av‡jvi i‡Oi Dci wbf©i K‡i|
 wMømvwi‡bi cÖwZmiv¼ 1.466|
 AYyexÿY hš¿, `~iexÿY evB‡bvKzjvi, †cwi‡¯‹vc BZ¨vw` `„wó mnvqK hš¿|
Aa¨vq-7 : †fŠZ Av‡jvKweÁvb (Physical Optics)

 B_vi GKwU Awew”Qbœ gva¨g hvi w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv A‡bK †ewk Z‡e NbZ¡ Kg|
 Zwor †PŠ¤^Kxq wewKi‡Yi ZxeªZv `~i‡Z¡i e‡M©i e¨¯Ívbycv‡Z n«vm cvq|
 †PvivPvjvb wb‡iv‡a, avZe h‡š¿i dvUj kbv³Ki‡Y, fv½v nv‡oi Qwe Zzj‡Z BZ¨vw` Kv‡R G· †i e¨envi Kiv nq|
 Ae‡jvwnZ wewKiY cÖwZdjb Ges cÖwZmi‡Yi m~Î †g‡b P‡j Ges e¨wZPvi I mgeZ©b N‡U|
 GK¸”Q Awfmvix ev Acmvix Av‡jvKiwk¥i Zi½gyL †Mvjxq Ges mgvšÍivj Av‡jvKiwk¥i Zi½gyL mgZj|
 Bqs Gi wØwPo cixÿv Av‡jvi Zi½ ZË¡‡K mg_©b K‡i|
 †d«‡b‡ji AceZ©b Gi †ÿ‡Î Zi½gyL mvaviYZ †MvjKxq ev †Pv½vK…wZ n‡q _v‡K|
8 c`v_©weÁvb cÖ_g I wØZxq cÎ
Aa¨vq-8 : AvaywbK c`v_©weÁv‡bi m~Pbv (Introduction to Modern Physics)
 gvB‡Kjmb gwj© e¨wZPvi cwigvcK hš¿ Avwe®‹vi K‡ib|
 `~ej
© wbDwK¬q e‡ji cvjøv 10-16 –10–18 m|
 nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy‡Z †cÖvUb Ges B‡jKUªb Gi g‡a¨ gnvKl© ej 3.6  10–47 N|
 cøvwUbvg Zvi Dci AvcwZZ Av‡jv‡Ki 98% †kvlY K‡i|
 †÷dvb e‡jb, †Kvb K…òe¯‘i c„ô‡‡`‡ki GKK †ÿÎdj n‡Z GKK mg‡q †h cwigvY kw³ wewKwiZ nq Zv e¯‘wUi †Kjwfb
ZvcgvÎvi PZz_© Nv‡Zi mgvbycvwZK|
 G·‡i Drcv`b Gi g~jbxwZ d‡UvB‡jKwUªK wµqvi wecixZ bxwZ|
 KzjxR bj c×wZ‡Z 50000 – 100000V wefe cv_©K¨ e¨envi Kiv nq|
 G· †i Øviv cwicvK bvwj w`‡q Lv`¨e¯‘i Mgb AYymiY Kiv m¤¢e nq|

Aa¨vq-9 : cigvYyi g‡Wj I wbDwK¬qvi c`v_©weÁvb

(Atom Model and Nuclear Physics)
 mKj cigvYy‡ZB B‡jKUªb i‡q‡Q GB cÖgvY †g‡j K¨v‡_vW iwk¥ I d‡UvB‡jKwUªK cixÿvi gva¨‡g|
 weUv iwk¥ eY©vjx †_‡K Rvbv hvq, wbDwK¬qvm G wbDwUª‡bv i‡q‡Q hv GKwU PvR© wbi‡cÿ finxb KYv|
 GKwU wbDUª‡bi Aa©vqy 10.6 minute|
 Avjdv KYv Øviv A¨vjywgwbqvg‡K AvNvZ Ki‡j †ZRw¯Œq dmdivm ˆZwi nq|
 BD‡iwbqvg Gi Aa©vqy 450 †KvwU eQi|
 cÖwZ wdk‡b 2.47 wbDUªb gy³ nq|
 B‡jKUªb Gi f‡ii †P‡q †gmb KwbKvi fi cÖvq 140 ¸Y †ewk|

Aa¨vq-10 : †mwgKÛvKUi I B‡jKUªwbKm (Semiconductor and Electronics)

 cwievwni †ÿ‡Î †iv‡ai DòZv mnM abvZ¥K Ges Aa©cwievwn I AšÍiK Gi †ÿ‡Î FYvZ¥K|
 n-type I p-type e¯‘Z c‡ÿ Zwor wbi‡cÿ|
 wmwjKb Wv‡qv‡Wi †ÿ‡Î b~¨bZg 0.7V bv n‡j Ges Rv‡g©wbqvg Gi †ÿ‡Î by¨bZg 0.3V bv n‡j we`y¨r mÂvjb ïiæ nq bv,
G‡K myPb †fv‡ëR ev bx †fv‡ëR e‡j|
 †mŠi †Kvl GKwU p-n Rvskb hvwš¿K e¨e¯’v|
 †mŠi †Kvl Av‡jvK MÖvnK hš¿ wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| GQvovI wi‡j cÖwµqvq `ªæZ MwZm¤úbœ MbK wn‡m‡e Ges K…wÎg DcMÖ‡n
we`y¨r kw³ mieivn Kivi Kv‡R e¨envi Kiv nq|
Aa¨vq-11 : †R¨vwZwe©Ávb (Astronomy)
 c„w_exi mv‡c‡ÿ bÿθ‡jvi Mo‡eM 30km/s|
 k~b¨ gva¨‡g 1AU = 1.5  10 8 km ev 1.496  10 8 km|
 1 light year = 9.46  10 12 km; 1pc = 3.2 light year; 1 MPc = 3.084  1019 km|
 1054 mv‡j Pxbv †R¨vwZwe©`iv mycvi‡bvfv we‡ùviY cÖZ¨ÿ K‡ib| G mycvi †bvfvi D¾¡j¨ GZ †ewk wQ‡jv †h, K‡qKw`b
ch©šÍ Zv w`‡bi †ejv‡ZI `„wó‡MvPi n‡qwQ‡jv| Zuviv ZLb G‡K ÒAwZw_ ZvivÓ wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ K‡iwQ‡jb|
 gnvwe‡k¦i Aw¯Íg cwiYwZ welqK ZË¡-gnv ms‡KvPb, wewKiY, gnvwngvqb|