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Review for Qmms - Quantitative, Methods, History of Data

and Descriptive Statistics
BS Information Technology (Laguna State Polytechnic University)

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QUANTITATIVE METHODS INCLUDING

MODELLING AND SIMULATION

QUANTITATIVE
It relates to measuring, or measured by the quantity of something rather than its
quality.

METHODS
A particular form of procedure for accomplishing or approaching of something,
especially a systematic or established one.

QUANTITATIVE METHODS
Emphasize objective measurements and statistical, mathematical or numerical analysis
or data collected through polls, questionnaires and surveys, or manipulating pre-
existing statistical data using computational techniques.

MODELLING
A standard or example for imitation or comparison a representation, generally in
miniature, to show the construction or appearance of something.

SIMULATION
A model of a real activity, created for training purposes or to solve a problem.

MODELLING AND SIMULATION

The process of representing a model which includes its construction and working.

 Model is similar to a real system, which helps the analyst predict the effect of
changes to the system.
 Simulation of the system is the operation of a model in terms of time or space,
which helps analyze the performance of an existing or a proposed system.

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History of Data

ANCIENT WORLD
 19,000BC – The ISHANGO Bone was notched baboon bone tool dating from that
year. The ISHANGO Bone represent an incredibly early instance of data collection
and storage.
o The bone scratches could be the first documented record of humans
logging numerical information for later use.
 Third Millenia BC – writing started to evolve and with the help of libraries. This
collection and curation of written work, arguably, represent an early form of mass
data storage.
 1600s: Early Interpretations – the DATA first saw English use,
 from Latin word ‘DATA’ mean a fact given or granted
 John Graunt – conducted one of the earliest recorded instance of data analysis in
1663.
o Studied the death records kept by London parishes.
 Herman Hollerith – 1880, was the man to solve the problem with his brainchild
the Hollerith desk.
o Hollerith machine harnessed the power of punch cards
 Joseph Jacquard – 1801, collect data represented ad holes in cards, the machine
could find the hole which could complete a circuit.
 Fritz Pfleumer – 1928, invented magnetic tape for recording purposes. Or simply
a way of collected and store data magnetically.
 Dr. Joseph Carl Robnet Licklider – 1960s, envisioned and “Intergalactic Computer
Network” where data and programs could be accessed by anyone, anywhere at
any time.
 Edgar F. Codd – 1970, presented a framework for a “relation model” of database
management or simple DATA MANAGEMENT that we are using today as a
framework.

The Internet
 Tim Berners Lee - 1990 the event in the history of data is the invention of the
internet. Lee created hyperlinks and hypertext, enabling data sharing worldwide.
I wasn’t long until the first instance of all web-based storage, launched by AT & T.
 1997 – which saw the launch of GOOGLE Search. This put data very much in the
hands f anyone with computer access.

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 As years and years goes by 2.5 quintillion bytes is increasing every day with the
use of internet.
 Data is a part of the fabric of life and society and been for a long time ago.

Descriptive Statistics
 Statistics is concerned with the describing, interpretation and analyzing of
data.
 It is, therefore, an essential element in any improvement process.
 Statistics is often categorized into descriptive and inferential statistics.
 It uses analytical methods which provide the math to model and predict
variation.
 It uses graphical methods to help making numbers visible for communication
purposes.

WHY DO WE NEED STATISTICS

 To find why a process behaves the way it does.
 To find why it produces defective goods or services.
 To center our processes on ‘Target’.
 To check the accuracy and exactness of the process.
 To prevent problems caused by assignable causes of variation.
 To reduce variability and improve process capability.
 To know the truth about the real world.
 Methods of describing the characteristics of a data set.
 Useful because they allow you to make sense of the data.
 Helps exploring and making conclusions about the data in order to make rational
decisions.
 Includes calculating things such as the average of the data, its spread and the
shape it produces.
 Descriptive statistics involves describing, summarizing and organizing the data
so it can be easily understood.
 Graphical displays are often used along with the quantitative measures to enable
clarity of communication.

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 When analyzing a graphical display, you can draw conclusions based on several
characteristics of the graph.
 You may ask questions such ask:
o Where is the approximate middle, or center, of the graph?
o How spread out are the data values on the graph?
o What is the overall shape of the graph?
o Does it have any interesting patterns?

Outliers
 An observation that lies outside the overall pattern of a distribution.
 The presence of an outlier indicates some sort of problem.
 It is useful when analyzing data to identify outliers.
 They may affect the calculation of descriptive statistics.
 Outliers can occur in any given data set and in any distribution.
 The easiest way to detect them is by graphing the data or using graphical
methods such as:
o Histograms.
o Boxplots.
o Normal probability plots.

MEASURES TO DESCRIBE A DATA SET

 Measures of position (also referred to as central tendency or location measures).
 Measures of spread (also referred to as variability or dispersion measures).
 Measures of shape.
 If assignable causes of variation are affecting the process, we will see changes in:
o Position.
o Spread.
o Shape.
o Any combination of the three.

MEAN
 The total of all the values divided by the size of the data set.
 It is the most commonly used statistic of position.
 It is easy to understand and calculate.

MEDIAN
 The middle value where exactly half of the data values are above it and half are
below it.
 Less widely used.
 A useful statistic due to its robustness.

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 Ensure that the values are ordered before calculation.

MODE
 The value that occurs the most often in a data set.
 It is rarely used as a central tendency measure.

MEASURES OF SPREAD
 The Spread refers to how the data deviates from the position measure.
 It gives an indication of the amount of variation in the process.
o An important indicator of quality.
o Used to control process variability and improve quality.
 All manufacturing and transactional processes are variable to some degree.
 There are different statistics by which we can describe the spread of a data set:
o Range.
o Standard deviation.

RANGE
 The difference between the highest(H) and the lowest(L) values.

 The simplest measure of variability.

 Often denoted by ‘R’.
 It is good enough in many practical cases.
 It does not make full use of the available data.
 It can be misleading when the data is skewed or in the presence of outliers.
 Just one outlier will increase the range dramatically.

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