1.

1 List the benefits of checking bio compatibility

Biocompatibility checking used to indicate that a material will perform appropriately without
inducing a reaction in a living tissue or cell.
It is used to ensure the following properties
1. Cytotoxicity – Does the material cause a negative effect on body cells, such as cell death or
inhibition of cell growth?
2. Sensitization – Does the material cause a level of discomfort on contact?
3. Irritation – Does the material cause visible irritation, including redness, itchiness, or swelling
of the surrounding skin or membrane?
4. Intracutaneous Reactivity – Does the material cause a localized reaction from the
surrounding tissues?
5. Acute Systemic Toxicity – Does the material cause an immune response from the
surrounding tissues or body systems upon application?
6. Subacute/Sub-chronic Toxicity – Does the material cause an immune response from the
surrounding tissues or body systems for an extended period of time?
7. Genotoxicity – Does the material cause any gene mutation changes?
8. Implantation – Does the material cause any pathological effects on living tissues, such as
inducing an internal immune response?
9. Hemocompatibility – Does the material have any effect on blood or alter blood components?

1.2 How the body temperature are measured using sensor?

Body temperature is usually captured by means of thermal sensors placed in direct contact with
skin. Skin temperature is strongly dependent on the body site and it is sensitive to local
increasing of blood circulation. Reference body temperature indeed, should be internal. Often
skin contact with thermal sensors could be difficult and obtrusive, therefore radiant technology
is preferred. The state of the art on radiant thermal sensors covers several high-potential
commercial products.
1.3 What is the purpose of measuring Galvanic Skin Response?
Measurement of the electrical body response is the Galvanic Skin Response (GSR), used as
significant parameters in the field of neuroscience. It is a part of the whole Electro Dermal
Response (EDR), which is also constituted of the measure of skin potentials. EDR is associated
with sweat gland activity
There are two major measures of the electrodermal response. The first, involving the
measurement of resistance or conductance between two electrodes placed in the palmar region. It
is possible also to detect voltages between these electrodes; these potential waveforms appear to
be similar to the passive resistance changes.
1.4 Give notes on chemical sensors.
Non-invasive biosensors for the detection of stress markers (such as lactate in sweat) and wound
healing (focussing on pH and infection markers detection) are called chemical markers or
sensors
The sensing principle is based on responsive hydrogels that shrink or swell in presence of the
target marker to be detected. The hydrogels are sensitive to pH changes or they can be
functionalized to the target molecule by incorporating specific enzymes.
The ideal chemical sensor is an inexpensive, portable, foolproof device that responds with
perfect and instantaneous selectivity to a particular target chemical substance (analyte) present in
any desired medium in order to produce a measurable signal output at any required analyte
concentration.

2.1 What is meant by BSN?

Sensor-based platforms for human action recognition done by wearing several small sensors with
embedded processors and radios, these sensors form a body sensor network (BSN)
Although BSNs have the potential to enable many useful applications such as limited processing
power, storage and energy make efficient use of these systems crucial.

Demerit
Moreover, user comfort is a major issue, which can cause patients to become frustrated and stop
wearing the sensor nodes.

2.2 Write notes on compatibility graph

A compatibility graph is a powerful model that representns capability of a sensor node in
discriminating between movements. The amount of knowledge presented by each node
determines the node’s ability in action recognition.

2.3 How classifier accuracy is calculated?

Classifier Accuracy
Classification accuracy exhibits how confident 25 movements can be recognized. Therefore,
accuracy can be defined as follows:

Where TP is the number of true positive samples, TN represents the number of true negative
samples and N is the total number of test points
2.4 What are the guidelines for Wearability in form language?
Design for the human body also requires a humanistic form language. This works with the
dynamic human form to ensure a comfortable, stable fit. Humanistic form language includes
forming a concavity on the inside surface touching the body, to accept human convexities. On
the outside surface, convexity will deflect objects in the environment thereby avoiding bumps
and snags. Tapering of the form’s sides will stabilize the form on the body. Reducing all edges
and corners creates a safe, soft and wearable form. These steps are illustrated below, taking a
simple block to a wearable form. The humanistic form language not only makes forms wearable,
it adds structural ruggedness which is crucial in an active environment.

3.1 Define Convection

The movement caused within a fluid by the tendency of hotter and therefore less dense material
to rise, and colder, denser material to sink under the influence of gravity, which consequently
results in transfer of heat. Convection is one of the modes of thermal transfer. A gas or a fluid
becomes less dense when it is heated. It then has a tendency to rise, and float on top of the more
dense, colder regions.

3.2 What are the characteristics has to be followed by a system integrated with cloths?
A system integrated in a piece of clothing must be thin, lightweight, and should
sustain repeated laundry and pressing it must be waterproof, either bendable under load or rigid,
and sustain high temperatures.

3.3 What do you meant by energy scavenger?

An energy harvester (also called an energy scavenger) is a relatively small power generator that
does not require fossil fuel. Instead, it uses energy available in the ambient, such as an
electromagnetic energy, vibrations, a wind, a water flow, and a thermal energy.

3.4 What are the two components of thermal resistance?

To understand importance of the thermal resistance of the body for designing a TEG, can divide
the thermal resistance into two components. The first one, Rc-r, denotes the thermal resistance
between the body core and the arterial blood in the wrist. The second component, Rr-TEG,
denotes the thermal resistance between the arterial blood and the hot plate of the TEG.

4.1 Define BAN.

A body area network (BAN) is a network consisting of a heterogeneous set of nodes that can
sense, actuate, compute, and communicate with each other through a multihop wireless channel.
A BAN collects, processes, and stores physiological (such as electrocardiogram (ECG) and
blood pressure), activity (such as walking, running, and sleeping), and environmental (such as
ambient temperature, humidity, and presence of allergens) parameters from the host’s body and
its immediate surroundings; and can even actuate treatment (such as drug delivery), on the basis
of the data collected.

4.2 List out the applications of Body Area Network

BANs are used for a variety of applications including patient monitoring, sports monitoring,
entertainment, and medical actuation.
Ex: Physiological monitoring, The infusion-pump control system
4.3 What do you meant by overcharge tolerance?
Overcharge tolerance. Batteries charged without using the control circuitry can be subject to
overcharge. Poles can get reversed if batteries are overcharged. Typically three levels of
overcharge tolerance are reported – low, medium, and high.

4.4 Write about PHMS

Pervasive healthcare can play a major role in providing continuous care to patients, thereby
altering the traditional care-delivery model into one that provides healthcare facilities to
individuals anywhere and at any time. It uses large scale deployment of sensing and
communication (wired and wireless) technologies to monitor patients continuously. This allows
it to deliver accurate health information to caregivers, thereby stimulating timely diagnosis and
treatment for health problems.

5.1 How wearable systems are used in medical diagnostics?

The main objective is to develop a wearable light device able to measure specific vital signs of
the elder or ill person, to detect falls and to communicate autonomously in real time with his/ her
caregiver in case of an emergency,

5.2 What is meant by smart fabrics?

The term “smart fabrics” relates to the behavior of the fibre, the yarn and the fabric itself: it has
to do with the first three links of the value chain. Adding “smartness” at this level means
modifying the reactivity of the material and even making some of this material part of a
“programmed” machine, a microprocessor or a network of microprocessors.

5.3 List out the applications of Wearable systems.

Medical Diagnostics/Monitoring
Ex: Holter type monitoring systems
Smart Fabrics
Ex: Smart Textile
Aero Space
Ex: BioSuitTM: Inspired Technology Roadmap for Space
and Earth Applications
Sports Analysis
Ex: physical fitness testing
5.4 What are the three types of measurements used in sports application?
1. Physiological measurements, which are related to the response of the body to the demand of
the physical exertion during training and competition.
2. Performance measurements, which are related to the outcome of the effort made by the
sportsman/sportswoman, such as velocity, altitude, distance and many other parameters.
3. Biomechanical measurements, which are focused on the measure of movements of parts of the
body, and are usually related to the study of the way to achieve optimal outcomes.