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Mehanics For Engineering Lab Record (1) by GK Sir
Mehanics For Engineering Lab Record (1) by GK Sir
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CENTURION UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
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INDEX
Sl. Page Faculty
Date Name of the Experiment Remark
No. No. Signature
3 Angle of repose.
Verification of conservation of
6 momentum in collision.
School: …………………………………………… Campus: ……………………………..
Academic Year: ………… Subject Name: ………………………Subject Code: …………..
Semester: …… Program: ………………Branch: …………… Specialization:……………...
Date ……………….
SKETCH
THEORY
If two vectors acting simultaneously on a particle are represented in magnitude and direction by the two
adjacent sides of a parallelogram drawn from a point, then their resultant is completely represented in
magnitude and direction by the diagonal of that parallelogram drawn from the common point. Let two
vectors P and Q act simultaneously on a particle O at an angle θ. They are represented in magnitude and
direction by the adjacent sides OA and OB of a parallelogram OACB drawn from a point O. Then the
diagonal OC passing through O will represent the resultant R in magnitude and direction. On a
Gravesend’s apparatus, if the body of unknown weight (say S) is suspended from the middle hanger and
balancing weights P and Q are suspended from other two hangers then,
𝑅⃗ = 𝑃⃗ + 𝑄
⃗
𝑅 = √𝑃2 + 𝑄 2 + 2𝑃𝑄 cos 𝜃 ------------------ (1)
The resultant can be balanced by an equilibrant having magnitude R but acting opposite to it.
PROCEDURE
1. Fix the pulleys on the board at two slots provided.
2. Pass one thread over the pulleys carrying a hangar at its one end, take a second thread and tie its one
end at the middle of the first thread and tie a hangar at its other end.
3. Tie a third hangar at the middle to the knot.
4. Add suitable weights in the hangar in such a manner that the joint comes approximately at the center
marked on the board.
5. Displace slightly the hangars from their position of equilibrium and note if they comes to their
original position of rest. This will ensure the free movement of the pulley.
6. Note down the angle between the two threads representing P and Q from the marking of the board.
7. Calculate the resultant using the formula.
8. Find the difference between the R and R’.
9. Repeat the experiment for 5 different set of readings.
RESULT:
SAFTY PRECAUTIONS:
ASSESSMENT
RUBRICS FULL MARKS REMARKS
MARK OBTAINED
Concept 10
Assignment/Record/Report 10
Viva 10
Total 50
Name of the Experiment: To determine the support reactions of simply supported beams.
SKETCH
THEORY
The test is based on the ‘Principle of Moments’. Iif a system of coplanar forces acts on a rigid body,
and the body remains in equilibrium despite the forces being acted upon, the summation of all the
vertical forces acting on the body is zero, the summation of all the horizontal forces is zero and the
algebraic sum of their moments at any point inside the plane is also zero.
Mathematically,
∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 𝟎, ∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 𝟎 and ∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 𝟎
Here, RA and RB are the support reactions at point A and B respectively.
From, ∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 𝟎, we have RA + RB = W1 + W2
From ∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 𝟎, we get
𝑙1 𝑤1 +𝑙2 𝑤2
RB =
𝐿
PROCEDURE
1. Take a simply supported beam apparatus and clean it properly.
2. Adjust the apparatus as shown in experimental set up.
3. Note down the weights of pans with hanger with the help of the digital balance.
4. Place the beam over the knife edges placed over the two digital balance. Set the readings to zero
as we have to ignore the weight of the beam.
5. Add different weight to hanger and note the reading of reaction forces Ra and Rb from digital
balance respectively.
6. Note the distance of weights from support 1 and also between the supports as L.
7. Now calculate the theoretical support reaction though the given relation:
(𝐿−𝑙1 )𝑤1 +(𝐿−𝑙2 )𝑤2 𝑙1 𝑤1 +𝑙2 𝑤2
RA = , RB =
𝐿 𝐿
8. Change the weight on the hanger and repeat the above procedure to find the experimental and
theoretical reaction forces.
9. Repeat the above procedure to get 10 readings.
10. Calculate the percentage of error in each reading and find the % error of the experiment.
RESULT: The mean % error in the reading of reaction RA is ……. And RB is ……. Respectively.
SAFTY PRECAUTIONS:
ASSESSMENT
Concept 10
Assignment/Record/Report 10
Viva 10
Total 50
SKETCH
F∝R
F/R = Constant
F/R = μ
Where μ is called coefficient of friction.
Consider body weight (W) on inclined plane on which when a force is applied it just tends to
move up the inclined plane.
Resolve (W) in two components.
1. W sinα along the plane.
2. W cosα is perpendicular to the plane.
3. Since the body tends to move upward, the force of friction will be acting downward.
Under limiting equilibrium condition
R = W cosα
P = F + W sinα
or
F = P – W sinα
μ = F/R
μ = (P - W sinα )/W cosα
PROCEDURE
• Set the inclined plane to the desired angle and note down the angle.
• Tie one end of the thread to the roller (block) of known weight and tie the other end to the
scale pan of the known weight.
• Place the roller on the inclined plane and pass the thread over frictionless pulley; let the scale
pan hang vertically downward.
• Put the extra weight in the pan gradually till the roller (block) just tends to move over the
inclined plane in upward direction i.e. up the inclined plane.
• Note the extra weights which will the effort (P) applied to move the roller up the inclined
plane.
• Calculate the value of coefficient of friction.
• Repeat the experiment 4 times by varying the angle of inclination plane.
RESULT:
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS:
ASSESSMENT
MARKING PROCEDURE FULL MARKS REMARKS
MARK OBTAINED
Concept 10
Assignment/Record/Report 10
Viva 10
Total 50
Name of the Experiment: To determine the moment of inertia of a fly wheel about its axis of rotation
SKETCH
DESCRIPTION:
The flywheel consists of a massive wheel W with a long horizontal axle on either side supported
on ball bearings embedded in a bracket. The base of the bracket is fixed to a rigid support like a
wall. A short peg A project from the axel. The free end of a string carrying a mass m is looped
over the peg and the length of the string is so adjusted that the loop slips off the peg
automatically when the mass touches the ground. The flywheel is turned so that the string is
wrapped round the axel evenly without any overlapping.
THEORY
Let be the height through which the mass 𝑚descends, 𝑛1 the number of revolutions made by the
wheel before the mass just touches the ground. The potential energy lost by the mass in
descending the distance is 𝑚𝑔ℎ, where g is the acceleration due to gravity. This energy is utilized
in three ways.
1
(i) The energy 2 𝑚𝑣 2 to the falling mass, where 𝑣 is the final velocity of the mass just before it
touches the ground,
1
(ii) imparting kinetic energy 2 𝐼𝑤 2 to the wheel 𝐼 is the moment of inertia of the flywheel about
the axis of rotation and 𝜔 the angular velocity of the flywheel at the moment just when the mass
touches the ground and
(iii) Overcoming the friction 𝑛1 𝑓 in the bearings, where 𝑓 is the amount of work done against
friction for each revolution of the wheel.
Hence by the principal of conservation of Energy.
1 1
𝑚𝑔ℎ = 2 𝑚𝑣 2 + 2 𝐼𝑤 2 + 𝑛1 𝑓
But 𝑣 = 𝑟𝜔; where r is the radius of the axel.
1 1
𝑚𝑔ℎ = 2 𝑚𝑟 2 𝑤 2 + 2 𝐼𝑤 2 + 𝑛1 𝑓 ……………………….. (1)
Value of 𝜔- Let the wheel make 𝑛1 revolutions before it comes to rest after the loop slips off the
peg. Then the average angular velocity=2𝜋𝑛2/𝑡. Since the wheel is retarded uniformly on account
of friction, the average angular velocity is (𝜔 + 0)/2= 𝜔/2 .
𝑤 2𝜋𝑛2 4𝜋𝑛2
= 𝑜𝑟 𝑤 = ………………………… (ii)
2 𝑡 𝑡
1
Value of f: The kinetics energy 2 𝐼𝑤 2 of the wheel is utilized in overcoming friction 𝑛2 𝑓 during
these 𝑛2 revolutions.
1 𝐼𝑤 2
𝑛2 𝑓 = 2 𝐼𝑤 2 𝑜𝑟 𝑓 = ………………………. (iii)
2𝑛2
1 1 𝑛1 𝐼𝑤 2
𝑚𝑔ℎ = 𝑚𝑟 2 𝑤 2 + 𝐼𝑤 2 +
2 2 2𝑛2
Or
1 1 𝑛1
𝑚𝑔ℎ = 𝑚𝑟 2 𝑤 2 + 𝐼𝑤 2 (1 + )
2 2 𝑛2
2𝑔ℎ
2𝑚𝑔ℎ−𝑚𝑟 2 𝑤 2 𝑚𝑤 2 ( 2 −𝑟 2 ) 𝑛2𝑚 2𝑔ℎ
Or 𝐼 = 𝑛 = 𝑤
𝑛 +𝑛 Or 𝐼=𝑛 ( 𝑤2 − 𝑟 2 ) ……………… (iv)
𝑤 2 (1+ 1 ) 𝑤2( 1 2) 1 +𝑛2
𝑛2 𝑛2
PROCEDURE
1)Fix one of end of the string into the axle and turn it around such that when the suspended mass at
the other end of the string reaches the floor, the string becomes detached from the axle (so it allows
the wheel to revolve freely).
2) Record the number of revolutions, n1 during the falling of the mass.
3) Record the time, t, and number of revolutions 𝑛2 (including fractional revolution) after the string
had been detached until the wheel comes to rest.
4) To estimate the extent of incomplete revolution, use a thread to measure the distance along the
circumference of the wheel by which the mark has advanced beyond the pointer. Divide the distance
by the circumference of the wheel. Add this result to get the number of complete revolutions 𝑛2.
5) Calculate the angular velocity, ω, from equation (ii).
6) Knowing m, h, n2, r, and ω substituting these values in equation (4), the moment inertia, I, can be
determined
7) Repeat the process twice for same height and load
8) Repeat the process for different n1 and h.
[(𝑖)+(𝑖𝑖)+(𝑖𝑖𝑖)]
Mean diameter (d) = = __________________𝑐𝑚𝑠
3
Mean radius of the axel (r) = d/2= ………….. cms.
RESULT: The moment of inertia of the flywheel about the axis of rotation= _____________gm.cm2
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS:
APPLICATION & INFERENCE
The string should wound round the axel evenly without any overlapping.
2. The loop slipped on the peg should be loose.
3. The flywheel should start of its own accord under the action of the mass attached to it without giving
any push.
ASSESSMENT
Concept 10
Assignment/Record/Report 10
Viva 10
Total 50
Name of the Experiment: To find the acceleration of the cart in the simulator. To find the distance covered
by the cart in the simulator in the given time interval.
SKETCH
THEORY
Consider a cart on a low-friction track as shown in Fig. 1. A light string is attached to the cart and
passes over a pulley at the end of the track and a second mass is attached to the end of this string.
The weight of the hanging mass provides tension in the string, which helps to accelerate the cart
along the track. A small frictional force will resist this motion. We assume that the string is
massless (or of negligible mass) and there is no friction between the string and the pulley.
Therefore the tension in the string will be the same at all points along the string. This results in
both masses having the same magnitude of acceleration but the direction of the acceleration will
be different.
The cart will accelerate to the right while hanging mass will accelerate in the downward direction
as shown in Fig.
We will take the positive direction to be in the direction of the acceleration of the two masses as indicated
by the coordinate axes system in Fig 1. The free-body diagrams for the two masses are shown in Fig. 2.
Let's look at the forces acting on each mass. For the falling mass m, there are no forces acting in the
horizontal direction. In the vertical direction it is pulled downward by gravity giving the object weight, W
= mg and upward by the tension T in the string. See Fig. 2b. Thus, Newton's second law applied to the
falling mass in the y direction will be m Figure 2a shows the forces acting on M. There is no motion of the
cart in the vertical direction. Therefore, the net force in the vertical direction will be zero, as will the
acceleration. In
the horizontal direction, the tension in the string acts in the +x direction on the cart while the friction
force between the cart's tires and the surface of the track acts in the –x direction. Newton's second
law, in the x and y directions, respectively, are
T-f=Ma …..[2]
R-Mg=0 …..[3]
From equation [3], we have R=Mg
And f=force of friction=μR=μMg
Hence equation [2] gives
T- μMg =Ma …..[4]
Adding eq[1] and eq[4], we get
mg- μMg=(M+m)a
or, a= (mg- μMg)/(M+m) ……[5]
where
acceleration of the cart,
m = mass of the hanging weight,
g = gravitational acceleration (simulator used earth's 9.8m/s2)
μ= coefficient of friction,
M = mass of the wagon.
The distance can be found out by
1
𝑠 = 2 𝑎𝑡 2
S = displacement of the cart,
a = acceleration of the cart,
t = time for the cart to travel distance S.
Performing the simulation: PROCEDURE
Variable Region:
1. Change Friction:
This slider helps you to change the Co efficient of Friction of the surface.
2. Change hanging weight:
This slider helps you to change the hanging weight. The change will be in grams.
3. Change cart weight:
This slider helps you to change the cart weight. The change will be in grams.
4. Change pointer position
This slider is used to change the position of the pointer. The pointer is used to measure and calculate
the time for reaching the pointer position.
5. Start Button:
This button is used to start the movement of the cart.
6. Reset Button:
This button is used to reset the cart to the initial position.
Measurement Region:
1. Time taken to reach the pointer will show the time taken by the cart to reach the pointer position in
seconds.
2. The pointer distance will show the pointer position distance.
3.The acceleration shows the acceleration of the cart
TABULATION
Sl M in m in 𝑎=(m−𝜇𝑀)g/(M+m) a=2s/t2=___
No 𝜇 S in m t in s x-y
g g =___cm/s2 (X) [cm/s2] (Y)
Result:
SAFETY PRECAUTION:
• It helps to explain the mechanics behind the motion of a body using D Alembert's principle
(restatement of 2nd law of motion).eg: -Atwood's machine.
• Applications in biomechanics.
• It is used to explain the fundamentals of atmospheric modeling where momentum equations are
derived from the second law.
• Used in quantum field theory and superconductivity.
• Applications in sports like cricket.
ASSESSMENT
Concept 10
Assignment/Record/Report 10
Viva 10
Total 50
THEORY
Law of Conservation of Linear Momentum: Total linear momentum of a system of a particle is
conserved if there is no external force acting on the system. i.e., Total linear momentum before
collision is equal to total linear momentum after collision, if no external force acts on the system.
Law of Conservation of Energy: Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. But can be
converted from one form of energy into another.
Types of Collision:
Elastic collision: The type of collision in which both the momentum and kinetic energy of the system
are conserved is called elastic collision. The collision between subatomic particles is generally
elastic. The collision between two steel or glass balls is nearly elastic. In elastic collisions, the forces
involving are conservative in nature.
Inelastic collision: The type of collision in which only momentum is conserved, not kinetic energy is
called inelastic collision. Most of the collisions in daily life are inelastic in nature. In an elastic
collision both kinetic energy and momentum are conserved. In the following equations, 1 and 2
indicate the two different objects colliding, unprimed variables indicate those before collision and
primed variables indicate those after the collision, p is momentum, KE is kinetic energy, M is mass,
and V is velocity. From principle of Conservation of momentum,
M1V1+M2V’1+M2V’2
From conservation of K.E, we get
1 1 1 1
𝑀1 (𝑉2 )2 + 𝑀2 (𝑉2 )2 = 𝑀1 (𝑉1′ )2 + 𝑀2 (𝑉2′ )2
2 2 2 2
𝑀 1 − 𝑀 2 2𝑀 2
𝑉1′ = 𝑉 + 𝑉
𝑀1 + 𝑀2 1 𝑀1 + 𝑀2 2
2𝑀1 𝑀2 − 𝑀1
𝑉2′ = 𝑉1 + 𝑉
𝑀1 + 𝑀2 𝑀1 + 𝑀2 2
If the second object is at rest before the collision, the equations become;
𝑀1 − 𝑀2 2𝑀1
𝑉1′ = 𝑉1 𝑉2′ = 𝑉
𝑀1 + 𝑀2 𝑀1 + 𝑀2 1
PROCEDURE
Performing the Simulation:
Choose the type of collision (Elastic or Inelastic). The Coefficient of Restitution slider is fixed at 1
for Elastic collision. The mass and velocity of both the objects can be adjusted. The simulation will
start on clicking the 'Play' button. The graphs like; Kinetic Energy verses Time, Velocity verses Time,
Momentum verses Time, are shown for the objects depending upon the object movement. The
velocity, momentum and kinetic energy after collision can be found out and crosschecked using the
simulation.
Help:
Variable Region:
1. The 'Choose Type' Combo box lets you choose the type of collision, the simulation has to perform.
2. The 'Coefficient of Restitution' Slider is fixed at 1 for elastic collision, but can be change for
inelastic collision.
3. The 'Mass' and 'Velocity' sliders allow you to change the mass and velocity values for objects A
and B.
Measurement Region:
1. The 'Start' button lets you play the simulation.
2. The 'Reset' button lets you reset the simulation.
TABULATION
Conclusion:
Since the observed value and theoretical value are equal, the law of conservation of momentum is verified
ASSESSMENT
Concept 10
Assignment/Record/Report 10
Student Conduct 10
Viva 10
Total 50
Experiment - 1 50 Experiment - 12 50
Experiment - 2 50 Experiment - 13 50
Experiment - 3 50 Experiment - 14 50
Experiment - 4 50 Experiment - 15 50
Experiment - 5 50 Experiment - 16 50
Experiment - 6 50 Experiment - 17 50
Experiment - 7 50 Experiment - 18 50
Experiment - 8 50 Experiment - 19 50
Experiment - 9 50 Experiment - 20 50
Experiment - 10 50 Average
50
Experiment - 11 50 Total
* LEARNING OUTCOMES:
How the Applied and Action Learning encourages Critical Thinking, Problem
Solving, Idea Generation and Skill Development etc.?
How the Applied and Action Learning encourages Leadership, Team Work,
Reflection and Decision Making Capability etc.?
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
LOW HIGH
➢ Books/Manuals Referred:
CAMPUSES:
Paralakhemundi Campus Bhubaneswar Campus Balangir Campus Rayagada Campus Balasore Campus Chatrapur Campus
Village Alluri Nagar Ramchandrapur Behind BSNL Office IDCO Industrial Area Gopalpur, Ramchandrapur,
P.O. – R Sitapur, Via- Uppalada P.O. – Jatni, Bhubaneswar IDCO land, Rajib Nagar Pitamahal, Rayagada P.O.-Balasore Kaliabali Chhak,
Paralakhemundi, Dist.- Gajapati Dist.- Khurda, Odisha, Dist.- Balangir, Odisha Dist.-Rayagada, Odisha Dist.-Balasore, Odisha P.O-Chatrapur, Dist.-Ganjam
Odisha, India. PIN– 761211 India, PIN– 752050 India, PIN-767001 India, PIN-765001 India, PIN-756044 Odisha, India, PIN-761020