Microbial Growth Kinetics

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Program Studi Teknik Lingkungan
 Bacterial growth: biomass yield
• Biomass yield is defined as the ratio of the amount of
biomass produced to the amount of substrate
consumed:
g biomass produced
Biomass yield Y =
g substrate utilized (i.e., consumed)
• Since wastewater contains a large number of organic
compounds, the yield is expressed in terms of
measurable parameters such as COD or BOD. Thus the
yield would be:
g biomass
Biomass yield Y =
g COD or g BOD
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Program Studi Teknik Lingkungan
 Bacterial growth: biomass yield
Estimating biomass yield
A stoichiometric, the substrate removal, the amount of oxygen
consumed, and the observed biomass yield.
Organic matter as C6H12O6 (glucose) and new cells as C5H7NO2

3C6H12O6 + 8O2 + 2NH3 → 2C5H7NO2 + 8CO2 + 14H2O

3(180) 8(32) 2 (17) 2 (113)

(C5H7NO 2 ) 2(113 g/mole)

Y= = = 0.42 g cells/g glucose used
(C6H12O6 ) 3(180 g/mole)

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Program Studi Teknik Lingkungan
 Bacterial growth: biomass yield
Estimating biomass yield as COD
To express the yield in COD bases, the COD of glucose must be determined:

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O

(180) 6(32)

(O2 ) 6(32 g/mole)

COD = = = 1.07 g O2 /g glucose
(C6H12O6 ) (180 g/mole)

The theoretical yield expressed in terms of COD is given by:

(C5H7NO 2 ) 2(113 g/mole) 0.42 g cell/g glucose

Y= = Y=
(C6H12O6 as COD) 3(180 g/mole)(1.07gCOD/g glucose) 1.07gCOD/g glucose
= 0.39 g cells / g COD used = 0.39 g cells / g COD used

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Program Studi Teknik Lingkungan
 Bacterial growth: Oxygen requirement
Estimating oxygen requirement
COD utilized = COD cell + COD of oxidized substrate

 COD cell

C5 H 7 NO 2 + 5O 2 → 5CO 2 + 2H 2 O + NH 3
(113) 6(32)

 (O 2 ) 5(32) g/mole
Y= = = 1.42 g O 2 /g cell
(C5 H 7 NO 2 ) 113 g/mole)

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Program Studi Teknik Lingkungan
 Bacterial growth: Oxygen requirement
Estimating oxygen requirement
3C6H12O6 + 8O2 + 2NH3 → 2C5H7NO 2 + 8CO2 + 14H2O
3(180) 8(32) 2 (17) 2 (113)

COD of oxidized substrate = COD utilized - COD cell

g glucose g O2
COD of oxidized subtrate = (3 mol x 180 )(1.07 )−
mole g glucose
g cell g O2
(2 mol x 113 )(1.42 )
mole g cell
= 577.8 g O 2 - 320.9 g O 2
= 256,9 g O 2
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Program Studi Teknik Lingkungan
 Bacterial growth: Oxygen Requirement
Estimating oxygen requirements
The amount of oxygen required can be obtained based on
the stoichiometry as defined by equation below in which 8
moles of oxygen are required for 3 moles of glucose.

Oxygen used 256.9 g O 2

=
COD consumed 3(180 g/mole)(1.07 g COD/g glucose)
= 0.44 g O 2 /g COD used

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Program Studi Teknik Lingkungan
 Tugas Nomor 1
Observed Biomass Yield and Oxygen Consumption
The aerobic completemix biological treatment process without
recycle, as shown below, receives wastewater with a biodegradable
soluble COS (bsCOD) concentration of 500 g/m3. The flowrate is 1000
m3/day and the reactor effluent bsCOD and VSS concentration are 10
and 200 g/m3, respectively. Based on these data,
a) What is the observed yield in g VSS/g COD removed?
b) What is the amount of oxygen used
in g O2/g COD removed and in g/d?

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Program Studi Teknik Lingkungan
 Rate of Substrate Utilization
𝐤𝐗𝐒
𝐫𝐬𝐮 =−
𝐊𝐬 + 𝐒
rsu = rate of substrate utilization (gBOD /m3.d)
k = maximum specific substrate utilization (g
substrate/g
microorganism.d)
X = microorganism concentration (g/m3)
S = substrate concentration (g/m3)
𝑘
Ks = substrate concentration when half (g/m3)
2
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Program Studi Teknik Lingkungan
 Rate of Substrate Utilization
𝑘
Ks = substrate concentration when half (g/m3)
2

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Program Studi Teknik Lingkungan
 Rate of Substrate Utilization
μm = k Y
μm
k=
Y
μm = maximum specific bacterial growth rate
(g new cells/g cell.d)
k = maximum specific substrate utilization (g substrate/g
microorganism.d)
Y = biomass yield coefficient (g VSS/g BOD)
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Program Studi Teknik Lingkungan
 Rate of Substrate Utilization

μm kXS
k= → rsu = −
Y Ks+S
μm X S
rsu= −
Y(Ks+S)

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Program Studi Teknik Lingkungan
 Rate of Biomass Growth
kXS
𝑟𝑔 = −𝑌 𝑟𝑠𝑢 − 𝑘𝑑 𝑋 ←rsu= −
Ks+S
kXS
𝑟𝑔 = −𝑌− − 𝑘𝑑 𝑋
K s +S
kXS
𝒓𝒈 = 𝒀 − 𝒌𝒅 𝑿
K s +S
rg = biomass production rate (g VSS/m3.d)
kd = decay coefficient ( g VSS/g VSS.d)

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Program Studi Teknik Lingkungan
 Rate of Biomass Growth
kXS
𝑟𝑔 = 𝑌 − 𝑘𝑑 𝑋 :X
K s+S

𝑟𝑔 kS
=𝜇= 𝑌 − 𝑘𝑑
𝑋 K s +S

μ = specific bacterial growth rate

(g VSS/g VSs.d)

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Program Studi Teknik Lingkungan
 Cell Debris Production
𝒓𝑿𝑫 = 𝒇𝒅 𝒌𝒅 𝑿

rxd = rate of cell debris production (g VSS/m3.d)

fd = fraction of biomass that remain as cell
debris (0,10,15 g VSS/g VSS)

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Program Studi Teknik Lingkungan
 Total Volatile Suspended Solid
𝑄 𝑋𝑜,𝑖
𝒓𝑿𝒕 ,𝑽𝑺𝑺 = −𝒀 𝒓𝒔𝒖 − 𝒌𝒅 𝑿 + 𝒇𝒅 𝒌𝒅 𝑿 +
𝑉

𝑟𝑋𝑡,𝑉𝑆𝑆 = total VSS production rate (g/m3.d)

Q = influent flowrate (m3/d)
𝑋𝑜,𝑖 = influent VSS concentration (g/m3)
V = volume reactor (m3)

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Program Studi Teknik Lingkungan
 Active Biomass
−𝒀 𝒓𝒔𝒖 − 𝒌𝒅 𝑿
𝑭𝑿,𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 =
𝒓𝑿𝒕 ,𝑽𝑺𝑺

FX,active = active fraction of biomass in MLVSS (g/g)

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Program Studi Teknik Lingkungan
 Biomass Yield
• Net Biomass Yield
𝑟𝑔
𝑌𝑏𝑖𝑜 =−
𝑟𝑠𝑢
• Observed Yield
𝑟𝑋𝑡,𝑉𝑆𝑆
𝑌𝑜𝑏𝑠 =−
𝑟𝑠𝑢

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Program Studi Teknik Lingkungan
 Typical kinetic coefficient for activated sludge
process
Value
Coefficient Unit
Range Typical

k g bsCOD/g VSS-d 2-10 5

Ks mg/L BOD 25-100 60

mg/L bsCOD 10-60 40

Y mg VSS/mg BOD 0.4 – 0.8 0.6

mg VSS/ mg bsCOD 0.3 – 0.6 0.4

kd g VSS/g VSS.d 0.06 – 0.15 0.10

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Program Studi Teknik Lingkungan
 Rate of Oxygen Uptake
𝒓𝒐 = −𝒓𝒔𝒖 − 𝟏. 𝟒𝟐 𝒓𝒈

ro = oxygen uptake rate ( g O2/m3.d)

rsu = rate of substrate utilization (g bsCOD/m3.d)
1.42 = COD of cell tissue (g bsCOD/g VSS)
rg = biomass production rate (g VSS/m3.d)

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Program Studi Teknik Lingkungan
 Effect of Temperature
𝑘 𝑇 = 𝑘20 𝜃 (𝑇−20)

kT = reaction rate coefficient at temperature T°C

k20 = reaction rate coefficient at T°C
θ = temperature activity coefficient
T = temperature °C

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Program Studi Teknik Lingkungan
 Tugas Nomor 2
Determine biomass and solids yields for industrial
wastewater activated sludge, the amount of bsCOD in
influent wastewater is 300 g/m3 and the influent VSS
concentration is 50 g/m3. The influent flow rate is 1000 m3/d,
the biomass concentration is 2000 g/m3, the reactor bsCOD
concentration is 15 g/m3, and the reactor volume is 105 m3. If
the cell debris fraction fd is 0.10. Determine?
a) the net biomass yield,
b) the observed solid yield,
c) and the biomass fraction in the MLVSS.
Use the kinetic coefficient give in Table
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Program Studi Teknik Lingkungan
 Tugas

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bsCOD = 300 g/m 3 X = 2000 g/m Ybio?
3
VSS = 50 g/m3 bsCOD = 15 g/m Yobs?
3
3
Q = 1000m /day V = 105 m FX-active?
fd = 0,1

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Program Studi Teknik Lingkungan