English

Quarter 3 –Module 1: Argumentative Essay

Argument is defined as “a reason or reasons why you support or oppose an idea or suggestion,
or the process of explaining these reasons” in Cambridge dictionary.

Argumentative essay
● a genre of writing that requires the student to investigate a topic; collect, generate, and
evaluate evidence; and establish a position on the topic in a concise manner.
● a kind of text in which an author supports his own view and try to refute a counterview
about an issue.
● The author aims to lead readers to think just like himself in this kind of texts. It is not
easy to change readers’ views or make them question.
● The author is expected to explain why he supports these views and why counterview is
invalid so as to achieve his goal.
● The author is supposed not only to have a strong idea about the issue discussed but
also to be wise for a successful argumentative essay (Knudson, 1992).

Guide to Writing Argumentative Essays

INTRODUCTION BODY CONCLUSION
(Paragraph 1) (Paragraph 6)

A. Hook Paragraph 2 ● Repeat thesis statements

● an introduction that catches Support 1 (first reason) in different words.
the reader’s attention. ● Explanation, detail, ● Suggestion/Opinion.
● Argumentation essays can example
start with facts, statistics,
quotes, or anecdotes that
reference the topic of the
essay.

B. Thesis Paragraph 3
● a sentence that explains Support 2 (second reason)
what you are trying to prove ● Explanation, detail,
and provides an overview of example
the arguments you will make
in your body paragraphs.

C. Background Information Paragraph 4

● might include important Support 3 (third reason)
historical dates, an ● Explanation, detail,
explanation of who the example
subject affects, or current
laws. Paragraph 5
● It is simply providing -Opposite Side
information to help the Counterargument 1
 audience understand the ● Rebuttal (attack)
topic. -Counterargument 2
● Rebuttal (attack)

Purpose of Argumentative Essays

● An argument follows when two groups disagree about something.
● An argumentative essay is also one that attempts/tries to change the reader’s mind, to
convince the reader to agree with the point of view of the writer.
● Argumentative essays attempt to be highly persuasive and logical.
● When writing an argumentative essay, assume that your reader disagrees with you, but
remember your reader is no less intelligent than you.
● Write objectively, logically, and respectfully.

Example: The Polarizing Debate on Legalizing Marijuana

Introduction (Paragraph 1)
Hook: From medical applications to recreational use, the legalization of marijuana has sparked
heated debates across societies worldwide.
Background Information: While some countries have legalized or decriminalized marijuana to
varying degrees, others maintain stringent laws prohibiting its possession and consumption,
citing potential risks and societal concerns.
Thesis Statement: Despite the controversies, legalizing marijuana is a pragmatic step forward,
offering significant benefits that outweigh the perceived drawbacks.

Body (Paragraphs 2-5)

Paragraph 2
Support 1 (first reason): Legalizing marijuana would undermine the illicit drug trade and
associated criminal activities. By regulating and taxing marijuana, governments can remove a
major revenue stream from organized crime syndicates, reducing their influence and redirecting
funds toward productive societal initiatives.
Evidence: A 2018 study by the Mexican Institute of Competitiveness estimated that drug cartels
in Mexico derive approximately 15-26% of their revenue from marijuana sales. Legalizing and
regulating the marijuana market would significantly disrupt this revenue stream and weaken the
financial power of these criminal organizations.

Paragraph 3
Support 2 (second reason): From a medical standpoint, marijuana has demonstrated
therapeutic potential in alleviating symptoms of various conditions, including chronic pain,
multiple sclerosis, and chemotherapy-induced nausea. Legalization would facilitate research,
leading to safer and more effective treatments.
Evidence: A recent study by Harvard Medical School found that states with medical marijuana
laws experienced a 25% reduction in annual opioid overdose deaths.

Paragraph 4
 Support 3 (third reason): The legalization of marijuana can generate substantial tax revenue
for governments, which could be channeled toward education, healthcare, and infrastructure
development, benefiting society as a whole.
Example: In Colorado, where recreational marijuana was legalized in 2014, over $302 million in
tax revenue was generated in 2021 alone.

Paragraph 5
Opposite Side: Opponents argue that legalizing marijuana would increase its accessibility,
potentially leading to higher rates of substance abuse and addiction, particularly among youth.
Counterargument: This claim is not substantiated by evidence from states and countries where
marijuana has been legalized with proper regulations and age restrictions in place.
Rebuttal: Stringent enforcement of age limits and public education campaigns can mitigate
these concerns, similar to policies surrounding alcohol and tobacco.

Conclusion (Paragraph 6)
Thesis Restatement: The legalization of marijuana presents a compelling opportunity to curtail
illegal drug operations, advance medical research, and generate valuable tax revenue for
societal benefit.
Opinion: While concerns exist, they can be effectively addressed through responsible
regulation and public awareness initiatives. It is time to embrace a pragmatic approach and
legalize marijuana, reaping its potential advantages while mitigating its risks.

Module 2: Writing Techniques

PURPOSE STRUCTURE LANGUAGE FEATURES

INFORMATIVE To inform Introduction ★ present tense

❖ explains about a ➔ clear opening –specific examples
topic ➔ General ★ first or third person
information ★ connectives to make it
❖ provides
Body clear and coherent
facts/information to ➔ more ★ mostly facts
the reader information ★ rhetorical questions to
❖ describes a person, Conclusion engage readers
event or ➔ summarizing
phenomenon conclusion
❖ defines a term, Other features
➔ interesting,
compare and
easy
contrast something, ➔ to read the lay
analyze data or out
provide a how-to

PERSUASIVE To persuade Introduction ★ present tense

➔ state the ★ first person
issue and ★ logical connectives
 ❖ presents a point of point of view (therefore, because)
view using logical Body ★ addresses the reader
reasons ➔ state the ★ emotive
arguments language(adjectives)
❖ seeks to persuade a
with ★ rhetorical questions
reader supporting ★ repetition
❖ convinces the reader evidences ★ short, dramatic
to accept/believe an Conclusion sentences for impact
idea or opinion and ➔ summing up ★ similes and metaphor
takes specific action by restating ★ three words of similar
or stance the point of meaning to emphasize
view a point (thrilled,
excited, happy)

ARGUMENTATIVE To argue Introduction ★ present tense /first

❖ presents an ➔ opening person
argument using facts statement – ★ phrases to give own
giving opinion opinion
and evidences
Body ★ connectives:
❖ defends a position on ➔ series of - sequence to structure
a topic using paragraphs- whole text - firstly,
personal evidences, arguments secondly, thirdly
literature, historical ➔ counter - of cause and effect to
examples and arguments link points within
research to prove a Conclusion paragraphs –
➔ summary and consequently, as a
point
conclusion result, therefore...
➔ restating the - of comparison to link
opinion different to arguments
– however, on the
other hand
★ rhetorical questions to
pose the issue and
involve readers
★ similes and metaphors
★ exclamations to make
dramatic points

Example: INFORMATIVE TEXT

“ Electric Vehicles”
Introduction:
Clear Opening: Electric vehicles (EVs) have emerged as a game-changing innovation in the
automotive industry, revolutionizing the way we think about transportation.
General Information: As concerns over climate change and air pollution continue to mount, the
need for sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives to traditional gasoline-powered vehicles has
become increasingly apparent.

Body:
More Information: EVs are powered by rechargeable batteries, which store electrical energy
that is then used to propel the vehicle's electric motor. Unlike conventional vehicles that rely on
fossil fuels, EVs produce zero direct emissions, making them an environmentally-friendly choice.

The technology behind EVs has advanced rapidly in recent years, with improved battery
capacities, longer driving ranges, and faster charging times. Many automakers now offer a wide
range of EV models, from compact cars to luxury sedans and even trucks and SUVs.

One of the key advantages of EVs is their lower operating costs. While the initial purchase price
may be higher than gasoline-powered vehicles, the cost of "refueling" an EV with electricity is
significantly lower than buying gasoline. Additionally, EVs require less maintenance, as they
have fewer moving parts and no need for oil changes or tune-ups.

Rhetorical Question: Are you ready to embrace the future of transportation and contribute to a
cleaner, more sustainable world?

Conclusion:
Summarizing Conclusion: As the world continues to grapple with the challenges of climate
change and air pollution, electric vehicles present a promising solution. With their zero direct
emissions, lower operating costs, and continuously improving technology, EVs are poised to
play a crucial role in shaping a more sustainable future for transportation.

PERSUASIVE TEXT: “Advocating for the Adoption of Electric Vehicle”

Introduction:
State the issue and point of view: The time has come for us to embrace a revolutionary
change in transportation - the widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs). Our reliance on
gas-powered cars has taken a devastating toll on the environment, contributing significantly to
climate change and air pollution. Therefore, I firmly believe that a transition to EVs is not only a
responsible choice but an urgent necessity.

Body:
State the arguments with supporting evidence:
Firstly, EVs are a game-changer when it comes to reducing our carbon footprint. Unlike
conventional vehicles that spew harmful emissions, EVs produce zero direct emissions, making
them an eco-friendly solution to our transportation needs. According to a recent study by the
Union of Concerned Scientists, driving an EV can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by an
astounding 67% compared to gasoline-powered cars.

Secondly, the long-term cost savings of owning an EV are remarkable. While the upfront cost
may be higher, the lack of fuel expenses and minimal maintenance requirements result in
substantial savings over time. A report by the Department of Energy estimates that the average
EV owner can save up to $6,000 in fuel costs over five years compared to driving a
gas-powered vehicle.
Moreover, the technology behind EVs is continuously advancing, offering longer ranges, faster
charging times, and improved performance. With major automakers investing billions in EV
development, we can expect even more impressive models to hit the market in the coming
years, making the transition to electric mobility more appealing than ever before.

Rhetorical question: Can we afford to ignore the overwhelming benefits of EVs and continue
contributing to the degradation of our planet?
Emotive language and repetition: The time to act is now. Embracing EVs is not merely a
choice; it is a responsibility we owe to ourselves, our children, and generations to come. Let us
not be remembered as the generation that turned a blind eye to a solution that could potentially
save our planet.

Conclusion:
Summing up by restating the point of view: In conclusion, the advantages of electric vehicles
are undeniable. They offer a cleaner, more sustainable, and cost-effective solution to our
transportation needs. It is time for us to join the electric revolution and pave the way for a
greener, healthier future. Let us make the wise choice and embrace EVs wholeheartedly.

ARGUMENTATIVE TEXT: “The importance of adopting electric vehicles”

Introduction:
Opening statement giving opinion: In my view, the widespread adoption of electric vehicles
(EVs) is a critical step towards a sustainable future, and we must embrace this technological
revolution without delay.

Body:
Series of paragraphs with arguments:
Firstly, the environmental impact of traditional gasoline-powered vehicles is catastrophic. They
are a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, exacerbating the effects of climate
change. Consequently, a shift to EVs, which produce zero direct emissions, is imperative to
mitigate this global crisis.

Secondly, our reliance on finite fossil fuels is unsustainable. As these resources dwindle, the
prices of gasoline will inevitably skyrocket. EVs, on the other hand, can be charged using
renewable energy sources, making them a cost-effective and future-proof solution.

Thirdly, the health implications of air pollution caused by vehicle emissions cannot be ignored.
Switching to EVs would significantly improve air quality, reducing respiratory illnesses and
creating a safer environment for all.

Counter-arguments:
However, critics argue that the high upfront costs of EVs make them inaccessible to many.
While this is a valid concern, governments can incentivize EV adoption through tax credits and
subsidies, making them more affordable.
On the other hand, some claim that the production of EV batteries is environmentally damaging.
This is a short-sighted argument, as the long-term benefits of EVs far outweigh the initial
environmental impact of battery production.

Conclusion:
Summary and restating opinion: In summary, the case for embracing electric vehicles is
compelling. They offer a sustainable, cost-effective, and environmentally-friendly solution to our
transportation needs. It is my firm belief that we must urgently transition to this technology, for
the sake of our planet and the generations to come.

LANGUAGE FEATURES
Repetition - It is a rhetorical device to bring attention to an idea to make a stronger impact to
the reader.
Ex: Come one, Come all
I’m nobody! Who are you? Are you nobody?
Emotive language - These are words which evoke a strong emotional reaction.
Ex: blessed, courageous, freedom, innocent
Rhetorical question - It is a question that does not expect an answer but is simply asked to
make a point or make the people think.
Ex: Who cares?
When are you going to act?
Opinion/explanation - Phrases in giving opinions
Ex: In actual fact...
In my opinion...
I believe.../ I feel...
Contradictions - Phrases in giving opinions which go against your argument
Ex: Some people believe...
It has been said that...
Exclamations - These are short sentences that emphasize dramatic point
Ex: Watch out!
Just do it!

Module 3: Composing an Independent Critique of a Chosen Selection

CRITIQUING
➢ Writing a critique requires you to reassemble the elements in such a way that your
intended audience has a better understanding of the story's strengths, weaknesses, and
highlights.
➢ Critiquing a story is not primarily making a summary; rather, it gives comments and
evaluates the specific work.
➢ It is an in-depth evaluation of the story for the purpose of giving the reading public insight
into the story.

What is a critique?
 - A critique is a genre of scholastic and academic writing that critically assesses work or
ideas. Critiques can be used to carefully analyze a variety of works such as:
❖ Creative works – novels, exhibits, film, images, poetry
❖ Research – monographs, journal articles, systematic reviews, theories
❖ Media – news reports, feature articles

Why do we write and make a critique?

Writing a critique on a chosen selection helps you to develop:
❖ a knowledge of the work’s subject area or related works.
❖ an understanding of the work's intended audience, development of argument, structure of
evidence or creative style.
❖ a recognition of the strengths and weaknesses of the work.

How do you write a critique?

Before you start writing, it is important to have a thorough understanding of the work that will be
critiqued.
❖ Study the work under discussion.
❖ Make notes on key parts of the work.
❖ Develop an understanding of the main argument or purpose being expressed in the work.
❖ Consider how the work relates to a broader issue or context.
❖ There are a variety of ways to structure a critique. You should always check your unit
materials or blackboard site for guidance from your lecturer.

Guide in writing your critique:

CONTEXT ● What genre is it? Adventure? Science fiction/ Fantasy? Literary?

AUTHOR'S INTENTION ● What is the author trying to accomplish with the story?

YOUR REACTIONS ● Note your reactions as you read.

● Either keep a spare piece of paper with you or mark your reactions
on the margins of the text.

LITERARY DEVICES ● Figures of speech used in the story and their purpose.
Ex: Simile, Metaphor, Personification

LITERARY TECHNIQUES ● Ask yourself if these literary techniques make the reading
experience more enjoyable or strengthen the story.
Ex: Flashbacks, Foreshadowing, Pacing

ENDING OF THE STORY ● Decide how the ending relates both to the story as a whole and to
its beginning.
● Does the ending resolve the plot and bring closure to the crisis of
the character?

Module 4: Critiquing a Literary Selection

 What is Critiquing a Literary Selection?
➢ According to Crews, F. of University of California, it is the reasoned consideration of
literary works and issues. It applies, as a term, to any argumentation about literature,
whether or not specific works are analysed.
➢ Criticism will here be taken to cover all phases of literary understanding, though the
emphasis will be on the evaluation of literary works and of their authors’ places in literary
history.

APPROACH DEFINITION EXAMPLES

Structuralist/Formalist ❖ addresses all ➔ Filipino Film: "Heneral Luna" directed

phenomena of the by Jerrold Tarog This film can be
human world especially analyzed from a structuralist/formalist
on language, literature, perspective by examining its
cookery, kinship narrative structure, visual language,
relations, dress, and and use of symbols to convey
human self-perception. meaning.
❖ An example of ➔ Book: "The Great Gatsby" by F. Scott
structuralism is Fitzgerald. This classic novel is often
describing an apple. An studied for its structural elements
apple is crisp, sweet, and formalist approach to
juicy, round and hard. storytelling.

Moralist Approach ❖ focuses on individuals, ➔ Book: "Noli Me Tangere" by Jose

couples, families and Rizal This classic novel can be
professionals on a analyzed from a moralist perspective
moralistic definition of by exploring its portrayal of moral
relationship, life, and values, ethical dilemmas, and the
family processes that consequences of social injustices.
presumes a moral ➔ Fable: "The Ant and the
dominance of one value Grasshopper": Another Aesop's
system over others. fable, this story can be analyzed from
a moralist approach, focusing on the
 lesson of "there's a time for work and
a time for play." It teaches the
importance of diligence, preparation,
and foresigh

Marxist Approach ❖ works in philosophy that ➔ Film - "Heneral Luna" (2015) directed
are strongly influenced by Jerrold Tarog: This historical
by Karl Marx’s biopic can be analyzed from a
materialist approach to Marxist perspective, examining the
theory or works written social and economic dynamics
by Marxists. during the Philippine-American War
❖ extended into fields as and the struggle for independence.
varied as aesthetics, ➔ Film - "Sorry to Bother You" (2018)
ethics, ontology, directed by Boots Riley: This satirical
epistemology, comedy film can be analyzed from a
theoretical psychology, Marxist approach, exploring themes
and philosophy of of labor exploitation, capitalism, and
science as well as its class struggle in a surreal and
obvious influence on thought-provoking narrative.
political philosophy and
the philosophy of
history.

Feminist ❖ the belief in social, ➔ Film: "Babae sa Septic Tank" (2011)

economic, and political
equality of sexes.
❖ This approach focuses
on women's rights and
interests.
➔ Film:
directed by Marlon Rivera. This
satirical film can be analyzed from a
feminist perspective, addressing
gender roles and representation in
the film industry.
"Hidden Figures" (2016)
directed by Theodore Melfi. This film
tells the inspiring true story of three
brilliant African-American women
who made significant contributions to
NASA's space missions, highlighting
their struggles and triumphs in a
male-dominated and racially
discriminatory environment

Historical ❖ a literary criticism in the ➔ Film: "Goyo: The Boy General"

light of historical (2018) portrays the story of Gregorio
evidence or based on del Pilar during the
the context in which a Philippine-American War, providing
work was written, insights into this historical period and
including facts about the the struggles faced by Filipino
author’s life and the revolutionaries.
historical and social ➔ Film: "Hidden Figures" (2016)
circumstances of the highlights the historical contributions
time. of African-American women at NASA
during the 1960s, offering a

Reader-Response ❖ known as RRT is a view ➔ Film: "Four Sisters and a Wedding"
of literary interpretation
which holds that
meaning does not reside
in the text, but in the
mind of the reader.
perspective on their pivotal roles in
the space race and their impact on
American history.
(2013) directed by Cathy
Garcia-Molina. This family drama can
be explored through a reader's
response approach, focusing on
individual audience interpretations
and emotional reactions.