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After First Draft Comment by MR Anteneh
After First Draft Comment by MR Anteneh
No: ECSU2100700
Advisor Name
Dr.Degu
JAN 2023
ACRONYMS
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
Under this chapter, background of the study under caption, problem statements that explains
why the study is needed, objectives of the study, research questions and the outcome of the study
are discussed in details.
Background
Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia is located between 460218 an489590
easting (UTM), and 976222 and 1005636 northing (UTM). The city have a coverage
area of 518 square kilometers and its population census in 2007 was 2,739,551[1]. The
Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage Authority (AAWSA) is a public institution in the
city, which is responsible for the supply of potable water. The Authority currently has
nine branch offices and head office at Megenagna. The branch offices are Gurd Shola,
Megenagna, Arada, Gulele, Addis Ketema, NifasSilk, Mekanisa, Lemikura and Akaki
branch.
Existing Water Supply Sources of Addis Ababa city
Surface water is a natural resource occurring on the earth’s surface and plays an
essential role in sustaining humankind and other forms of life (Babel et al., 2005).
Currently the city of Addis Ababa gets its water supply from both surface water and
ground water sources. There are three main surface water dams as sources for the
surface water supply. These are Gefersa, Legedadi and Dire. The ground water source
is from Akaki ground water (Akaki well field) and from spring and wells within and
near Addis Ababa. There are two conventional water treatment facilities, namely
Legedadi water treatment plant and Gefersa water treatment plant to supply the city
treated water from the above different sources. The location of the Addis Ababa water
supply sources is shown in fig.1. Gefersa dam is situated 18 km west of Addis Ababa;
Legedadi dam is situated 25 km east of Addis Ababa; and Akaki well field is situated
southeast of Akaki town and about 22 km south of Addis Ababa. Fig.2 and fig.3 are
photo showing the Gefersa and Legedadi dams.
Climate change presents a significant additional challenge to the achievement of
Assessment of climate change impacts of legedadi water
reservoir using weap tools.(AAWSA)Ethiopia
sustainable water management around the globe (Ostefeld et al., 2012). Climate change
will likely affect the legedadi water reservoir due to the expected changes in
precipitation and evapotranspiration and the spatial- temporal distribution of these
essential water balance components (Kumar et al., 2017).
The impact of climate change on water reservoir is the most crucial research agenda in worldwide
level (IPCC, 2007). This change in climate causes a significant impact on the water reservoir by
disturbing the normal hydrological processes. Future change in overall flow magnitude, variability
and timing of the main flow event are among the most frequently cited hydrological issues (Fredrick,
2002: Wurbs et al., 2005).
Recent research shows that climate change will increase the pace of the global hydrologic cycle with
accompanied rise in temperature, variability and changes in precipitation patterns (Saloua et al., 2012;
Daniel, 2011). Changes in the frequency and intensity of precipitation invariably affect stream flow
and the resultant storage volumes of reservoirs. For example, such changes manifest themselves in
the form of increased intensity of floods or occurrence of severe droughts which severely affect the
water resources at local and regional levels (Akiça, 2012). Human induced climate change affects the
quality and quantity of global water resources and this necessitates changes in the way these
resources are managed (Manjarrez et al., 2010). Sub-Saharan countries are among those most
threatened by water stress, in view of the likelihood of extreme variability, seasonality, and
decreasing stream-flows that are predicted to occur in the coming decades (Saloua et al., 2012).
Drought in Sub-Saharan Africa is the domi Livelihoods of farming and pastoral communities and
shatters their food security, whilst it also has a significant negative effect on GDP growth (UN-Water,
2012). On the other hand, floods impact on infrastructure, transportation, goods and service flows as
well as clean water supplies and health negatively (Yahaya et al., 2014; FDRE Climate Resilient,
2011).The urbanization rate in Sub-Saharan Africa is increasing (George et al., 2011). Addis Ababa is
one of these fast growing sub mega cities in recent times (AACPPO, 2014). As the administrative
seat and political capital of Ethiopia, the city attracts the highest number of migrants
from other parts of the country (ORAAMP, 2002)). As the supply of water must be assured
for all, to meet the basic human needs, there is a need for progressive water supply planning and
management system for the city in order to bring about fundamental changes in the ways water is
currently used as well as distributed among different categories of users (Foster and
Morella,2011;AAWSA,2012)
Assessment of climate change impacts of legedadi water
reservoir using weap tools.(AAWSA)Ethiopia
Statement of the problem
Climate change is the sever problem that the whole world facing today. Besides, global climate
changes effect, some studies conducted in Lege Dadi Water Resources Catchment(Wakuma Midaksa
Kajela) Abay and A wash basins show that the basins are climate sensitive (TAHEL, 2000).
Legadade, water reservoir is in the upper North Western part of a wash basin; therefore, climate
change should be a big concern and should be considered to evaluate the future climate effect on the
reservoir which is the main sources of water supply of Addis Ababa. It has been clearly seen that
climate change has huge influence to impose on the water availability of the water sources of Addis
Ababa by bringing seasonal shift to rainfall pattern so that changing the magnitudes of hydrologic
components of the reservoir (Oziranski, 2009). This implies the political center of Ethiopia and
Africa is under water shortage stress. This shortage is mainly a result of lack of water supply to meet
the real demand of the city. Hence, this research is undertaken to evaluate the impact of climate
change on legedadi water reservoirIn addis ababa city. Therefore, it will be an interesting to study the
impacts of climate change on legedadi water reservoir.
Objectives of the Study
General objective
The general objective of this paper will be to assessment of climate change impacts of legedadi water
reservoir.
Specific objective
To assess the climate variability (temperature, precipitation).
To evaluate the water supplying potentials of legedadi reservoir at varies scenarios.
To assess the met/unmet condition of drinking water supply from legedadi reservoir.
To explore the potential drinking water met balance alternative.
Research Questions
Generally, the study was attempted to give answer for the following questions:
Sampling procedures
The sampling design adopt for the study is a multi-stage simple random sampling using local
community as primary sampling units. As per the sample design prepare for this survey, vicinity
will be randomly selecting. Then, listing of local community will carry out in the study area by
going from home to home. By assuming, the presence of at least one person in each household,
after counting the number of total household, proportional allocation of sampling for each house
hold will fix. Then, respondents will be approaching by interviewers at their places of residence.
On each household, randomly select respondents will be interviewed using individual
questionnaire. In a case if there is no eligible person in selecting house hold, the next household
will be substituting. If the selecting respondent refuse to respond to the question, he/she will be
considering as a non-respondent. If the selecting respondent will not be finding during the initial
visit, an attempt is making to get him/her and after all will consider as non-respondent.
Sample Size
Sampling involves the selection of a number of study units from a defined study population. The
population is too large for me to consider collecting information from all its members. Instead,
the researcher will be selecting a sample of individuals hoping that the sample is representative
of the population.
For populations that are large and particularly for population where the total population is too
large, unknown or infinite, Kothari (2004) developed the following equation to yield a
representative sample for proportions of large sample.
𝐳2𝐩(1−𝐩)
𝐧= ………………………………………………………………………….. 3.1
𝐞2
Where: -
p is degree of variability,
The aim of sampling is to obtain representative respondents who lives around the study area to
investigate their perception concerning to the issue. It is obvious all respondents have similar
perception regarding to the issue. Thus, small number of respondents can represent for large
population. The study will be employing the single population proportion sample size
determination formula. The 50% proportion of health and environmental impact will be using to
obtain the optimum sample size, with 95% Confidence interval, and 5% marginal error. The
sample size will be.
z2p(1 − p)
1.962 ∗ 0.5 × 0.5
n= 2
e
= = 384
0.052
Assessment of climate change impacts of legedadi water
reservoir using weap tools.(AAWSA)Ethiopia
Assessment of climate change impacts of legedadi water
reservoir using weap tools.(AAWSA)Ethiopia
REFERENCES
Abayneh Alemu, (2011). Evaluation of Climate Change Impact on Extreme Case study: Addis
Ababa and surrounding catchment, M.Sc. Thesis, Addis Ababa University
Arsiso, Bisrat Kifle; Tsidu, Gizaw Mengistu; Stoffberg, Gerrit Hendrik; and Tadesse, Tsegaye,
"Climate change and population growth impacts on surface water supply and demand of Addis
Ababa, Ethiopia" (2017).Drought Mitigation Center Faculty Publications. 130.
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/droughtfacpub/130
Bates, B.C., Z.W. Kundzewicz, S. Wu and J.P. Palutikof, Eds., (2008): Climate Change and
Water. Technical Paper of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC Secretariat,
Geneva, 210 pp
Bergkamp, G., Orlando, B., and Burton, I. (2003) Change: Adaptation of Water Management to
Climate Change. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Gland
& Cambridge.
Endalkachew Girma, (2012). Climate Change Impact on Surface Water Sources of Addis Ababa
A Case Study in Legedadi-Dire-Gefersa Catchments and Reservoirs, M.Sc. Thesis, Addis Ababa
University.
Mekuria Argaw (PhD), (2009). The Role of Higher Education in adapting to Climate and
Ecosystems Change: The case in Ethiopian context, Addis Ababa University Environmental
Science Program, Horn of Africa Regional Environment Centre and Network (HoAREC/N,
Ethiopia Ministry of Water, Irrigation & Energy, (January 31, 2006). Urban Water Supply
Design Criteria, Water Resources Administration, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation
Department, Addis Ababa.
SEURECA, (2006). Feasibility Study of Legedadi River Surface Water Potential, Addis Ababa
2 Pen Pc 10 15 150
3 Pencil Pc 5 8 40
Envelop to
4 Pc 10 10 100
questionnaire
5 Paper writing per page 200 15 3,000
6 Copy per page 1000 (5x200) 3 3,000
Orientation fee for
7 per hour 5 individuals x 1 hr. 500 25,000
data collectors
transport fee for data 5 individuals x 5
8 per individual 200 5,000
collectors days
Coffee program (on
9 per individual 10 375 2,500
the interview)
Sub Total 1826 17,690