STM 008: General Biology 2

MODULE 1 STIMULI Detectable change in the

internal or external environment.
GENETICS Branch of science dealing with
the transfer of genetic material - One reason behind every
from the parents to offspring, action or response.
patterns of inheritance, and IRRITABILITY Organisms’ ability to respond to
variation of character. stimuli.
INHERITANCE Process of passing the RESPONSE Elicited when there is a change
characters of parents to progeny in the organism resulting from
and is the basis of heredity. the detection of a stimulus.
VARIATION Degree of difference between MODULE 2
parents and progeny.
REPRODUCTION Process by which plants and
- Forms the basis of species animals produce offspring.
diversity.
SEXUAL - Biparental
HEREDITY Forms the basis of retaining REPRODUCTION - Germ cells are involved
ancestral characteristics. - Involves formation and fusion
LEVELS OF 1. Atom of gametes
ORGANIZATION OF 2. Molecules - Offspring are genetically
LIVING THINGS 3. Organelles dissimilar to parents
4. Cell - Rate of production is slower
5. Tissue ASEXUAL - Uniparental
6. Organs REPRODUCTION - Somatic cells
7. Organ system - Involves the production of
8. Organism asexual spores
9. Population - Offspring are genetically
10. Community
similar to parents
11. Ecosystem - Rate of production is faster
12. Biosphere
PLANT ANIMAL
ARISTOTLE (GREEK Father of Biology
REPRODUCTION REPRODUCTION
ARISTOTELES)
Life cycle Alternation of No alternation of
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
generations generations
SEXUAL Multicellular life forms such as
Gametes Haploid gametes Haploid gametes
REPRODUCTION humans.
Spores Haploid spores No spores
ASEXUAL Unicellular life forms like
REPRODUCTION bacteria. Gametes Haploid Diploid organism,
made by gametophyte, by by meiosis
HOMEOSTASIS Self-regulating process by which
mitosis
biological systems tend to
maintain stability while adjusting Spores made Diploid No spores
to conditions that are optimal for by sporophyte, by
survival. meiosis
DYNAMIC Stability attained; continuous
EQUILIBRIUM change occurs yet relatively
uniform conditions prevail.
- Body temperature and blood
sugar levels
HEREDITY Refers to the genetic heritage
passed down by our biological
parents.
- It is the transmission of traits NUTRITION Refers to the activities by which
from one generation to the living things obtain raw materials
next. from the environment and
- Traits can be physical and transport them into their cells.
behavioral. NUTRIENTS All the elements and compounds
MOVEMENT To find nutrition, to breed, to taken in by a living thing.
excrete waste products, to AUTOTROPHS Plants; they can produce their
respire, to get a sense of the own food and do not depend on
world, and to grow. others for its source of nutrition.
ADAPTIVE Ability to survive living in another CHEMOSYNTHESIS Synthesis of organic compounds
MECHANISM environment or country. (substances/ chemicals) by
ADAPTATION Ability to change over time in bacteria or other living
response to the environment. organisms using energy derived
from reactions involving organic
- This is fundamental to the
chemicals, typically in the
process of evolution and is
absence of light.
determined by the organism’s
genetics, diet, and other
external factors.
STM 008: General Biology 2
HETEROTROPHS Animals; they cannot produce response to gravity.
their own food and mainly THIGMOTROPISM Movement or growth in
depend on others to survive. response to touch or contact.
HOLOZOIC MODE OF NUTRITION IN ANIMALS HYDROTROPISM Plant’s movement or growth in
HERBIVORES Animals that eat only plants. response to water.
CARNIVORES Animals that eat only meat. TAXIS (ANIMALS)
OMNIVORES Animals that eat plants and AEROTAXIS
meat. PHOTOTAXIS Animal’s response toward/ away
PARASITIC Organisms get their nutrition from light stimulus.
NUTRITION through attaching themselves on GEOTAXIS
or thriving inside a host.
THIGMOTAXIS
- Dog and ticks
CHEMOTAXIS Migratory response that is
SAPROPHYTIC Organisms growing on dead
elicited by chemicals.
NUTRITION trees like mushrooms. They get
nutrients from the thing they are ADAPTABILITY
decomposing. PHYTES Refers to a taxonomic group of
MECHANISMS FOR GAS EXCHANGE plants or algae.
GAS EXCHANGE Essential process in energy PLANTS
metabolism. HYDROPHYTES Plants that have adapted to life
RESPIRATION Process that requires oxygen. in very wet places.
Carbon dioxide gas is HYGROPHYTES Plants that are invariably
produced and must be removed moisture and shade-loving.
from the body.
HALOPHYTES Salt accumulators absorb salts
PHOTOSYNTHESIS Process where plants use light throughout the growing season,
from the sun to convert carbon resulting in an increase in salt
dioxide from the air and water concentration in the cells and
from the soil into energy to feed thus maintaining a water
the plant and oxygen is given potential that is more negative
out in the air. than that of the soil.
CELLULAR Animal cells combine oxygen XEROPHYTES
RESPIRATION with food molecules to release
energy to live and function and MESOPHYTES Maples trees, tulips, and
produces carbon dioxide as a grasses thrive in typically
waste product. average condition.
Process PLANTS ANIMALS ANIMALS
(PHOTOSYNTHESIS) (CELLULAR LIVING TOGETHER Some birds live in large
RESPIRATION) colonies. Penguins, anis, and
Gas in Carbon dioxide Oxygen eider ducks are examples.
Weaver finches work together to
Gas out Oxygen Carbon dioxide build a huge community
Time During day Anytime, during dwelling.
day and night MIGRATION Bridled titmouse and the blue
Mechanism Leaves (stomata) Lungs, air sacs, grouse, are generally permanent
fish gills residents of the range they
inhabit but exhibit migratory
MODULE 3 tendencies within specific areas
IRRITABILITY Excitation response to stimuli. of that range or from higher to
lower elevations.
STIMULI Anything that will cause an
organism to react. HIBERNATION Bats huddle together in a
protected place—such as a cave
Irritability in animals is almost the same with that of plants.
—that stays above freezing.
TROPISM (PLANTS)
ARTIFICIAL Species in the animal kingdom
THERMOTROPISM Movement or growth in BIGNESS try to appear larger in order to
response to heat or ward off predation.
temperature.
CAMOUFLAGE Flat fish that lays on the ocean
PHOTOTROPISM Plant’s movement in response to floor as it searches for prey.
light.
MIMICRY Cuckoo bee, which lays its eggs
POSITIVE Growth of plants towards a light in the nest of bumblebees,
PHOTOTROPISM source. which they closely resemble
- Stems and prey upon.
NEGATIVE Growth away from light. ARCTIC BIOME Plants can begin to grow under
PHOTOTROPISM - Roots snow, grow close to the ground,
and flower quickly.
GEOTROPISM Movement or growth in plants in
DESERT BIOME Roots that can store a lot of
STM 008: General Biology 2
water. muscles, and other cells to store
the excess glucose when blood
TROPICAL FOREST Some plants in this biome start
sugar rises.
BIOME growing on leaves due to lack
of sunlight on the ground. - Some are stored as body fat
whiles others are stored as
MODULE 4 glycogen in the liver and
muscles.
PURPOSE OF 1. If metabolic waste is not
FEEDBACK removed from the body, it
MECHANISM may become poisonous and
kill living cells.
2. Maintains salt balance in
the blood.
3. Keeps you from becoming
CHEMICAL Takes place in the cells of living fecal grenade.
REACTION organisms which is essential in POSITIVE A ripe fruit releases something
carrying out the different life FEEDBACK IN called ETHYLENE. This
processes. PLANTS molecule is known as the
METABOLISM Sum of all the chemical ripening hormone for fruits.
reactions. NEGATIVE The photosynthesis in plants
EXCRETION Removal of metabolic waste FEEDBACK IN speeds up in response to
products from the body of an PLANTS increased levels of carbon
organism due to metabolism. dioxide.

OXYGEN Produced during POSITIVE During labor, a hormone called

photosynthesis. FEEDBACK IN OXYTOCIN is released that
ANIMALS intensifies and speeds up
CARBON DIOXIDE Produced during respiration. contractions.
WATER Removed during transpiration NEGATIVE Human body, where the
and is excreted through the FEEDBACK IN constant temperature would be
stomata of the leaves. ANIMALS at 37 degrees Celsius.
EXCRETORY Passive biological system that Organs Secretes Form
SYSTEM removes excess, unnecessary
materials from the body fluids of LUNGS Carbon dioxide Gas
an organism, so as to help KIDNEY Urine Liquid
maintain internal chemical
SKIN Sweat Liquid
homeostasis and prevent
damage to the body. ANUS Feces Solid/liquid
CELLULAR Set of metabolic reactions and STOMATA Water vapor, Liquid/gas
RESPIRATION processes that take place in the oxygen
cells of organisms to convert Harmful
Waste
biochemical energy from Process
Product
When Effect If Not
Maintained
nutrients into adenosine
Photosynthesi
triphosphate (ATP), and then s
Oxygen Day Will Die
release waste products. Carbon
PLANTS Respiration Night Will Die
Dioxide
FEEDBACK MECHANISM
Day and
Transpiration Water Will Die
POSITIVE Occurs when a stimulus creates Night
FEEDBACK a chain reaction that amplifies Excretory
Feces
Day and Poisoned/
System Night Disease/Die
as it goes on.
Urinary Day and Poisoned/
- It reinforces the stimulus, and ANIMALS
System
Urine
Night Disease/Die
results in a much larger and Cellular Carbon Day and Poisoned/
much more significant Respiration Dioxide Night Disease/Die
response. ERYTHROPOIESIS Production of human red blood
NEGATIVE Occurs when a stimulus cells.
FEEDBACK happens and triggers the OSMOREGULATION Refers to the control of the
organism to counteract the concentration of various
stimulus. liquids within the body to
- It completes the opposite act, maintain homeostasis.
causing the resulting effect to
be lessened.
HOMEOSTASIS Tendency of an organism or cell
to regulate its internal
environment and maintain
equilibrium, usually through a
system of feedback controls
(positive and negative), so as to
stabilize health and functioning.
INSULIN Sends a signal to the liver,