CESTAT30

STATICS OF
RIGID BODIES
(1st Term – AY: 2023 – 2024 )
LESSON 2: Force System Resultants; Equilibrium of
Force Systems; Analysis of Structures

2.1 Force System Resultants

2.2 Equilibrium of Force Systems

2.3 Analysis of Structures

LESSON 2: INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES (ILOs)
At the end of the topic, the students are expected to:

• Understand the concept of the moment of a force and know how to calculate these
moments in two dimensional
• Resolve resultant of force systems subjected to distributed loadings
• Understand the concept of couples and resolve resultant of non-concurrent force
system
2.1 MOMENT OF A FORCE
• When a force is applied to a body it will produce a
tendency for the body to rotate about a point that is not
on the line of action of the force.
• The tendency to rotate is sometimes called a torque,
but most often it is called the moment of a force or
simply the moment.

𝑴𝒐 = 𝑭𝒅
Where: F = force
d = perpendicular distance or the
moment arm
❑ The magnitude of the moment of a force about an axis
which is perpendicular to a plane containing the line of
action of the force is defined as the product of the
force and the perpendicular distance from the axis to
the line of action of the force.
Units: (N-m, kN-m, lbs-ft, lbs-in)
2.1 PRINCIPLE OF TRANSMISSIBILITY
• The effect of an external force on a rigid • Any force that has the same magnitude and
body remains unchanged if that force is direction as F, is equivalent if it also has
moved along its line of action the same line of action and therefore,
F produces the same moment.
F
=

= F

𝑴𝒐 = 𝑭𝒅
=
2.1 MOMENT OF A FORCE
Example
o Determine the moment of the force about point O.
2.1 MOMENT OF A FORCE
Example
o Determine the moment of the force about point O.
2.1 PRINCIPLE OF MOMENTS: VARIGNON’S THEOREM
• The moment of a force about a point is equivalent to the sum of the moments of its
components about the point

Q R
𝑴𝑹 = 𝑴𝑷 + 𝑴𝑸
• Moment of R about point O = Moment of P
about O + Moment of Q about O

𝑴𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 = Σ 𝑴𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒏𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔

• Very important principle that is often used in order to solve

systems of forces that are acting upon and/or within a structure.
2.1 PRINCIPLE OF MOMENTS: VARIGNON’S THEOREM
Resultant Moment

• The resultant moment (𝑀𝑅) about a point can be determined by finding the algebraic sum
of the moment caused by all the forces in the system.

• Sign convention:

Counterclockwise (positive)

Clockwise (negative)

+ 𝑴𝑹 𝑶= Σ 𝑭𝒅

𝑴𝑹 𝑶 = 𝑭𝟏𝒅𝟏 − 𝑭𝟐𝒅𝟐 + 𝑭𝟑𝒅𝟑

2.1 PRINCIPLE OF MOMENTS: VARIGNON’S THEOREM
Example
o Determine the resultant moment of the four forces acting
on the rod.
2.1 PRINCIPLE OF MOMENTS: VARIGNON’S THEOREM
Example
o Determine the resultant moment of the four forces acting
on the rod.

3𝑠𝑖𝑛30°
2.1 PRINCIPLE OF MOMENTS: VARIGNON’S THEOREM
Example
o Determine the resultant moment of the three forces
about point A
2.1 PRINCIPLE OF MOMENTS: VARIGNON’S THEOREM
Example
o Determine the resultant moment of the three forces
about point A
2.1 PRINCIPLE OF MOMENTS: VARIGNON’S THEOREM
Example
o Determine the resultant moment of the three forces
about point A
2.1 PRINCIPLE OF MOMENTS: VARIGNON’S THEOREM
Example
o Determine the resultant moment of the three forces
about point A

4
2.1 PRINCIPLE OF MOMENTS: VARIGNON’S THEOREM
Example
o Determine the resultant moment of the three forces
about point A

4
2.1 FORCE SYSTEM RESULTANTS
Resultant of Parallel Forces

• Parallel forces – one in which the action lines of all the forces are parallel.

𝑹𝒙 = Σ 𝑭𝒙 (x-component of resultant)

𝑹𝒚 = Σ 𝑭𝒚 (y-component of resultant)

𝟐 𝟐
𝑹= 𝑹𝒙 + 𝑹𝒚 (magnitude of resultant)

• To determine the location of resultant:

𝑹𝒅 = Σ 𝑴 (d = location of resultant from a reference point)

2.1 FORCE SYSTEM RESULTANTS
Example
o A parallel force system acts on the lever shown below. Determine the magnitude and
position of the resultant 40 N
30 N 60 N

A 2m 3m 2m 4m

20 N
2.1 FORCE SYSTEM RESULTANTS
Example
o A parallel force system acts on the lever shown below. Determine the magnitude and
position of the resultant 40 N
30 N 60 N

A 2m 3m 2m 4m

20 N
2.1 FORCE SYSTEM RESULTANTS
Resultant of Distributed Loading
• The resultant of a distributed load is equal to the area of the load diagram. It is acting at the
centroid of that area as indicated. The figure below shows the three common distributed
loads namely:
Rectangular Load Triangular Load Trapezoidal Load
2L/3 L/3 R = 𝑭𝟏 + 𝑭𝟐
L/2 L/2 R
𝑤
R 𝑤 𝑤2

𝑤1

L L L
= 𝑭𝟐
𝑭𝟏 𝑤2 − 𝑤1

𝑤1
❑ Resolution of trapezoidal load into
rectangular and triangular loads
L
2.1 FORCE SYSTEM RESULTANTS
Resultant of Distributed Loading
• The resultant of a distributed load is equal to the area of the load diagram. It is acting at the
centroid of that area as indicated. The figure below shows the three common distributed
loads namely:

Rectangular Load Triangular Load Trapezoidal Load

𝟏 𝟏
𝑹 = 𝒘𝑳 𝑹= 𝒘𝑳 𝑹 = 𝒘𝟏𝑳 + (𝒘𝟐 − 𝒘𝟏)𝑳
𝟐 𝟐
2.1 FORCE SYSTEM RESULTANTS
Example
o The beam AB supports a load which varies from an intensity of 50 N/m to 200 N/m.
Calculate the magnitude and position of the resultant load.
2.1 FORCE SYSTEM RESULTANTS
Example
o The beam AB supports a load which varies from an intensity of 50 N/m to 200 N/m.
Calculate the magnitude and position of the resultant load.
2.1 FORCE SYSTEM RESULTANTS
Couples
• Couples – two parallel, non-collinear forces that are equal in magnitude and opposite in
direction. It is a special case in which the resultant has zero magnitude but does have a
moment.
• The magnitude of the couple is given by:
𝑪 = 𝑭𝒅

F
2.1 FORCE SYSTEM RESULTANTS
Example
o Determine the resultant moment about a point A of the system of forces shown below. Each
square is 1m on a side.
2.1 FORCE SYSTEM RESULTANTS
Example
o Determine the resultant moment about a point A of the
system of forces shown below. Each square is 1m on a
side.
2.1 FORCE SYSTEM RESULTANTS
Resolution of a Force into a Force and a Couple
• It is sometimes becoming necessary to replace a force acting at a given point by an equal
force acting through some other. This introduces a couple.

A A A
C=Fd
F’’ Or
d d d
M=Fd
F F
B B B

F’ F
(a) (b) (c)
2.1 FORCE SYSTEM RESULTANTS
Example
o A short compression member carries eccentric load P=200 N situated 0.20 m from the axis of the
member. Determine the equivalent axial load and a couple that is applied at the axis of the
member.
2.1 FORCE SYSTEM RESULTANTS
Example
o A short compression member carries eccentric load P=200 N situated 0.20 m from the axis of the
member. Determine the equivalent axial load and a couple that is applied at the axis of the
member.

P 200 N
40 N-m

= →
2.1 FORCE SYSTEM RESULTANTS
Resultant of Non-Concurrent Force Systems

𝑹𝒙 = Σ 𝑭𝒙

𝑹𝒚 = Σ 𝑭𝒚

𝟐 𝟐
𝑹= 𝑹𝒙 + 𝑹𝒚

• To determine the location of resultant:

𝑹𝒅 = Σ 𝑴
2.1 FORCE SYSTEM RESULTANTS
Example
o Determine the resultant of the three forces acting on the dam and locate its intersection with the
base AB.
2.1 FORCE SYSTEM RESULTANTS
Example
o Determine the resultant of the three forces
acting on the dam and locate its intersection
with the base AB.

-
2.1 FORCE SYSTEM RESULTANTS
Example
o Determine the resultant of the three forces
acting on the dam and locate its intersection
with the base AB.
LESSON 2: Force System Resultants; Equilibrium of
Force Systems; Analysis of Structures

1.1 Force System Resultants

1.2 Equilibrium of Force Systems

1.3 Analysis of Structures

LESSON 2: INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES (ILOs)
At the end of the topic, the students are expected to:

• Know how to develop the equations of equilibrium for a rigid body

• Understand the concept of the free-body diagram for a rigid body
• Know how to solve the rigid-body equilibrium problems using the equations of
equilibrium
2.2 EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCE SYSTEM

• A structure or a body is in equilibrium if, initially at

rest, remains at rest when subjected to forces and
moments.

• If a structure is in equilibrium, then all its members and

parts are also in equilibrium.
2.2 EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCE SYSTEM
Equilibrium

• It is the term used to designate condition where the resultant of a system of forces is zero.

Equations of Equilibrium

• When the body is subjected to a system of forces which all lie in x-y plane. Then the forces can
be resolved into their x and y components. Consequently, the conditions for equilibrium in two
dimensions are:
Σ 𝑭𝒙 = 𝟎

Σ 𝑭𝒚 = 𝟎

Σ 𝑴=𝟎
2.2 EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCE SYSTEM
Free-Body Diagram

• A diagram of a body (or a part of it) which shows all the forces and moments applied on it, and
which has all the forces and moments labeled for use in the solution of the problem.

• To construct a free-body diagram, the following steps are necessary:

1. Draw Outlined Shape. Imagine the particle to be isolated or cut “free” from its surroundings
by drawing its outlined shape.
2. Show All Forces. Indicate on this sketch all the forces that act on the particle.
3. Identify Each Force. The forces that are known should be labeled with their proper
magnitudes and directions.
2.2 EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCE SYSTEM
Support Reactions

• Before presenting a formal procedure as to how to draw a free-body diagram, we will first
consider the various types of reactions that occur at supports and points of contact between
bodies subjected to coplanar force systems. As a general rule:

• If a support prevents the translation of a body in a given direction, then a force is developed on
the body in that direction.
• If rotation is prevented, a couple moment is exerted on the body.
2.2 EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCE SYSTEM
Support Reactions
2.2 EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCE SYSTEM
Support Reactions
2.2 EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCE SYSTEM
Support Reactions
2.2 EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCE SYSTEM
Free-Body Diagram

• Draw the free-body diagram of the uniform beam. It has a mass of 100 kg.
2.2 EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCE SYSTEM
Free-Body Diagram

• Draw the free-body diagram of the uniform beam. It has a mass of 100 kg.
2.2 EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCE SYSTEM
Free-Body Diagram
• The frame shown is supported in pivots A and B. Each member weighs 50 lbs per ft. Draw a
FBD of each member.
2.2 EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCE SYSTEM
Free-Body Diagram
• The frame shown is supported in pivots A and B. Each
member weighs 50 lbs per ft. Draw a FBD of each
member.
2.2 EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCE SYSTEM
Free-Body Diagram
• The frame shown is supported in pivots A and B. Each
member weighs 50 lbs per ft. Draw a FBD of each
member.
2.2 EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCE SYSTEM
Free-Body Diagram
• The frame shown is supported in pivots A and B. Each
member weighs 50 lbs per ft. Draw a FBD of each
member.
Lecture Exercise 2.1a
• A 200 N cylinder is supported by a horizontal rod AB, assumed to be weightless and rests
against the uniform bar CD which weighs 100N. Draw the free body diagrams (a) of rod AB (b)
of the cylinder (c) of bar CD. Assume the pins at A, B, C and D and the rollers to be smooth and
frictionless. PLATE # 2
2.2 EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCE SYSTEM
Equilibrium of Concurrent Force Systems

• The conditions of equilibrium for concurrent force systems are obtained by determining the
equations that produce a zero resultant.

Σ 𝑭𝒙 = 𝟎

Σ 𝑭𝒚 = 𝟎
2.2 EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCE SYSTEM
Example
o A system of cords knotted together at A and B support the weights shown. Compute the
tensions P, Q, F and T acting in the various chords.
2.2 EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCE SYSTEM
Example
o A system of cords knotted together at A and B support the
weights shown. Compute the tensions P, Q, F and T acting in
the various chords.
2.2 EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCE SYSTEM
Example
2.2 EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCE SYSTEM
Example
o A 300-lb box is held at rest on a smooth plane by a force P inclined at an angle  with the plane
as shown below. If  = 45°, determine the value of P and the normal pressure N exerted by the
plane.
2.2 EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCE SYSTEM
Example
o A 300-lb box is held at rest on a smooth plane by a force P inclined at an angle  with the plane as shown
below. If  = 45°, determine the value of P and the normal pressure N exerted by the plane.
Lecture Exercise 2.1b
• Determine the magnitudes of P and F necessary to keep the concurrent force system in
equilibrium. PLATE # 2
2.2 EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCE SYSTEM
Conditions of equilibrium from Moments

• The advantage of expressing equilibrium in terms of moment summation is that any particular
force can be eliminated by taking moments about center on its line of action.

Σ 𝑴𝟎 = 𝟎
Equilibrium of Parallel Forces

• The conditions of equilibrium for parallel force systems are obtained by determining the
equations that produce a zero resultant.

Σ 𝑭𝒙 = 𝟎 Σ 𝑭𝒚 = 𝟎 Σ 𝑴𝟎 = 𝟎
2.2 EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCE SYSTEM
Example
o Determine the reactions of the supports of the beam.
2.2 EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCE SYSTEM
Example
o Determine the reactions of the supports of the beam.
2.2 EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCE SYSTEM
Example
o Determine the reactions of the supports of the beam.
2.2 EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCE SYSTEM
Example
o Determine the reactions R1 and R2 of the supports of the beam loaded with a concentrated load
of 1600 lb and load varying from zero to an intensity of 400 lb/ft.
2.2 EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCE SYSTEM
Example
2.2 EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCE SYSTEM
Example
2.2 EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCE SYSTEM
Example
Lecture Exercise 2.1c
• A simply supported beam, carries a concentrated load of 300 lb and a uniformly distributed
load weighing 100 lbs/ft. Determine the beam reactions. PLATE # 2
2.2 EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCE SYSTEM
Equilibrium of Non-concurrent Forces

• The conditions of equilibrium for non-concurrent force systems are obtained by determining
the equations that produce a zero resultant.

Σ 𝑭𝒙 = 𝟎 Σ 𝑭𝒚 = 𝟎 Σ 𝑴𝟎 = 𝟎
2.2 EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCE SYSTEM
Example
o The truss shown is supported on rollers at A and a hinge at B. Solve for the components of the
reactions.
2.2 EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCE SYSTEM
Example
2.2 EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCE SYSTEM
Example
Lecture Exercise 2.1d
• Determine the load P required to hold bar AB in a horizontal position on the smooth inclined
shown below. Also, determine the reactions at A and B. PLATE # 2