Alexandria Engineering Journal (2021) 60, 3721–3729

H O S T E D BY
Alexandria University

Alexandria Engineering Journal

www.elsevier.com/locate/aej
www.sciencedirect.com

A novel method for analysing the fractal fractional

integrator circuit
Ali Akgül a,*, Shabir Ahmad b, Aman Ullah b, Dumitru Baleanu c,d,e,
Esra Karatas Akgül a

a
Art and Science Faculty, Department of Mathematics, Siirt University, TR-56100 Siirt, Turkey
b
Department of Mathematics, University of Malakand, Dir(L), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
c
Department of Mathematics, Cankaya University, 06530 Balgat, Ankara, Turkey
d
Institute of Space Sciences, R76900 Magurele-Bucharest, Romania
e
Department of Medical Research, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan

Received 5 November 2020; revised 9 January 2021; accepted 10 January 2021

Available online 5 March 2021

KEYWORDS
Fractal-fractional derivative;
Stbility analysis;
Numerical simulations
Abstract In this article, we propose the integrator circuit model by the fractal-fractional operator
in which fractional-order has taken in the Atangana-Baleanu sense. Through Schauder’s fixed point
theorem, we establish existence theory to ensure that the model posses at least one solution and via
Banach fixed theorem, we guarantee that the proposed model has a unique solution. We derive the
results for Ulam-Hyres stability by mean of non-linear functional analysis which shows that the
proposed model is Ulam-Hyres stable under the new fractal-fractional derivative. We establish
the numerical results of the model under consideration through Atanaga-Toufik method. We sim-
ulate the numerical results for different sets of fractional order and fractal dimension.
Ó 2021 THE AUTHORS. Published by Elsevier BV on behalf of Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria
University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/
licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction and background materials the desired behavior of non-linear problems. Due to memory
and non-locality, different fractional-order operators have
Mathematical modeling plays a key role in the various field of been used for the more critical study of physical problems
applied sciences. The modeling of circuit problems has become [1–6]. It is seen that model involving fractional order integral
a potential area of research in recent years to study various and differential equations are more accurate instead of classi-
properties of circuit problems. Researchers and engineers are cal model [12–18].
interested in the study of the complex behavior of circuit prob- Numerous indigenous events can be described precisely by
lems through different mathematical methods and models. But the fractional calculus [7]. In the fractional controllers systems,
in most cases, ordinary differential operators fail to analyze the difficulty is the choice of the fractional values to fulfil the
variables of the fractional order [8]. The fractional operator
* Corresponding author. sc is the main constructing any fractional order systems block.
E-mail address: aliakgul@siirt.edu.tr (A. Akgül). There are two main problems in the effectuation of this circuit
Peer review under responsibility of Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria block that need to be fixed: efficiency problem in realization
University. and reducing the number of components. In electronic, the
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2021.01.061
1110-0168 Ó 2021 THE AUTHORS. Published by Elsevier BV on behalf of Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
3722 A. Akgül et al.
Z
reduction of the number of constituents in the effectuation of a bc k
FFM c;b
0 Ik uðkÞ ¼ zb1 uðzÞðk  zÞc1 dz
circuit system can give lots of benefits: the reduction of the cost ABðcÞCðcÞ 0
of effectuation, the reduction of the heating of constituents
bð1  cÞkb1
and the effectuation of a reduced model of circuit. Approxima- þ uðkÞ: ð4Þ
tion of fractional order integrator and differentiator has con- ABðcÞ
structed many techniques [9–11]. In [8], the authors proposed We organized the paper as: Section 1 deals with the intro-
a circuit integrator model as duction of the article and basic notions of the fractal-
fractional calculus. Section 2 deals with existence and unique-
8 C a
>
> 0 Dk xðkÞ ¼ yðkÞ; ness of solution of the proposed model via fixed point theory.
<


  Section 3 provides the Ulam-Hyres stability of the model. The
C a 1
0 Dk yðkÞ ¼ 3 xðkÞ þ 32 zðkÞ2  1 yðkÞ ; ð1Þ
>
>
proper numerical scheme and simulations is given in Section 4.
: C a
0 Dk zðkÞ ¼ yðkÞ  5 zðkÞ þ yðkÞzðkÞ: The conclusion of the article is given in Section 5.
3

The idea of fractal derivative solves many problems in nat- 2. Existence and uniqueness results
ure. Recently, Atangana [19] proposed a fractal derivative of
the convolution of function with three major definitions,
We demonstrate the existence of least one and unique solution
namely power law, exponential decay law, and the generalized
of the model under consideration via fixed point results. Con-
function of Mittag-Leffer. These new types of derivatives have
sider the model (2) as
two parameters, first one represents the fractional-order, and 8
ABR c b1
the other represents the fractal dimension. These operators tend >
< 0 Dk xðkÞ ¼ bk Qðk; x; y; zÞ;
to model more complex phenomena than fractional-order oper- ABR c b1
ð5Þ
Dk yðkÞ ¼ bk W ðk; x; y; zÞ;
ators. Chaotic systems are almost one of the most important > 0
: ABR c b1
0 Dk zð k Þ ¼ bk E ð k; x; y; zÞ;
and applicable types of nonlinear circuit problems. Therefore
in many cases, the exact solution is not available for such equa- where
tions. On the other hand, the use of new derivative operators in 8
>
> Qðk; x; y; zÞ ¼ yðkÞ;
structures of chaotic systems has made significant development <


 
in this field. In some cases the researchers have obtained desir- W ðk; x; y; zÞ ¼ 1 xðkÞ þ 32 zðkÞ2  1 yðkÞ ;
>
>
3
able attractors, which were not achievable by common integer- :
Eðk; x; y; zÞ ¼ yðkÞ  35 zðkÞ þ yðkÞzðkÞ:
order operators. This fact highlights the importance of new
derivative operators in other real-world models. Therefore, We can write system (5) as:
we will study the model (1) through newly Atangana-Baleanu (
ABR c
0 Dk NðkÞ ¼ bkb1 Kðk; NðkÞÞ;
fractal-fractional operator. We consider the system (1) under ð6Þ
fractal-fractional derivative in Atangana-Baleanu sense with Nð0Þ ¼ N0 :
fractional order c, and fractal order b as follows
By replacing 0
ABR
Dck by 0
ABC
Dc;b
k and applying fractional inte-
8 FFM c;b gral, we get
>
> 0 Dk xðkÞ ¼ yðkÞ;
<


  bkb1 ð1  cÞ
FFM c;b NðkÞ ¼ Nð0Þ þ Kðk; NðkÞÞ
Dk yðkÞ ¼ 1 xðkÞ þ 32 zðkÞ2  1 yðkÞ ; ð2Þ
>
>
0 3 ABðcÞ
: FFM c;b
0 Dk zðkÞ ¼ yðkÞ  35 zðkÞ þ yðkÞzðkÞ: cb k
þ kb1 ðk  kÞb1 Kðk; NðkÞÞdk;
ABðcÞCðcÞ0
with initial conditions xð0Þ ¼ x0 ; yð0Þ ¼ y0 ; zð0Þ ¼ z0 . In the
where 8 8 8
present article, we will study the existence and stability, and
Atanaga-Toufik numerical scheme of the model (2). The defi- < xðkÞ < xð0Þ < Qðk; x; y; zÞ
NðkÞ ¼ yðkÞ ; Nð0Þ ¼ yð0Þ ; Kðk; NðtÞÞ ¼ W ðk; x; y; zÞ
nition Atangana Baleanu fractal-fractional derivative and its : : :
zðkÞ zð0Þ Eðk; x; y; zÞ
corresponding integral is given by
For the existence theory, we define a Banach space
B ¼ Y  Y  Y, where Y ¼ C½0; T under the norm
Definition 1.1 [19]. Let uðkÞ be continuous in ða; bÞ and fractal
differentiable on ða; bÞ with order b. Then, the fractal- kNk ¼ max jxðkÞ þ yðkÞ þ zðkÞj:
k2½0;T
fractional derivative of u of order c is given by:
Define an operator Z : B ! Bas:
Z  
ABðcÞ d k
c bkb1 ð1  cÞ
FFM c;b
a D k u ðkÞ ¼ uðzÞEc ðk  zÞc dz; 0 < c; b 6 1; ZðNÞðkÞ ¼ Nð0Þ þ Kðk; NðkÞÞ
1  c dkb a 1c ABðcÞ
ð3Þ
cb k
þ kb1 ðk  kÞb1 Kðk; NðkÞÞdk: ð7Þ
ABðcÞCðcÞ0
where ABðcÞ is the normalization function such that
ABð0Þ ¼ ABð1Þ ¼ 1. Now we impose growth and Lipschitz condition on non-
linear function Kðk; NðkÞÞ as:
Definition 1.2 [19]. Let uðkÞ be continuous in ða; bÞ. Then the
fractal-fractional integral of u with order c is presented as:  For each N 2 B; 9 constants CK > 0 and M K such that
A novel method for analysing the fractal fractional integrator circuit 3723

jKðk; NðkÞÞj 6 CK jNðkÞj þ MK ; ð8Þ Hence Z is contraction. So by Banach contraction princi-

ple, the given model has a unique solution. h
 For each N; N 2 B; 9 a constant LK > 0 such that
    
Kðk; NðkÞÞ  K k; NðkÞ  6 LK NðkÞ  NðkÞ: ð9Þ
3. Ulam-Hyres stability

Here we are going to demonstrate the Ulam-Hyres stability of

Theorem 2.1. Assume that the condition (8) holds. Let the proposed model.
K : ½0; T  B ! Rbe a continuous function. Then the proposed
model has least one solution. Definition 3.1. The proposed model is Ulam-Hyres stable if 9
@c;b P 0 such that for any  > 0 and for every N 2 Cð½0; T; RÞ
Proof. First we have to show that the operator Z defined by satisfies
(7) is completely continuous. Since K is continuous, therefore,
Z is also continuous.  FFM c;b 
0 Dk NðkÞ  Kðk; NðkÞÞ 6 ; k 2 ½0; T;
Let H ¼ fN 2 B : kNk 6 R; R > 0g. Now for any N 2 B, and there exists a unique solution X 2 Cð½0; T; RÞ such that
we have
jNðkÞ  XðkÞj 6 @c;b ; k 2 ½0; T:

 b1
kZðNÞk ¼ max Nð0Þ þ bt ABðð1c
cÞ
Þ
Kðt; NðtÞÞ We take into consideration a small perturbation
t2½0;T

cb t b1 b1
þ ABðcÞCðcÞ 0 k ðt  kÞ Kðk; NðkÞÞdk
 U 2 C½0; T such that Uð0Þ ¼ 0. Let
b1
6 Nð0Þ þ bT ABððc1c Þ
ðCK kNk þ MK Þ
Þ  jUðk Þj 6 ,for  > 0.
t b1 b1
þmax ABðcb k ðt  kÞ jKðk; NðkÞÞjdk  0 FFM Dc;b
k Nðk Þ ¼ Kðk; Nðk ÞÞ þ Uðk Þ.
cÞCðcÞ 0
t2½0;T
b1
6 Nð0Þ þ bT ABððc1c
Þ
Þ
ðCK kNk þ MK Þ
þ ABðcb
cÞCðcÞ
ðCK kNk þ MK ÞTcþb1 Hðc; bÞ
6 R:
Lemma 3.2. The solution of the perturbed model
Thus the operator Z is uniformly bounded, where Hðc; bÞ
denote the beta function.
0
FFM
Dc;b
k NðkÞ ¼ Kðk; NðkÞÞ þ UðkÞ;
For equicontinuity of Z, let us take k1 < k2 6 T. Then
consider Nð0Þ ¼ N0 ;

 b1 fulfills the relation given below

bk ð1cÞ
jZðNÞðk2 Þ  ZðNÞðk1 Þj ¼  2ABðcÞ Kðk2 ; Nðk2 ÞÞ þ ABðcb
cÞCðcÞ
k2 b1
0 k ð k2 kÞb1 Kðk; NðkÞÞdk 




bkb1 ð1cÞ k b1 b1
 NðkÞ  Nð0Þ þ ABðcÞ Kðk; NðkÞÞ þ ABðcb
cÞCðcÞ 0
k ðk  kÞ Kðk; NðkÞÞdk  6 Hc;b ;
bkb1 ð1cÞ 
 1ABðcÞ Kðk1 ; Nðk1 ÞÞ þ cb
ABðcÞCðcÞ
k1 b1
0 k ðk1  kÞb1 Kðk; NðkÞÞdk
bkb1 ð1cÞ
6 2
ðCK jNðkÞj þ MK Þ þ ABðcb ðCK jNðkÞj þ MK Þk2cþb1 Hðc; bÞ b1
ABðcÞ
bkb1 ð1cÞ
cÞCðcÞ
where Hc;b ¼ bT ABððc1c
Þ
Þ
þ ABðcb
cÞCðcÞ
Tcþb1 Hðc; bÞ.
 1ABðcÞ ðCK jNðtÞj þ MK Þ  cb
ABðcÞCðcÞ
ðCK jNðkÞj þ MK Þkcþb1
1 Hðc; bÞ;

when t1 ! k2 ,then jZðNÞðk2 Þ  ZðNÞðk1 Þj ! 0. Conse- Proof. The proof is easy so we omit it. h
quently, we can say that
kZðNÞðk2 Þ  ZðNÞðk1 Þk ! 0; as k1 ! k2 : Lemma 3.3. Under condition (9) along with lemma (1), the
solution of the proposed model is Ulam-Hyres stable if q < 1.
Hence Z is equicontinuous. So by Arzela-Ascoli theorem is
completely continuous. Thus, by Schauder’s fixed point result Proof. Let X 2 B be a unique solution and N 2 B be any solu-
the proposed model has at least one solution. h tion of the proposed model, then

Theorem 2.2. Let (9) holds. If q < 1, where jNðkÞ  XðkÞj

 h
 b1
¼ NðkÞ  Xð0Þ þ bk ABðð1c Þ
Kðk; XðkÞÞ
 b1  cÞ
i
bT ð1  cÞ cb þ ABðcb k ðk  kÞb1 Kðk; XðkÞÞdk 
k b1 
q¼ þ Tcþb1 Hðc; bÞ LK ; 
cÞCðcÞ 0


ABðcÞ ABðcÞCðcÞ  bkb1 ð1cÞ
6 NðkÞ  Nð0Þ þ ABðcÞ Kðk; NðkÞÞ þ ABðcb k b1
cÞCðcÞ 0
b1 
k ðk  kÞ Kðk; NðkÞÞdk 
 
 b1 
then the considered model has a unique solution. þNð0Þ þ bk ABðð1c cÞ
Þ
Kðk; NðkÞÞ þ ABðcb cÞCðcÞ 0
k ðk  kÞb1 Kðk; NðkÞÞdk
k b1

 
 bkb1 ð1cÞ cb k b1 b1 
Xð0Þ þ ABðcÞ Kðk; XðkÞÞ þ ABðcÞCðcÞ 0 k ðk  kÞ Kðk; XðkÞÞdk

b1 
Proof. For N; N 2 B,we have 6 Hc;b  þ bT ð1cÞ
ABðcÞ
cb
þ ABðcÞCðcÞ Tcþb1
Hðc; bÞ LK jNðtÞ  XðtÞj
6 Hc;b  þ qjNðkÞ  XðkÞj:
   b1   

ZðNÞ  Z N ¼ max bk ABðð1c cÞ
Þ
Kðk; NðkÞÞ  K k; NðkÞ
½
k2 0;T  Consequently one can write
  
þ ABðcÞCðcÞ 0 k ðk  kÞb1 dk Kðk; NðkÞÞ  K k; NðkÞ 
cb k b1 kN  Xk 6 Hc;b  þ qkN  Xk:
h b1 i
6 bT ABððc1c Þ
þ ABðcb Tcþb1 Hðc; bÞ N  N We can write the above relation is
Þ cÞCðcÞ
kN  Xk 6 @c;b ;
6q NN :
3724 A. Akgül et al.

where @c;b ¼ 1q

c;b H
. Hence the solution of the proposed problem Dðk; x; y; zÞ ¼ bkb1 yðkÞ;
b1


 
is Ulam-Hyres stable. h Eðk; x; y; zÞ ¼  bt 3 xðkÞ þ 32 zðkÞ2  1 yðkÞ ;
 
Fðk; x; y; zÞ ¼ btb1 y  35 zðkÞ þ yðkÞzðkÞ :
4. Numerical results and simulations
Then, we will get
Rk

Electronic circuits show the amazing potential to demonstrate ABðcÞ d
1c dk 0
c
xðsÞEc 1c ðk  sÞc ds ¼ Dðk; x; y; zÞ;
at low cost most of nonlinear phenomena obtained in dynam- Rk

ical systems. We simulate the electronic circuit realization of
ABðcÞ d
1c dk 0
c
yðsÞEc 1c ðk  sÞc ds ¼ Eðk; x; y; zÞ;
the fractal fractional order chaotic system in this section. We Rk

consider the fractal fractional Memristor based chaotic system
ABðcÞ d
1c dk 0
c
zðsÞEc 1c ðk  sÞc ds ¼ Fðk; x; y; zÞ:
as [8]:
Applying the AB integral yields
c;b Rk
a Dk xðkÞ ¼yðkÞ; ð10Þ
FFM
xðkÞ  xð0Þ ¼ 1c
Dðk; x; y; zÞ þ ABðccÞCðcÞ ðk  sÞc1 Dðs; x; y; zÞds;
  ABðcÞ
3
 0
1 Rk
c;b
xðkÞ þ zðkÞ2  1 yðkÞ ; yðkÞ  yð0Þ ¼ 1c
Eðk; x; y; zÞ þ ABðccÞCðcÞ ðk  sÞc1 Eðs; x; y; zÞds;
a Dk yðkÞ ¼  ð11Þ
FFM ABðcÞ 0
3 2 Rk c1
zðkÞ  zð0Þ ¼ 1c
ABðcÞ
Fðk; x; y; zÞ þ ABðccÞCðcÞ 0
ð k  sÞ Fðs; x; y; zÞds:
c;b 3
a Dk zðkÞ ¼  y  zðkÞ þ yðkÞzðkÞ: ð12Þ
FFM
5 We discretize these equations at tnþ1 as
The circuital equations reelated to the above system equation xnþ1 ¼ x0 þ AB1c
ð cÞ
Dðknþ1 ; xn ; yn ; zn Þ
is obtained as [8]: Rk
  þ ABðccÞCðcÞ 0 nþ1 ðknþ1  sÞc1 Dðs; x; y; zÞds;
c;b 1 R2
FFM
a Dk X ¼  Y ; ð13Þ ynþ1 ¼ y0 þ AB1c
ð cÞ
Eðknþ1 ; xn ; yn ; zn Þ
C0 R1 R3 Rk
  þ ABðccÞCðcÞ 0 nþ1 ðknþ1  sÞc1 Eðs; x; y; zÞds;
c;b 1 R7 1 1
a Dk Y ¼ Y  X  Z2 Y ; ð14Þ
FFM
C0 R8 R5 R4 R6 znþ1 ¼ z0 þ AB
1c
Fðknþ1 ; x; y; zÞ
  ð cÞ
1 R12 1 1 Rk
FFM c;b
a Dk Z ¼ YZ  Y Z : ð15Þ þ ABðcÞCðcÞ 0 nþ1 ðk  sÞc1 Fðs; x; y; zÞds:
c
C0 R13 R9 R10 R11
Then, we obtain
We define the parameters for the above system as:
R1 ¼ R2 ¼ R3 ¼ R5 ¼ R7 ¼ R9 ¼ R10 ¼ R12 ¼ R13 ¼ 10 kX; xnþ1 ¼ x0 þ AB Dðknþ1 ; xn ; yn ; zn Þ
1c
ðcÞ
n h
X i
R6 ¼ R0 ¼ 10:3 kX; R4 ¼ 11:62 kX R11 ¼ 11:49 kX:We þ c
ABðcÞ
hc Dðks ;xn ;yn ;zn Þ
Cðcþ2Þ
c c
ððn þ 1  sÞ ðn  s þ 2 þ cÞ  ðn  sÞ ðn  s þ 2 þ 2cÞÞ
can write the system (10)–(12) as s¼0
X
n

h Dðks1 ;x ;y ;z Þ
c n1 n1 n1
cþ1 c
Rk
  c
ABðcÞ Cðcþ2Þ
ðn þ 1  sÞ  ðn  sÞ ðn  s þ 1 þ cÞ ;
ABðcÞ d c c b1
1c dk 0
xðsÞEc  sÞ ds ¼
1c
ðk bk yðkÞ; s¼0

Rk


b1

  ynþ1 ¼ y0 þ AB
1c
ð cÞ
Eðknþ1 ; xn ; yn ; zn Þ
ABðcÞ d
1c dk 0
yðsÞEc  sÞc ds ¼
c
1c
ðk  bt 3 xðkÞ þ 32 zðkÞ2  1 yðkÞ ; X n h
i

 þ c
hc E Cðcþ2Þððnþ1sÞc ðnsþ2þc
ks ;x;yn ;z

ABðcÞ d
Rk c   ABðcÞ ÞðnsÞc ðnsþ2þ2cÞÞ

1c dk 0
c
zðsÞEc 1c ðk  sÞ ds ¼ bkb1 y  35 zðkÞ þ yðkÞzðkÞ : s¼0

For simplicity, we define

Fig. 1 The dynamical behavior of the chaotic attractor for the initial conditions 1; 1; 2; c ¼ 1 and b ¼ 1 using Atangana–Baleanu
fractal–fractional derivative operator.
A novel method for analysing the fractal fractional integrator circuit 3725

c X n
hc Eðks1 ; xn1 ; yn1 ; zn1 Þ

Matlab. Here, we present the numerical results obtained for
 ðn þ 1  sÞcþ1  ðn  sÞc ðn  s þ 1 þ cÞ ; znþ1
ABðcÞ s¼0 Cðc þ 2Þ
1c
the proposed model through 2 phase and 3 phase simulations
¼ z0 þ Fðknþ1 ; xn ; yn ; zn Þ for the various fractional and fractal order sets. First of all, we
ABðcÞ
c X hc Fðks ; xn ; yn ; zn Þ
n
simulate the proposed model at fractional and fractal dimen-
þ ððn þ 1  sÞc ðn  s þ 2 þ cÞ  ðn  sÞc ðn  s þ 2 þ 2cÞÞ
ABðcÞ s¼0
Cðc þ 2Þ sions equals 1 in Fig. 1. In Figs. 2, we presented the model
c X n
hc Fðks1 ; xn1 ; yn1 ; zn1 Þ

for the fractional-order c=0.98 and fractal dimension b ¼ 1.
 ðn þ 1  sÞcþ1  ðn  sÞc ðn  s þ 1 þ cÞ :
ABðcÞ s¼0 Cðc þ 2Þ
In Figs. 3–8, we have simulated the results of
by the method using in [20]. Similar things can be done for the xðkÞ; yðkÞ; and zðkÞ with respect to time for different values
system (13)–(15). Numerical simulations are demonstrated by of fractional and fractal orders. We see the dynamics of the dif-
the following figures. ferent compartments of the model have been changed by vary-
We have simulated the obtained results for the initial con- ing fractional or fractal orders. These figures shows limits
ditions xð0Þ ¼ 1; yð0Þ ¼ 1; and zð0Þ ¼ 2 respectively through cycles behaviors and periodic orbit trajectories of the proposed

Fig. 2 The dynamical behavior of the chaotic attractor for the initial conditions 1; 1; 2; c ¼ 0:9 and b ¼ 1 using Atangana–Baleanu
fractal–fractional derivative operator.

Fig. 3 Numerical simulation for b ¼ 1 and different values of c.

3726 A. Akgül et al.

Fig. 4 Numerical simulation for b ¼ 1 and different values of c.

Fig. 5 Numerical simulation for b ¼ 1 and different values of c.

model. We have also examined the model’s more complicated 5. Conclusion

behavior in the form of chaotic attractors that can often not be
achieved by ordinary and fractional-order operators. The In this manuscript, we formulated the integrator circuit model
fractal-fractional operators are thus better tools to examine by the newly introduced operator, which is the combination of
the proposed system’s more complex behavior. Atangana-Baleanu fractional operator and the fractal opera-
A novel method for analysing the fractal fractional integrator circuit 3727

Fig. 6 Numerical simulation for different fractional orders and b ¼ 1.

Fig. 7 Numerical simulation for different fractional orders and b ¼ 1.

tor. We proved some results about the existence of least one
solution and a unique solution of the given model by Schau-
der’s and Banach fixed point theorems respectively. We estab-
lished the results of the Ulam-Hyres stability of the model by
mean of non-linear functional analysis. We constructed gen-
eral numerical results of the model through Atanagan-Toufik
numerical method. Lastly, we simulated the numerical results
for different fractional and fractal orders. We have observed
the chaotic attractors and more complex behavior in the fig-
ures. From Fig. 1, we conclude that when the fractional-
order and fractal dimension is equal to 1, then we recover
the integer-order simulation of the integrator circuit model.
3728
Fig. 8 Numerical simulation for different fractional orders and b ¼ 1.
Thus, fractal-fractional operators can analyze better dynamics
of the complex behaviour of physical phenomena than the
fractional and fractal operators.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing
financial interests or personal relationships that could have
appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgment
We are thankful to the reviewers for their careful reading and
suggestions.
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