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New PPT 1 PROPOSAL PREPARATION
New PPT 1 PROPOSAL PREPARATION
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RESEARCH
• Means searching for theory, for testing
theory, or for solving a problem. It means
that something exists that needs
investigation and inquiry which later has to
be solved.
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RESEARCH
• Is define in various ways – for one, “to
search again, to take another more
careful look, to find out more” (Selltiz,
et. al., 1976). This means that research is
a practical way of discovering answers
and solutions to existing problems. As one
goes into the research process, questions
arise.
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RESEARCH
• It may also be defined as simply “a
systematic quest for undiscovered
truth” (Leedy, 1974). Hence, it is the
research for an answer to an
unanswerable question.
• “It is a systematic attempt to provide
answers to questions” (Tuckman, 1972).
It is a systematic attempt to obtain
adequate solutions to problems.
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Kerlinger (1973) defined scientific
research as follows: “systematic,
controlled, empirical and critical
investigation of hypothetical
propositions about the presumed
relations among natural phenomena.”
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Systematic – means following step-by-
step procedures, investigation is so
ordered that investigations can have
critical confidence in research outcomes.
These include:
*identification of the problem
*relating problem with existing theory/ies
*collection of data
*analysis and interpretation of data
*drawing conclusions
*integrating conclusions into the streams of
knowledge 6
Controlled – means well-planned,
which means:
•the problem is defined theoretically
•the variables are identified and selected
•the instruments are carefully selected or
constructed
•conclusions are drawn only from the data
obtained
•recommendations are based on the
findings and conclusions
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Empirical – research is based on direct
experience or observation by the
researcher.
The collection of data relies on practical
experience without benefit of the scientific
knowledge or theory.
It points to the need to gather factual data
and to test subjective reality and have the
findings often to further scrutiny and testing
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Critical – research exhibits careful and
precise judgment.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF
RESEARCH
• Research is logical and objective.
• Research is expert, systematic and
accurate investigation.
• Research gathers new knowledge and
data from primary and secondary source
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CHARACTERISTICS OF
RESEARCH
• Research endeavours to organize data in
quantitative (measurable) terms if possible
and to express these data in numerical
measures.
• Research requires courage.
• Research is carefully recorded and
reported.
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CRITERIA FOR A GOOD
RESEARCH TOPIC
A good research topic should be: (F.I.N.E.R)
• Feasible
• Interesting
• Novel
• Ethical
• Relevant
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THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
• Problem – is any significant, perplexing
and challenging situation, real or artificial,
the solution of which requires reflective
thinking.
– perplexing situation
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How does one know that a
problem is researchable?
When:
1.There is no answer or solution to it,
such as a gap in knowledge exist
(when there is an absence of
information resulting in a gap of
knowledge).
2. There are possible solutions, the
effectivity of which is untested or
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unknown yet.
3.There are answers or solutions the
possible result of which may seem or
maybe factually contradictory. (When
are contradictory results).
4.There are several possible and
plausible explanations for the
undesirable conditions (when fact
exists and you intend to make your
study explain it).
5. When the existence of a phenomenon
requires explanation. 16
Sources of Problem
• Dialogue or ordinary meetings
• Personal experience
• Symposia
• Journals
• Books
• Mass media
• Theories
• Theses/Dissertation
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Criteria of a Good Research Problem
1. The problem should be of great interest to
the researcher.
2. The problem should be relevant and
useful to a specific group of people.
3. A good problem is novel in that it
possesses the element of newness. (There is
no such thing as new topic in
research).
4. A problem should be well defined or
specified. 18
Criteria of a Good Research Problem
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Not all problems are researchable
problems for the following reasons:
1.It is impossible to collect verifiable data for the
problem.
2.The problem does not require mental struggle
to force the facts to reveal their meaning.
3. The answers to the problem can be
answered by machines.
4.The problem is answerable by yes or no.
5.The problem poses ethical and moral
impediments. 21
THE TITLE
1. Clear and specific.
2. The main concept should be included.
3. The variable being investigated should by
all means be written as part of the title.
4. Where many variables are being studied,
there must be some ways to choose
terms that will summarize these
variables.
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THE TITLE
Examples:
Personal variables – age, gender, no. of
dependents.
Professional variables – education, salary,
rank, etc.
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THE TITLE
5. The inclusion of variables, relationships
and target population will invariably make
the title long. In this connection, Baker &
Schultz sets the maximum of 20
substantive words.
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THE TITLE
• Function words not included in the TITLE:
a) A study of
b) An investigation of
c) An inquiry
d) A comparison of
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PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT AND STUDENT
ACHIEVERS’ DEVELOPMENT IN NATIONAL HIGH
SCHOOLS IN THE BICOL REGION
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Guidelines in writing
introduction
1. Try to respond to the obvious questions in
the minds of the reader. What is the study
about? What need is being responded to
by the study? (unsatisfactory condition).
Who benefits from the study? These
three questions must be answered in the
first paragraph of the introduction.
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Guidelines in writing
introduction
2. Cite some relevant past attempts on the
same study and quote from the authors to
establish the need for the study in the
second to the third paragraph of your
introduction.
3. In the fourth paragraph, underscore the
losses that will accrue on the discipline if
the study is not conducted. What will
happen if the study is not done?
(Rationale) 31
Guidelines in writing
introduction
4. In the final paragraph, repeat exactly
what your main objective is in conducting
the study.
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MICHAEL N. NOLASCO, Ph.D. 33
MICHAEL N. NOLASCO, Ph.D. 34
The statement of the problem is composed
of the general or main and specific or sub-
problems.
Main problem
Title of Research
PROGRAM EVALUATION OF CENTRAL BICOL STATE UNIVERSITY
OF AGRICULTURE (CBSUA) AND THE ATTAINMENT
OF CHED THRUSTS
List various concerns that you should do in order to answer the main
problem:
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2. What is the level of implementation
of these programs in terms of human and
non-human resource components?
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Specific Objectives
Translate the specific questions to objectives of the study
SPECIFIC PROBLEMS OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
What are the
academic programs Describe the academic
of the institution in programs of the
terms of their institution in terms of
objectives, selected their objectives, selected
learning content, learning content,
organized learning organized learning
experiences, and experiences, and
evaluation evaluation strategies.
strategies?
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SPECIFIC PROBLEMS OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
2. What is the level of Assess the level of
implementation of the implementation of the
programs in terms of programs in terms of human
human and non-human and non-human resource
resource components? components
3. To what extent have To find out the extent the
the implemented implemented programs
programs achieved the achieved the four CHED
four CHED Thrusts Thrusts along:
along: a. quality and excellence;
a. quality and excellence; b. access and equity;
b. access and equity; c. relevance and
c. relevance and responsiveness; and
responsiveness; and
d. efficiency and
d. efficiency and
effectiveness? effectiveness
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SPECIFIC PROBLEMS OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
4. Is there a significant Find out the relationship
relationship between between the level of program
the level of program implementation and
implementation and attainment of the four CHED
attainment of the four Thrusts?
CHED Thrusts?
5. What policy/ies may
be formulated to Formulate policy/ies to enhance
enhance academic academic program
program implementation and
implementation and compliance with the CHED
compliance with the goals
CHED goals?
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Levels of inquiry
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ASSUMPTION vs HYPOTHESES
An hypothesis is a specific statement of
prediction. It describes in concrete (rather
than theoretical) terms what you expect will
happen in your study. Not all studies have
hypotheses.
Usually, we call the hypothesis that you
support (your prediction)
the alternative hypothesis, and we call the
hypothesis that describes the remaining
possible outcomes the null hypothesis. 55
IMPORTANCE OR
SIGNFICIANCE OF THE STUDY
• In this section, the researcher expresses the
value or importance of the research study.
• This is where the significant contributions of the
results of the study are enumerated.
• Such contributions may be viewed from the point
of the target beneficiaries like the researcher
himself, service provider, client, society,
administrators, planners, decision-makers,
implementers, the community, the educational
institutions, legislatures, and practitioners.
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PROGRAM EVALUATION OF CENTRAL BICOL STATE UNIVERSITY
OF AGRICULTURE (CBSUA) AND THE ATTAINMENT
OF CHED THRUSTS
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The use of the following phrases could help express
the importance of the study:
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Limitations vs Delimitations
Limitations are potential weaknesses in
your study and are out of your control. We
find limitations in almost everything we do.
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The use of the following phrases could help
express the scope of this portion:
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The limitation could be expressed using the
following phrases:
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MICHAEL N. NOLASCO, Ph.D. 69
Definition of Terms
A conceptual definition tells you what
the concept means, while an operational
definition only tells you how to measure it.
A conceptual definition tells what
your constructs are by explaining how they
are related to other constructs. This
explanation and all of the constructs it refers
to are abstract.
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Definition of Terms
A conceptual definition tells what
your constructs are by explaining how they
are related to other constructs. This
explanation and all of the constructs it refers
to are abstract.
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Definition of Terms
On the other hand, your operational
definitions describe the variables you will
use as indicators for your constructs and the
procedures you will use to observe or
measure the variables.
Operational definition of terms refers
to a detailed explanation of the
technical terms and measurements used
during data collection.
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End…
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