PHILIPPINE NORMAL UNIVERSITY

The National Center for Teacher Education

MAILYN G. ELACRE
Math Ed-809

PROBLEM SET 1
Answer/Solve the following.

1. Let G = {x in R | x  1} = set of all real numbers greater than 1. Define

x  y = xy − x − y + 2 for x, y in G . Does G form a group under *? Justify your
answer. (8 points)

1. Operation is Closed
If x ϵ G and y ϵ G → x * y ϵ G
Here x * y = xy − x − y + 2
= xy − x − y + 1 + 1
= x(y − 1) − 1(y-1) + 1 → (y-1) (x-1) → 1
As x >1, and y >1→ (y-1) (x-1) > 0
(x -1) = 0 (y-1) = 0
Therefore from (1) we can say that x  y = xy − x − y + 2 >1
→ * is Closed.
2.*is associative
that is (x * y) * z = x * (y * z)
⸫ x,y,z ϵ G
Where x * y = xy − x − y + 2
(x * y) * z = (xy − x − y + 2)* z
= (xy − x − y + 2) z - (xy − x − y + 2)- z + 2
= xyz – xz – yz + 2z – xy + x + y – 2 – z + 2
= xyz – xz – yz + 2z – xy + x + y – z
= xyz – xz – yz + x + y + 2 – xy
Again y * z = yz − y − z + 2
⸫ x *(y * z) = x * (yz − y − z + 2)
= xyz – xy – xz + 2x – x - yz + y +z- 2 + 2
= xyz – xy – xz + x – yz + y + z
x *(y * z) = (x * y) * z)
⸫ x,y,z ϵ G
→ * is Associative.
2. Identity Element
x * y = xy − x − y + 2
→ x * y = x → xy − x − y + 2 → 𝑥
→ xy − y = 2x – 2
→ y(x − 1) = 2(x – 1)
→ y=2
→ is the identity element as x * y = x
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4. Inverse Element Exist

Here x * y = xy − x − y + 2
To find inverse of x = 𝑦 1
x * 𝑦 1 = xy − x − y + 2 = 2
→ xy − x − y + 2 = 2
→ xy − y = x → 𝑦 ሺ𝑥 − 1ሻ = 𝑥
𝑥 ሺ𝑥 − 1ሻ + 1
𝑎𝑠 𝑥 > 1 𝑥 − 1 > 0 →𝑦= =
𝑥−1 𝑥−1
𝑥 1
→ 𝑥−1 > 1 = 1 + 𝑥−1 > 1
As (x-1)>0
Therefore
𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑥−1 > 1 ϵ G inverse exist in G. ( x ) ϵ G

3. Prove that (G, ) is an abelian group where G = {x  R : -1 < x < 1} and  is defined
x+ y
by x  y = . (8 points)
xy + 1

We have a set G = { x  R |-1 < x < 1} and the operation ‘*’ is defined such that
𝑥+𝑦
𝑥 ∗ 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦+1
To prove: ( G, * ) is an abelian group.
Proof: 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝑥+𝑦
Since, G is a METRIC space with metric 𝑑 ሺ𝑥, 𝑦ሻ = 𝑥𝑦+1
→ 𝑥 ∗ 𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑖𝑛 𝐺.
→ 𝐶𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑆𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑ሺ1ሻ

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑥 ∗ ሺ𝑦 ∗ 𝑧ሻ 𝑥 𝑅𝐻𝑆 = ሺ𝑥 ∗ 𝑦ሻ ∗ 𝑧
𝑦+𝑧 𝑥+𝑦
= 𝑥 ∗ ሺ1+𝑦𝑧ሻ = (1+𝑥𝑦) ∗ 𝑧
𝑦+𝑧 𝑥+𝑦
𝑥+ሺ ሻ ( )+𝑧
1+𝑦𝑧 1+𝑥𝑦
= 𝑥𝑦+𝑥𝑧 = 𝑥𝑧+𝑦𝑧
+1 +1
1+𝑦𝑧 1+𝑥𝑦
𝑥+𝑥𝑦𝑧+𝑦+𝑧 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧+𝑥𝑦𝑧
= 𝑥𝑦+𝑥𝑧+1+𝑦𝑧 = 𝑥𝑧+𝑦𝑧+𝑥𝑦+1

→ LHS = RHS → 𝑥 ∗ ሺ𝑦 ∗ 𝑧ሻ = ሺ 𝑥 ∗ 𝑦 ሻ ∗ 𝑧
→ 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑆𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑 ሺ2ሻ

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝐸𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦

If identity (e) exists, then
𝑥∗𝑒=𝑥
𝑥+𝑒
→( )=𝑥
𝑥𝑒 + 1
→ 𝑒 = 0  (−)
→ 𝐸𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑆𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑑 ሺ3ሻ
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𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒
If inverse element (k) exists, then
𝑥∗𝑘 = 0 (∴ ′0′ 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦ሻ
𝑥+𝑘
→ 𝑥𝑘+1
=0
→ 𝑥 + 𝑘 = 0 (∴ 1 + 𝑥𝑘 ≠ 0ሻ
→ 𝑘 = −𝑘
→ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑥  (−) 𝑖𝑠 ′ − 𝑥′
→ 𝐸𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑆𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑑 ሺ4ሻ

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦
LHS = 𝑥 ∗𝑦
𝑥+𝑦
=
1+𝑥𝑦
𝑦+𝑥
= 1+𝑦𝑥 (∴ 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑙𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒)
= 𝑦 ∗ 𝑥 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆 → 𝑥 ∗ 𝑦 = 𝑦 ∗ 𝑥
→ 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑆𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑑 ሺ5ሻ

∴ Hence from 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 we get (G, *) is an ABELIAN group

4. Solve for x simultaneously in: xxa = bxc−1 and acx = xac . (7 points)
We get
𝑥𝑥𝑎 = 𝑏𝑥𝑐 −1
ሺ𝑥𝑥𝑎ሻ𝑐 = ሺ𝑏𝑥𝑐 −1 ሻ𝑐
𝑥𝑥𝑎𝑐 = 𝑏𝑥ሺ𝑐 −1 𝑐ሻ
𝑥ሺ𝑥𝑎𝑐ሻ = 𝑏𝑥
𝑥ሺ𝑎𝑐𝑥ሻ = 𝑏𝑥
ሺ𝑥𝑎𝑐ሻ𝑥 = 𝑏𝑥
ሺ𝑥𝑎𝑐ሻ𝑥𝑥 −1 = 𝑏𝑥𝑥 −1
𝑥𝑎𝑐 = 𝑏
𝑥𝑎𝑐. 𝑐 −1 = 𝑏. 𝑐 −1
𝑥𝑎 = 𝑏𝑐 −1
𝑥𝑎𝑎−1 = 𝑏𝑐 −1 𝑎 −1
𝑥 = 𝑏𝑐 −1 𝑎−1
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠
𝑥 = 𝑏𝑐 −1 𝑎−1
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5. Let G be a group and C = {x ϵ G such that xg = gx for all g ϵ G}. Prove that C is a
subgroup of G. (8 points)
Closure under the group operation:
Let x and y be in C. Then for all g in G, we have:
xg = gx and yg = gy
Therefore:
(xy)g = x(yg) = x(gy) = (xg)y = (gx)y = g(xy)
This shows that xy is also in C.

Identity element:
The identity element e of G satisfies eg = ge for all g in G. Therefore, e is in C.

Inverses:
Let x be in C. Then for all g in G, we have:
xg = gx
Taking the inverse of both sides, we get:
𝑔−1 𝑥 −1 = 𝑥 −1 𝑔−1
This shows that 𝑥 −1 is also in C.
Therefore, It is shown that C satisfies all the properties of a subgroup. So, C is
a subgroup of G.

6. Find :
6.1 all generators of Z21 under addition. (7 points)

𝛧21= {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20} and

2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 11, 13, 16, 17, 19, and 20 are the elements of 𝛧21 that are
relatively prime to 21.
Therefore, the generators are
2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 11, 13, 16, 17, 19, and 20

6.2 all orders of the subgroups of Z21 under addition. (7 points)

21
order 21: < 𝑎21 > <a> = {e, 𝑎1 . … . … … … … 𝑎20 }
21
order 7: < 𝑎 7 > <𝑎3 > = {e, 𝑎3 , 𝑎6 , 𝑎9 , 𝑎12 , 𝑎15 𝑎18 }
21
order 3: < 𝑎 3 > <𝑎7 > = {e, 𝑎7 , 𝑎14 }
21
order 1: < 𝑎 1 > <𝑎21 > = {e}
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Therefore, all orders of the subgroups of Z21 under

addition are 1, 3, 7, and 21.

7. Find all cosets of the subgroup 3Z in Z under addition. (7 points)

The cosets of 3Z in Z

0 + 3Z = 3Z { ….-9, - 6, -3, 0, 3, 6, 9 ….}

1 + 3Z = { ….-8, - 5, -2, 1, 4, 7, 10 ….}
2 + 3Z = { ….-7, - 4, -1, 2, 5, 8, 11 ….}

8. Find all distinct cosets of the subgroup 4 of Z12. (7 points)

The subgroup 4 of is Z12 is {0,4,8}.

0 + 4 = {0, 4, 8}
1 + 4 = {1, 5, 9}
2 + 4 = {2, 6, 10}
3 + 4 = {3, 7, 11}
4 + 4 = {4, 8, 0} same with the first coset already.

Therefore there are only 4 distinct cosets

{0, 4, 8}
{1, 5, 9}
{2, 6, 10}
{3, 7, 11}

9. In the group G = set of all invertible 2 × 2 matrices with real entries under

 
multiplication of matrices, let
a12 
H = a11 such that a = 1, a = 0, a = 1  G . Define µ : R → H by

a21 a22  11 21 22

(x) = 1 x for all x in R, the set of real numbers under

0 1
addition. Prove that µ is a homomorphism. (8 points)

1 𝑦
Let µ (y) = [ ] for all y ϵ R
0 1
1 𝑥+𝑦 1 𝑥 1 𝑦
Now, µ (x+y) = [ ]= [ ]* [ ]
0 1 0 1 0 1
So, µ (x+y) = µ (x) * µ (y)
µ (x) * µ (y)
x, y ϵ R
Hence µ is a Homomorphism.
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10. Suppose that  is a homomorphism from U (30) to U(40) . Find Ker  if (7) = 7.
(7 points)

Given that   U (30) → U (40) be homomorphism and (7) = 7

U (30) = {1,7,11,13,17,19,23,29}
We find Ker 
Ker  = x U (30) |  (x) = Ʇ}

So
(7) = 7 7→7
(72 ) = (19) = 9 19 → 9
(73 ) = (343) = (13) =23 13 → 23

(1) =  ( x 13) = (7) (13) = 7 x 23 = 1 1→1

(74 ) = (2401) = (1) = 1 1→1

(75 ) = (7) =  7→7

(19) (13) = (437) = (17) = 37

(7) (17) =  x  =  = 
(29) = 19 (29) = 19

(11) → 1

So (1) → 1
(11) → 11

Ker  =  

11. Suppose that  is a homomorphism defined by : Z10 → Z20 such that  (1) = 8.
(7 points each)

11.1 Find the group  ( Z10)

We have  () = 
Therefore,
 () =  (+) = ()+ ()=+=
 () =  (+) = ()+ ()=+=
 () = 
 () = 
 () = 
 () = 
 () = 
 () = 
 () =  () = 
Therefore, ( Z10) = {0,4,12,16}
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11.2 Find Ker .

Ker  =  x  Z10   (x) = 0 }
={0,5}

11.3 List all elements of Z10 / Ker .

We have ker  = { 0 , 5 }
Therefore,
1 + ker  = { 1 , 6 }
2 + ker  = { 2 , 7 }
3 + ker  = { 3 , 8 }
4+ ker  = { 4 , 9 }

Therefore, Z10 / ker  =   + ker   + ker   + ker   + ker   + ker 

10. 4 Find the correspondence f : Z10 / Ker  → Z20

We have Z10 / ker  =   + ker   + ker   + ker   + ker   + ker 
Therefore, f : Z10 / Ker  → Z20 is defined by
f (r + ker ) = r
where r = 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4
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