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ISSN :2455-0108

IJO-Science

(INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ONLINE OF SCIENCE)

IJELLH International journal of English language, literature in humanities ISSN-2321-7065

BABITA NEGI AND PROF. HEMALATHA K.

RESEARCH SCHOLAR ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

KANYA GURUKUL CAMPUS DEHRADUN

CULTURAL CLASH IN THE SELECTED NOVELS OF J.M. COETZEE

The Noble Prize winning writer in literature John Maxwell Coetzee was born in Cape Town,
Cape Province, Union of South Africa, on 9 February 1940 to African Parents. He has the
honour of winning the Booker prize twice. The first Booker Prize is for Life & Times of Michael
K in 1983, and the second one is for Disgrace in 1999. In 2003 he was awarded the Nobel Prize
for literature.

The culture of South Africa is interwoven with so many other cultures that is why it is also
called a rainbow nation. The term was first coined by Archbishop Desmond Tutu because of
presence of various cultures in South Africa.

The reason for the presence of so many different cultures was colonization that South Africa
had to face for decades. Especially after the settlement of the British people in South Africa,
this country got segregated into two main groups on the basis of colour of the skin : the whites
and the blacks. The white colonizers found it a country rich in natural resources, a country
whose lands were very fertile from which colonizers can gain immense wealth, a country rich
in precious metals and gems like gold, diamonds, platinum etc. The whites employed these
natural resources along with the innocent and gullible native tribal population of South Africa
to increase the industrial development in the West. They enslaved the natives and extracted
rigorous labour from them to fulfil their needs and greed. The natives of South Africa lived in
tribes and followed their tribal culture and on the other hand the British people belonged to a
developed nation and regarded themselves as civilized.

As a South African writer J.M.Coetzee is very familiar with the colour of different culture of
the country. He is also a spectator of apartheid regime, that was a product of different cultures
of South Africa and responsible for the ruined life of South African people. Coetzee has
revealed the differences between the cultures of black and whites through his writings. The

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blacks lived a simple nomadic life completely dependent upon natural resources for their
livelihood. They were bereft form the vices of the world as they were bereft of etiquettes, norms
and standards of the West. They did not belong to a nation where manpower was being replaced
by the machine power but for them their hands and labour was the strength and source to eke
out their living. They did not exploited nature but lived in harmony with it. They were oblivious
of any discrimination and their lives were governed by the principle of fraternity and
brotherhood, unlike whites who followed class discrimination. The simple and nomadic
lifestyle of blacks is evident from the text:

“Of Course not! These river people are aboriginal, older even than the nomads. They
live in settlements of two or three families along the banks of the river, fishing and
trapping for most of the year, paddling to the remote southern shores of the lake in the
autumn to catch red worms and dry them, building flimsy reed shelters, groaning with
cold through the winter, dressing in skins. Living in fear of everyone….”

Waiting for the Barbarians 19

The white colonizers were Europeans. They belonged to a country where industrial revolution
and later huge development of industries had brought a new wave of inventions in the air of
those countries and had transformed the lives of the people completely. They started living in
a world inhibited by the product of machines, new chemicals and new scientific inventions.
J.M Coetzee has depicted the lifestyle of whites which was in complete contrast with the
lifestyle of natives. The following lines from Waiting for the Barbarians, shows the lifestyle
of white colonizers through the example of Colonel Joll, who used to wear sunglasses to protect
the eyes from sunlight, dust and sand which also used to prevent headaches. This was in
complete contrast with the lives of the natives who led a simple nomadic life and were
completely dependent upon the nature.

“I have never seen anything like it: two little discs of glass suspended in front of his
eyes in loops of wire. Is he blind? I could understand it if he wanted to hide blind eyes.
But he is not blind. The discs are dark, they look opaque from the outside, but he can
see through them. He tells me that they are a new invention. ‘They protect one’s eyes
against the glare of the sun,’ he says. ‘You would find them useful out here in the desert.
They save one from squinting all the time. One has fewer headaches. Look.’ He touches
the corners of his eyes lightly. ‘No wrinkles’. He replaces the glasses. It is true. He has
the skin of younger man. ‘At home everyone wears them.”
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Waiting for the Barbarians 1

The natives lived a simple and primitive life devoid of any modern technology and any modern
means of doing things. For them the life included food, work for food and cater things required
for the survival. They had no love for modern delicious cuisines but ate whatever they can
derive from nature to remove their hunger. Coetzee has meticulously shown in his works this
lifestyle of natives in his works. An excerpt from Coetzee’s novel delineates on this point:

“I suggest that I take him out fishing by night in a native boat. ‘ That is an experience
not to be missed,’ I say; ‘the fisherman carry flaming torches and beat drums over the
water to drive the fish towards the nets, they have laid.’ He nods. He tells me about a
visit he paid elsewhere on the frontier where people eat certain snakes as a delicacy,
and about a huge antelope he shot.” Waiting for the Barbarians 1

From these above mentioned lines Coetzee has remarkably shown the simple living style of
blacks, the natives of South Africa, where fisherman used “flaming torches” and used to “ beat
drums” to bring the fishes near water and then to catch them. To the Magistrate, a white, this
technique appeared to be very bizarre and hence entertaining. It was in stark difference with
the modern fishing techniques used by Europeans. Through these lines Coetzee has also shown
the type of food that natives used to eat. The natives used certain species of snakes as a cuisine.

The culture of blacks differed widely from the culture of whites which also became the reason
of conflicts and resultant violence. The method of treatment used by the doctors of the natives
was very different from the methods used by the Whites. They used modern scientific
techniques to cure the diseases and advanced medicines made up of various different chemical
salts in different chemical composition. The following lines from the infamous novel of
Coetzee Waiting for the Barbarians show this. The following lines reveals out that the doctor
( a black) used to prepare “aphrodisiacs” from the “blood of lizards”. The sore was treated by
using “clay poultice” and “ointment” was useful for the wounds obtained from stabbing.

“I call in the only doctor we have, an old man who earns his livelihood pulling teeth
and making upaphrodisiacs out of bonemeal and lizards’ blood. He put a clay poultice
on the sore and smears ointment on the hundred little stabs. Within a week, he promised,
the boy will able to walk. He recommends nourishing food and leaves in a hurry. He
does not ask how the boy sustained his injuries.”11

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The natives and aboriginal people of South Africa lead a simple and nomadic life and did not
demand much from their lives apart from the basic need like food, shelter and leisure. Their
happiness depended upon how full their stomach was and a place where they can rest. They
practiced open defecation and one of the sources of leisure of women was to comb the hair of
each other and to pick out lice from hair. The simplicity is evident from a portion in Waiting
for Barbarians where Coetzee has shown the way of living of natives. The “fisherfolks” who
were incarcenerated for interrogation, started enjoying in the barracks where they were
captured and forgot their early lives. The reason behind this was because they were getting
food without efforts and which was their basic need and for which they worked and survived.
They were not ambitious like whites. They defecated openly in front of each other and they
were oblivious about any sanitary, hygiene and toilet system. They did not even use the spade
given to them to remove their excreta. The following excerpt from Waiting for the Barbarians
throws light on this.

“And in a day or two these savages seem to forget they ever had another home. Seduced
utterly by the free and plentiful food, above all by the bread, they relax, snile at
everyone, move about the barracks yard from one patch of shade to another, doze and
wake, grow excites as mealtimes approach. Their habits are frank and filthy. One corner
of the yard has become a latrine where men and women squat openly and where a cloud
of flies buzzes all day. (‘Give them a spade!’ I tell the guards; but they do not use it.)
The little boy, grown quite fearless, haunts the kitchen, begging sugar from the maids.
Aside from bread, sugar and tea are great novelties to them. Every morning they get a
small block of pressed tea-leaves which they boil up in a four-gallon pail on a tripod
over a fire. They are happy here; indeed unless we chase them away they may stay with
us forever, so little does it seem to have taken to lure them out of a state of nature…..
I watch the women picking lice, combing and plating each other’s long black hair.” 20

The modern form of macroeconomics was something of which natives had no idea and there
was no currency system but their economy was based on the barter system. They exchanged
and traded various products like wool, skin felts, and leatherwork for cotton, tea, sugar, beans,
flour etc. Coetzee has exhibited the situation through the mouth of a white officer of the empire,
the magistrate :

“There have been no barbarian visitors this year. It used to be that groups of nomads
would visit the settlement in winter to pitch their tents utside the walls and engage in

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barter, exchanging wool, skin felts and leatherwork for cotton goods,
tea,sugar,beans,flour. We prize barbarians leather work, particularly the sturdy boots
they sew. In the past I have encouraged commerce but forbidden payment in money.”

Waiting for the barbarians 41

These habits of the natives were abhorred by the white colonizers and they considered them
culturally inferior and filthy. Their habits and lifestyle was considered so degraded and filthy
by the whites that they were considered as source of epidemics. In Waiting for the Barbarians
Coetzee has depicted that the natives who were captured in barracks were considered so dirty
and source of diseases that they were not served food properly but the food was thrown in front
of them, as done to the animals. This shows the difference in culture and subsequent clashes
resulting in the treatment of other humans like animals. The difference in culture has also been
shown by Coetzee with the help of an incident when the corpse of baby was removed from the
possession of his mother on the command of the Magistrate and was buried. After doing so the
Magistrate, who had a compassionate and a considerate heart, thought if by doing so he had
violated any custom of the natives and thus hurt their feelings and sentiments.

“For a few days the fisherfolk are a diversion, with their strange gabbling, their vast
appetites, their animal shamelessness, their volatile tempers…. Then, all together, we
lose sympathy with them. The filth, the smell, the noise of their quarrelling and
coughing become too much. Thereis an ugly incident when a soldier tries to drag one
of their women indoors, perhaps only in play, who knows, and is pelted with stones. A
rumour begins to go the rounds that they are diseased, that they will bring an epidemic
to the town. Though I make them dig a pit in the corner of a yard and have the nighsoil
removed, the kitchen staff refuse them utensils and began to toss them their food from
doorways as if they were indeed animals…….Then one day I noticethat the baby has
stopped crying. When I look from the window it is nowhere to be seen. I send a guard
to search and he finds the little corpse under its mother’s clothes. She will not yield it
up, we have to tear it away from her. After this she squats alone all day with her face
covered, refusing to eat. Her people seem to shun her. Have we violated some custom
of theirs, I wonder, by taking the child and burying it?” 20

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The European colonizers who highly revered their culture, which was full of sophisticated
manners ranging from eating habits, to manner of eating, to dressing style and way of speaking.
To them the lifestyle of blacks was barbaric, archaic and primitive. This is evident from an
instance in Waiting for the Barbarians where the Magistrate after observing the eating style of
blacks, remarked them as “strange animals”. The act of chewing fast by the old man without
lifting his eyes and the act of woman of feeding her baby with the food which she herself has
chewed first did not match the standards of whites. For them, who were habitual of eating with
knife and forks along with immaculate table manners, the manner of eating of blacks was
bizarre and uncivilized. They looked down upon them with utter derogation. An excerpt from
the Waiting for the Barbarians brings out this

“The old man accepts the bread reverentially in both hands, sniffs it, breaks it, passes
the lumps around. They stuff their mouths with manna, chewing fast, not raising their
eyes. A woman spits masticated bread into her palm and feeds her baby. I motion for
more bread. We stand watching them eat as though they are strange animals.” 19

The culture of a group or of a place not only includes art, dance, science law government but
also includes values and beliefs but the culture is in not limited to these only and encompasses
much more within itself. The belief and value system i.e. the culture of white colonizers was
to subjugate the natives by use of force and also by playing with the psychology of the natives.
It had become the culture of Europeans to colonize the country of others, then brutalizing the
natives and then forcing them to work under them. The unequal society, master-servant
relationships was the innate feature of the culture of Europeans. On the other hand the culture
of natives of South Africa was equality and an egalitarian society where all the people lived in
harmony with the nature and utilized the natural resources. This difference in cultures of the
two resulted in violence, the loss of peace and tranquility in which natives suffered a lot. This
aspect is clear from an excerpt from In the Heart of the Country where Magda recalls the story
that she used to hear from a black old man that in their past the master and servant used to
enjoy the same life:

“At the feet of the old man I have drunk in a myth of a past when the beast and man
and master lived a common life as innocent as the stars in the sky and far from
laughing.” 7

Before the whites started intruding in the lives of the blacks in South Africa and started
enslaving the innocent natives, there was an environment of tranquility, peace, love and
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fraternity in South Africa. With the advent of colonization in the South Africa the normal social
structure of the natives of South Africa shattered into pieces and the culture of master servant
relationship with huge hiatus between master and servant was developed. The spinster Magda
reminiscent about the stories heard from the grandfather of the black children wrote in her diary
that how the servant, master and beasts lived a common life long ago which, for Magda, was a
myth. This can be inferred from the below mentioned excerpt from In the Heart of the Country:

“At the feet of the old man I have drunk in a myth of a past when the beast and man
and master lived a common life as innocent as the stars in the sky and far from
laughing.” 7

The colonists considered the cultures of blacks as primitive and archaic which carried no values
along with it. For the white colonizers the culture of blacks was replete with the superstitions
and unreasonable beliefs which did not appeal to the scientific intellect of European colonizers.
The natives were considered to be imprecated by God and therefore it was the destiny of blacks
to suffer. As mentioned in the book The Wretched of the Earth :

For Colonialism, this vast continent was the haunt of savages, a country riddled with
superstitions and fanaticism, destined for contempt, weighed down by the curse of God,
a country of cannibals- in short, the Negro’s country”.( Fanon 170)

The colonization had serious effect on the culture of natives. The whites regarded natives
uncivilized and did not revere their culture. They in fact justified their acts of violence as a
means to alleviate the natives culturally and intellectually. They constantly tried to permeate
their culture into the lives of natives and to mould their lives into to the European and Western
way of living.

With Africa subjugated and dominated, the Western culture and European mode of
civilisation began to thrive and outgrow African cultural heritage. Traditional African
cultural practices paved the way for foreign way of doing things as Africans became
fully ‘westernised’. Western culture now is regarded as frontline civilisation. African
ways of doing things became primitive, archaic and regrettably unacceptable in public
domain. Not only were certain aspects of the material culture in the colonies lost or
destroyed, colonial societies also lost the power and sense of cultural continuity, such
that it became practically impossible to recover the ability to strive for cultural progress
on their own terms. (Arowolo)

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The Whites subjected blacks to severe torture and repression and the justification of this
ruthless and inhuman behavior of whites was based on the argument that blacks were culturally
inferior to whites. The whites firmly believed that blacks were eligible to torture and violence
because they were uncivilized and culturally inferior to them and they do not understand any
language other than of force, bullets and rifles. They used to convince blacks that they were so
backward and uncivilized that needed the support of whites to uplift their status. The following
line in the novel Waitng for the Barbarians reveals this truth that the whites were too
materialistic and for their benefit they brutally tortured the innocent blacks.

“How not to die, how to prolong its era … .by it pursues its enemies … .It is cunning
and ruthless. It sends its blood hounds everywhere … .by night it feeds on images of
disaster : the sack of cities , the rape of population ,pyramids of bones , acres of bones
of desolation." Waiting for the Barbarians 146

The Europeans gradually conquered and colonized South Africa to exploit the natural resources
and wealth of South Africa to benefit themselves and enrich their lives. They disposed blacks
form their lands and homes forced them to live in some other place away from the whites. They
segregated the entire population and forced blacks to live in the places marked for blacks which
had poor living conditions and were congested and unhygienic. They did so because they
believed that blacks were below them and they were not culturally advance and therefore did
not have any right to live with whites in good conditions. Frantz Fanon also has given the
description the poor condition of the black people and sophisticated colony of whites in South
Africa. This was all because that they considered that blacks did not match them culturally and
racially.

“The settlers town is a strongly-built town, all made of stone and steel. It is a brightly-
lit town; the streets are covered with asphalt, and a garbage-can swallow all the
leavings, unseen, unknown and hardly thought about. The settlers feet are never visible
except perhaps in the sea; but there you’re never close enough to see them. His feet are
protected by strong shoes although the streets of his town are clean and even with no
holes or stones. The settlers town is a well-fed town , an easy-going town; its belly is
always full of good things. The settlers town is a town of white people, of
foreigners.The town belonging to the colonized people, or at least the native town, the
negro village, the medina, the reservation, is a place of ill fame, peopled by men of evil
repute. They are born there, it matters little where or how; they die there; it matters not

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where, nor how. It is world without spaciousness; men live there on the top of each
other, and there huts are built on the top of the other. The native town is a hungry town,
starved of bread , of meat,of shoes of coal , of light. The native town is a crouching
village, a town on its knees, a town wallowing in the mire. It is a town of niggers and
dirty arabs.” The Wretched of the Earth 30

The white colonizers tortured the natives grotesquely and used severe violence against them.
They were not treated like humans and were given various inhuman torture and were treated
even worse than animals. One probable reason for this was that they considered them culturally
and racially inferior and therefore susceptible to violence, torture and not eligible for respect,
honour and equal treatment. One such scenario shown by Coetzee in his book Waiting for the
Barbarians where the innocent and gullible people were arrested and interrogated. During the
interrogation there was a sheer violence of human rights which had developed till this period.
They were severely tortured and their body parts were mutilated during the investigation. They
were detained without any evidence and just on the basis of whims and fancies of the
colonizers. The degree of violence was of such degree and nature that they used to break the
bones of the detainees. Many of them could not bear such degree of violence and wounds
incurred that they used to die or sometimes they were killed. It has been shown by Coetzee that
the whites damaged the eyes of a black girl and made her partially blind and even broke her
feet. The below mentioned two examples from Waiting for the Barbarians lucidly show this.

‘You know that one of the prisoners afterwards died. Do you remember that prisoner?
Do you know what they did to him?’

We heard he went berserk and attacked them.

‘Yes?’

That is what we heard. I helped to carry him back to the hall. Where they all slept. He
was breathing strangely, very deep and fast. That was the last I saw of him. He was
dead the next day.’ Pg . 39 Waiting for the
Barbarians

‘What happened to his daughter?’

‘She was also questioned, but not so long .’

‘Go on.’
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But he has nothing more to tell me.

‘Listen ,’ I say : we both know who the daughter is. She is the girl who stays with me.
It is not secret. Now go on: tell me what happened.’

I do not know, sir! Most of the time I was not there.’ He appeals to his friend, but his
friend is mute. ‘Sometimes there was screaming, I think they beat her, but I was not
there. When I came off duty I would go away.’

‘You know that today she cannot walk. They broke her feet. Did they do these things
to her in front of other man, her father?’ Waiting for the Barbarians 39

“‘Yes, I can see. When I look straight there is nothing, there is-’ (she rubs the air in
front of her like someone cleaning a window).

‘A blur,’ I say.

‘There is a blur. But I can see out of the sides of my eyes. The left eye is better than the
right. How could I find my way if I didn’t see?’

‘Did they do it to you?’

‘Yes’

‘What did they do?’”Waiting for Barbarians, Page 31

This degree of torture can take the soul out of the body of anybody. Not even once the whites
thought of humanity, as if they were heartless. The reason for this violence was also the feelings
running in the minds and hearts of whites that they were superior to blacks, and them were
cultured and civilized in opposition to blacks who were savage, barbaric, uncivilized and filthy
and therefore should be tortured without any consideration and without any ground or on flimsy
grounds. This sheer violence perpetrated on the innocent natives made them docile,
“terrified”,”sick”, “famished” and “damaged”. This has been shown by Coetzee in his novel
the Waiting for the Barbarians.

“Now herded by their guards they stand in a hopeless little knot in the corner of the
yard little knot in the corner of the yard, nomads and fisherfolk together, sick, famished,
damaged, terrified.” Waiting for the Barbarians, Page 26

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The conditions of blacks were not less than a beast. They were tied like the non- living
beings or the savage animal while taking them for investigations, an example from the
novel Waiting for the Barbarians.

These natives who were detained whimsically without any evidence were called barbarians,
and one of the reasons for calling them such was that the whites admonished the culture of
natives and their manner of living as it appeared to them inferior to the ways and manner which
whites followed. They were therefore ill-treated and were given inhuman treatment. The
prisoners, natives, were tied with each other from their necks with rope. This is clear from the
following excerpt from Waiting for the Barbarians. Through this Coetzee has tried to show the
cruelty and hatred which was present in the hearts of colonizers for the natives just because
they considered themselves superior to them both racially and culturally. “ ‘I must believe that
I saw her on the day she was brought in by the soldiers roped neck to neck with the other
barbarian prisoners.’ ” Waiting for the Barbarians 36

The violence which whites perpetrated on blacks has also been shown by Coetzee through the
Life and Times of Michael K, where the whites used bullets and rifles against the blacks to
suppress them.

“For months Anna K had been suffering from gross swelling of the legs and arms; later
her belly had begun to swell too. She had been admitted to hospital unable to walk and
barely able to breathe. She had spent five days lying in a corridor among scores of
victims of stabbing and beating and gunshot wounds who kept her awake with their
noise, neglected by nurses who had no time to spend cheering up an old woman when
there were young men dying spectacular death all about. 5

Here are some instances through which J.M.Coetzee has remarkably displayed in the novel
Age of Iron, which reflect the condition of South Africa during apartheid and brutality of whites
under which the blacks were being crushed . The people in power had become heartless to a
great degree that they were behaving like beasts .First Mrs. Curren’s maid servant’s son Bheki
and his friend while riding the bicycle were pushed by the police van deliberately both got
injured badly.

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“There was room enough for the bicycle to pass . But as the yellow van drew level with
the boys, the near- side door swung open and slapped them sideways.The cycle wobbled
and went out of control”. 60

When Mrs Curren asked Bheki to file complaint in the police about the matter, he refused to
make any complaint as he knew that police would not help them at all. The reason behind this
was the system of apartheid that was framed only to erase the identity of blacks gradually by
torturing them and police were under control of the people in power . Bheki was aware of this
very well .In any country police are to maintain law and order in the society but here in South
Africa police were formed to use them only as the means of cruelty against the blacks.

“They pushed us’he said.”

“Yes,they pushed you.I saw it. You are lucky to be alive, both of you. Iam going to lay
a complaint .”

A glance passed between Bheki and his mother. “We do not want to be involved with
the police,”Florence repeated.

“There is nothing you can do against the police.” Age of Iron 66

The cultural conflict always results in hatred and brings disaster to human life. Sometimes the
hatred or the feeling of superiority rises so high that one wants to rule over the weaker ones.
The invaders wanted to make the indigenous black people civilized because they considered
the living style of the blacks archaic and below their standards. Cultural clash is one of the
reasons of the scattered life of blacks and most of the problems of blacks had started from this
point. The whites were very materialistic and to fulfil their desire they had put the life of blacks
at stake. The materialistic culture of whites clashed in South Africa with the non-materialistic
culture of blacks. Like Nelson Mandela Coetzee also did a great job for South Africa to break
the culture of racism that had brought havoc to South Africa. In all his writings he gave his
views on values and ethics and indirectly suggested that human being should rise above any
type of discrimination to keep the humanity alive.

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Works cited:

Arowolo, Dare “THE EFFECTS OF WESTERN CIVILISATION AND CULTURE ON

Coetzee, J.M. Waiting for the Barbarians .Great Britain: Vintage Publication.1980

………………..Life &Times of Michael K. GreatBritain: VintagePublication.1983

.........................In the Heart of the Country. Great Britain: Vintage Publication.1977

.........................Age of Iron. Great Britain: Penguin Publication 1990

Fanon, Frantz. The Wretched of the Earth. London: Penguin Classics.2001

don: Penguin Classics.2001

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