SEED PRODUCTION OF CEREALS

93
SEED PRODUCTION OF HYBRID VARIETIES
(HYBRID RICE)
The sucoessful development and use of hybrid rice
technology
in China during 1970's led the way for development and release
of rice hybrid varieties elsewhere. India has made
good progress
in this regard and it IS expected that hybrid varieties of rice shall
be soon available for cultivation to the Indian farmers.

Methods of Hybrid-seed Production

Hybrid-rice can be produced in the following ways.
1. Three-line system The hybrid seed production involves mul-
tiplication of cytoplasmic-genetic male sterile line (A line), main-
tainer line (B line) and a restorer line (R line); and production of
F hybrid seed (AxR).
2. Two-line system The hybrid seed production involves the
use of photo-period sensitive genetic male steriles (PSMS). Any
normal line can serve as a restorer.
3. By using chemical emasculators. Chemicals that can steril-
ize the stamen, with little or no effect on the normal functioningg
of the pistil, can be used to emasculate female parents for hybrid
rice production. The advantages are obvious, no special develop-
ment of male sterile or restorer lines is required, and extensive
varietal resources are available.
Chemical emasculators such as male gametocide 1 (MF1) and
male gametocide 2 (MG2) were developed in China and have
been successfully used in hybrid rice production.
In chemical emasculation, physiological male sterility is artifi
Cially created by spraying the rice plant with chemicals to induce
stamen sterility without harming the pistil. In hybrid seed produc
tion, two varieties are planted in alternate strips, and one is
chemically sterilized and pollinated by the other.

HYBRID-RICE SEED PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY

(THREE-LINE SYSTEM)
In the years to come location-specific specialised seed produc
tion technology for the released/commercial hybrids would have
to be developed for obtaining maximum seed yields and ensuring
good seed quality. Good crop management is necessary for rais-
 are, 4 da liny
mt iable it8
1he humdity 70 0 jor cont
the olatie the
tUNN°1alune, ToC and g
itterenee lefween day ant i g t a
temerature t e than ao
day temperature f or
sshne An average
ontimuous rains, or stong wiand are goneralh
than 3C,
iess
polluation1 and
coNN lertilization As a nul
hamtul to flowernng,
witth low hunmidity or m low temerature with
n high temperature
will not open This lowers the ed
high humdity some glumes
Vields
The growing of hybrnd seed crop shoud be so adjusted that
flowering takes place after the end f high tennypeature poriod
but before the start of low temperature penod
2. Selection of seed fields. The selection of prime field plots
is necessary. The seed fields should be tree of volunteer plants.
well levelled, should have tertile soil with good physical and
chemical characteristics, and well dr.aimed
3. Isolation. The hybrid paddy tields should be Isolated
from
the other paddy tields, including conmmercial
hybrid of same
variety; and same hybrid not contorming to varietal purity require
ments for certification at least by 200 meters tor
foundation seed
class (A.B & R line production) and by 100 meters tor hybrid
seed production (AxR Production).
4. Brief Cultural Practices tor
hybrid (AxA) production Nurs
ery. Raising of vigourous
seedlings is an important factor tor
obtaining high seed yields. The root system of
lings are flourishing,. leaf sheaths vigourous seed
all this contributes to
have high carbon content and
produce green growth and tillering at the
lower nodes so that more dry matter is accumulated,
more panicles and a high seed setting rate leading to
been observed that
tillering at the lower
per panicle. It has
bigger panicles which helps nodes gives more anu
to achieve the
per ear. goal of 100 kernels
Prepare the seedling bed with basal manure. Seed at
kg/ha for the temale parent and 110-150 15
parent. At present the kg/ha tor the maie
appropiate methods for raising
seeding
 p a r e n t TOr S I ,
leaves
2-3
a n d 2- tillers and for long duration varieties 30-355
5-7 with 5.5-7 leaves and 2-3 tillers.
days old
ratio of female and male lines is generally
Dlanting ratio. The
row spacing 10x 10 cm for male parent
2:10-12; and the
at
kept
15 cm for female parent. Two seedlings are planted
d
and
20 X
p e r hill.
should receive good aeration and
Row direction. Both parents should be nearly per-
of sunlight. Row direction
alal amounts cross-
winds at flowering to ensure more
nendicular to prevailing
De
pollination.
fertilization in necessary. In general
a
Fertilization. Adequate treated with 200 kg
moderate fertility should be
seed field with cent applied as a basal
and 150 kg K per ha; 90 per
N. 50 kg P differentiation.
cent after panicle
dose and 10 per important
Good water management is very
Water management of soil. Give
fertilizer, air and temperature
for regulating water, In soils
the transplanting and tillering stages.
shallow irigation at not be allowed
is poor the field must
where water permeability
water for too long so
that root growth could be
to remain under the water should be be
middle
During the stages
encouraged. maintained again
Shallow water must be
drained off properly.
heading, if the air temperature
during the booting stage. Duringbe and
and
is above 35°C, water should
applied during the day
decrease soil temperature.
drained-off at night so as too described for con
the s a m e as
Other cultural practices are
ventional (open pollinated) varieties. the flowering of of
Synchronization of flowering. Synchronizing
Technical m e a s u r e s
to increased yields.
parents is the key the male and
female
Such as staggering seeding dates of the time
times to extend
Parents, male parents three
sowing the
 i l a t b l e , a n d

predicting and adjusting tlo

p r e d i c t i n
a lp r a c t i c e s would
ng date
hyb arhz
pollen s availa.
may be didopted. locations selected for e
the
of male parents. Sepr
or
ma Seeding date
parents. sosr
prodction sowing
accumulateg
d t e g tempe
accumu
effective
Jeby
enecive
S t a g g e r e d
leaf age,
a ge, tho
by
leaf
In general,
general, the period
deterned
d a
d u r a i o n .

in
from initfal
4-6 days longe
ger than fini
and
growth
f aa
line is
CMS line A
han for
aa
(EA),
(EAT),
i of
CMS
of the
male parent
male
parent
second s
shes the 0are stablishes restor
testorer
owing
heading
tulil
The
first
sowing
third
The
The second
W sowin
sowing. is
done done dates
i r s t sowing is 1.1;
stS wher
ne.
and
first 1 the third
second
onn the
owing is sowin
o
for
leaf
e m e r g e n c e
secon
is 2.1. The second seco the
ntdates
the
man
emergence
the leaf sowing at
different
an ates isis 1:2
when ratio Tor
The planting Beginning about 121
Darent.
fertilizer
applicaion.
samples of the main
days betore
(i) By
or4
random. samples
ooth parents
heading,
3
every 3
days. Young
panicle
three
development
develor
is compared
stages COmpae
taken first three stages of
are
During the nicle da.
with quick di
dnicle
leveloping parent with
magnification.
under earlier developing parent
treat the releas
ferentiation,
fertilizer;
and spray the devonWith
developing parentwith
later developing
ing N phosphate. This adjusts
dihydrogen
potassium
ferences of 4-5 days.
later stages of panicia
management. During
(in) By water
water from the field will delay
mal dif
ferentiation, draining paren
higher standing water will speed naniNcle
panicle development,
development.
Methods of Improving Seed Setting
On calm days
() Supplementary Pollination (Rope pulling).
can be carried out
during anthesis, supplementary pollination
Panicles of the restorer lines are shaken by pulling a long nyn
rope (5 mm diameter) back and forth every 30 minutes untl
pollen remains on the restorer line. This method if often US
ineven
on even topography and regularly shaped plots. In niuy,
o pole
topography with small, irreqular plots, a bamboo P may
used.
man
(i) Leaf clipping. Leaves taller than the panicles are d a y sb e t r
ODstacles to cross
initial pollination. Clipping leaves and
heading increases probability oP 1/2 to 1 the fo
crossing rate. The blade of flag cut back
the top. leaf is Da
 SEED PRODUCTION OF CEREALSs
GAa spray. Spraying 97
or more 2 or 3 times
seed parent with
75 gm
creased seed setting. increases panicle GA/ha 60
exsertion and helpsppm
Roguing. The seed field in-
ft tvoe plants in both should be free of
the rogues. Remove
ing stage and then parents first before the
soon after onset of flower
out the plants of maintainer emergence of the
panicle. Rogue
in the seed parent
line, if any and the
as often as semi-sterile plants
Harvesting of seed crop. Harvest male necessary.
ces of mechanical admixture. rows first to avoid
chan
Seed yield 5-15 Quintals/ha.
WHEAT
Land Requirements
Land to be used for seed production of wheat shall be free of
volunteer plants. In addition, the field should be well drained,
free of weeds, and the soil neither too acidic nor too alkaline.
Fairly long intervals between crops of wheat is desirable in rota
tion, to reduce disease contamination of seed from diseases
such as, karnal bunt.
Isolation Requirements
Wheat is normally a self-pollinated crop, but natural cross-pol-
varies
lination sometimes occurs. The extent of cross-pollination
sufficient to isolate seed
from one to four per cent. It is usually
around which is planted with a
fields with a strip of 3 metres all
In cases where variety is
non-cereal crop, or left uncropped. loose smut)
caused by Ustilago spp. (e.g.
susceptible to diseases field and other
metres between seed
an isolation distance of 180 Seed Cer
Indian minimum
recommended.' The
Telds of wheat is metres isolation
from other
Lirication Standards require
only 150 0.1 per
is in e x c e s s of
smut infection
fields wherein loose 0.5 per cent
Wleat production, and
foundation seed
in the case of
Cent seed production.
inthe case of certified
Brief Cultural Practices a fine tilth by deep
the soil to
of land. Bring
Pranaration