The diagram shows part of the pathway of air into the body.

(i) Identify the structures labelled A, B and C. [3]

A..................................................................................................................

B.................................................................................................................

C.................................................................................................................

(ii) Describe one function and two characteristics of structure D. [3]

function........................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................

characteristic 1

.................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................

characteristic 2

.................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................

(b) Describe the mechanics of breathing during inspiration and expiration at rest.
[5]
Inspiration....................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................

Expiration.......................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................

[Total: 11]

ANSWERS

A-trachea;

B -bronchi / bronchus;

C -bronchioles;

(a)(ii) 1 mark for describing the function, 1 mark for describing each
characteristic (2 marks max)

Function-allows gas exchange to take place / allows oxygen to transfer

from the lungs to the bloodstream / allows carbon dioxide to transfer from
the blood stream to the lungs and be exhaled;

Characteristics

-there are millions of alveoli in the lungs / (create) a large surface area;

-the surface area is moist (enables exchange to take place);

-each alveolus is surrounded by blood capillaries (which ensure a good

blood supply);

-the walls of the capillaries supplying the blood are only one cell thick
(allowing the gases to pass through quickly);
-the alveoli are well ventilated (air can reach them easily);

(b) 1 mark for each description (3 marks max from either inspiration or
expiration, 5 marks max in total)

Inspiration

-diaphragm contracts / becomes flatter;

-intercostal muscles contract;

-rib cage moves outward / upward;

-causes the chest volume to increase;

-causes the air pressure in the chest to decrease (below atmospheric air);

Expiration

-diaphragm relaxes / domes upwards;

-rib cage moves inwards / downwards;

-intercostal muscles relax;

-chest volume reduces;

-causes air pressure in the chest to increase;

BREATHING VOLUMES AND MINUTE VENTILATION

(b) Describe what is meant by the following terms:

Vital capacity..................................................................................................

Residual volume............................................................................................

(c) The diagram shows different breathing volumes.

Calculate, using the diagram, the volume of the vital capacity.

................................................. litres [1]

(d) The table shows values for breathing rate, tidal volume and minute ventilation
at rest and during exercise for a different performer.

Calculate the missing values using the information in the table [2]
ANSWERS

(b) Vital capacity – the maximum volume of air you can breathe out after
breathing in as much as you can;

Residual volume– the volume of air that cannot be breathed out;

(c) Vital Capacity= 4.5 litres;

(d)