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Chapter 7 PED
Chapter 7 PED
Chapter 7 PED
UNIT: 7
Physiology &
Injuries in
Sports
Sports Physiology
Sports physiology is the study of long and short-term effects
of training and body conditions of athletes. Indeed, It is the
study of how exercise or sports activity alters the function
and structure of our body.
Physiological factors determining the components of physical fitness
Decrease in Blood Regular exercise decreases the blood pressure (systolic and
Pressure diastolic blood pressure) by up to 10 mm Hg at rest.
Increased Blood In response to supply the muscles with more oxygen during
Flow exercise, the body increases its number of capillaries.
Effects of Exercises in Muscular System
During exercise, in order to match demand of fuel to muscle, the supply or
Increased Blood
concentration of blood increases in the whole body or, in the particular muscle
Supply
group where activity is largely impacted.
During exercises muscles demand energy, which comes from contracting muscles.
Increased Muscle
During the process, a lot of heat energy is generated which increases the
Temperature
temperature of muscles, and/ or the body.
Muscles requires oxygen. If blood supply does not provide appropriate volume of
Accumulation of
oxygen to muscles, it leads to accumulation of lactate acid in muscles which
Lactate result in pain, and soreness in muscles.
During exercises muscle tissue is placed under stress which results in micro-tears
Micro-tears in
in muscle fibres. The body responds by repairing the muscle fibres and making
Muscle Fibres
them larger. When a muscle gets bigger, this process is called hypertrophy.
Hypertrophy of Muscle Scientific and systematic exercise leads to increase in thickness of muscle fibres
that results in increase in muscle size also known as muscle hypertrophy.
Increase in Strength of Regular exercise helps to strengthen bones, ligaments, and tendons. This helps
Ligaments and Tendons prevent injury and promotes performance.
Long term effect of aerobic exercise is to increase the storage of myoglobin which
Increase in Myoglobin
transports oxygen to mitochondria. Large amount of myoglobin means large
Storage
amount of oxygen and large amount of energy.
Glycogen is generally stored in muscles and liver. Regular exercise helps the body
Increase in Glycogen
Storage to increase the storage of glycogen which may give continuous energy for 90 to
120 minutes.
Pulmonary
Bone Mass
Endocrine Function
Changes
1) Muscular Strength : It is defined as the maximal force that a muscle or muscle group can generate. Men
and women usually attain their highest strength levels between ages 20 and 40, the time when muscle
cross-sectional area is largest. Concentric strength of most muscle groups declines, slowly at first and then
more rapidly after middle age. Decline in eccentric strength begins at a later age and progresses more
slowly than those in concentric strength.
2) Neural Function : A nearly 40% decline in the number of spinal cord axons and a 10%
decline in nerve conduction velocity reflects the cumulative effects of ageing on central
nervous system functioning. These changes are likely to contribute to the age-related
reduction in neuromuscular performance assessed by simple and complex reaction and
movement times. Ageing most adversely affects the time required to detect a stimulus and
process the information to produce the response.
3) Endocrine Changes with Ageing : The endocrine system consists of a host organ (gland),
minute quantities of chemical messengers (hormones), and a target or receptor organ.
Approximately 40% of individuals aged between 65 and 75 years and 50% of those older
than age 80 have impaired glucose tolerance leading to Type 2 diabetes. Thyroid
dysfunction, primarily from lowered pituitary gland release of the thyroid-stimulating
hormone thyrotropin (and reduced output of thyroxine), is common among the elderly.
4) Pulmonary Function : Mechanical constraints on the pulmonary system progress with age
to cause deterioration in static and dynamic lung function measures. Also, pulmonary
ventilation and gas exchange kinetics during the transition from rest to submaximal
exercise slow substantially.
5) Cardiovascular Function : Cardiovascular function and aerobic capacity do not escape
age-related effects. Because of a lower maximum heart rate, maximum cardiac output
typically decreases with age in trained and untrained men and women. Reduced
peripheral blood flow capacity accompanies age-related decreases in muscle mass.
Sedentary living produces losses in functional capacity at least as great as the effects of
ageing.
6) Body Composition : In physical fitness, body composition is used to describe the
percentages of fat, bone, water, and muscle in human bodies. After age 60, total body
mass decreases despite increasing body fat.
7) Bone Mass : Bone Mass is a measure of the amount of minerals (mostly calcium and
phosphorous) contained in a certain volume of bone. Osteoporosis poses a major problem
with ageing, particularly among postmenopausal women. In this condition it produces loss
of bone mass as the ageing skeleton demineralizes and becomes porous. Bone mass can
decrease by 30% to 50% in persons older than age 60.
A. Sports Injuries : Classification, Causes & Prevention
The injury in sports and exercise refers to the physical damage caused to
tissue, bone, or any other organ of the body while in action and further
leading to withdrawal from participation or experience pain while
performing movement actions.
Classification of Sports Injuries :
1) Soft Tissue Injuries
There are following types of soft tissue injuries :
Internal Injuries:
Strain
Sprain
External Injuries:
Abrasion
Contusion
Laceration
Abrasion is a major injury. Abrasion usually occurs due to friction
Abrasion with certain equipment or a fall over the area where the bone is
very close to the skin. It may be caused by falling on a hard
surface.
Prevention :
1. Players should undergo proper warm-up before training and
competition.
2. Players should perform proper conditioning during their
preparatory phase.
3. Sports equipment should be of good quality.
4. Good officiating quality of official is essential during practice and
competition.
5. Players should be careful and alert during practice and
competition.
6. Players should follow the rules and regulations of the game/sport.
7. Wear protective gears/equipment while playing any game.
8. One should try to cover the exposed skin with a layer of clothing.
Contusion is a muscle injury. A direct hit with or without any
sports equipment can be the main cause of contusion.
Contusion Contusion can also be due to minor accidents to the skin, such as
falling, bumping into something or being hit or kicked.
Contusion is common in boxing, wrestling and kabaddi.
Prevention :
1) Proper warm-up is essential before practice, training and competition.
All the parts of a body should be exercised properly. Stretching exercises
should be performed during warm-up.
2) Conditioning should be emphasized during the preparatory period.
3) Protective equipment should be used according to the requirement of
the game or sports.
4) Sports equipment of good quality should be used in games and sports.
5) Playfields/courts should be smooth and clean.
6) For preventing sports injuries, the complete scientific knowledge about
the game is a must.
7) Players should be careful and alert during practice and competition.
8) Good officiating quality of official is must for preventing sports injuries.
The irregular tear-like wounds
Laceration
caused by some blunt trauma.
Cause : Mostly, laceration is the result of the
skin hitting an adjacent object, or an object
hitting the skin with force.
Prevention : Proper personal equipment,
including eye protection can be helpful in
preventing the same.
Treatment : Clean the surface of the
effected part. Stop bleeding at the earliest
by compression bandages.
An incision is a cut made into the tissues
Incision of the body to expose the underlying
tissue, bone or organ.
Cause : Can be caused by a clean, sharp-
edged object – such as a knife, razor or
glass splinter.
Prevention : The area should be free from
the sharp edges.
Treatment : Gently wash the affected area
with soap and water to remove the dirt.
Dry the incision with a clean, fresh towel
before applying the dressing.
It is a ligament injury. It may occur due to overstretching or tearing of ligament.
Many things can cause sprain.
Sprain
Falling, twisting or getting hit can force a point out of its normal position.
This can cause ligaments around the joint to tear. Generally, sprain occurs at
wrist joint and ankle joint.
Sometimes, fracture is also possible along with the sprain.
Prevention :
1) A thorough warm-up is necessary for preventing sprain,
especially all the joints should be exercised well during warm-
up.
2) Proper conditioning should be done during the preparatory
phase.
3) All the sports equipment must be of good quality.
4) Playfields/courts should be smooth and clean.
5) Good officiating quality of official is essential for preventing
such injury.
6) Rules of the game/sport must be followed.
Strain is also a muscle injury. Strain can be mild as well as severe.
Sometimes, the complete muscle can be ruptured.
Strain In case of complete rupture, it is not possible to move that part or limb.
There may be severe pain around the rupture. Strain may occur at any
time during the practice or competitions.
Prevention :
1) From the prevention point of view, every sportsperson should
undergo a complete warm-up before participating in any sports
activity. He/she should do stretching exercises of all parts of the
body.
2) Conditioning should be done during the preparatory period.
3) Sports equipment must be of good quality.
4) Playfields/courts should be smooth and clean.
5) The scientific knowledge of the game is must for preventing
strain.
6) Players should be careful and alert during the training and
competition.
Hard Tissue Injuries
An injury to the skeletal system of the body is termed as the hard tissue injury. They
are the injuries where the bone fractures, i.e.., the bone either cracks or breaks.
Stress Fractures
Greenstick
Types of Dislocation
Commutated
Hard Tissue
Injuries Fractures Transverse
Oblique
Impacted
Dislocation
Dislocations are joint injuries that force the ends of bones out of position. The cause
is often a fall or a blow, sometimes from playing a contact sport. A joint dislocation,
also called luxation, occurs when there is an abnormal separation in the joint,
where two or more bones meet. A partial dislocation is referred to as a subluxation.
Dislocation can be caused by a trauma (accident or fall) or the weakening of
muscles and tendons. A dislocated joint can be treated through medication,
manipulation, rest or surgery.