Author's Name/ Year of

Date Previous Research Topic Names Journal Name publication

Neonatal seizures: Case

definition & guidelines for Pellagrim,s..
data collection, analysis, Padula,M.A., 2019,page7596
and presentation of Munos,F.M., -7609 volume
9/6/2021 immunization safety data Top,.K. Vaccine 37

Irish Centre
for Fetal and
Neonatal
NEONATAL SEIZURE Alison O’Shea, Translational
DETECTION USING Gordon Lightbody, Research,
CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL Geraldine Boylan, University
9/6/2021 NETWORK Andriy Temko College Cork

Alexandra Large, Neonatal

Management of Neonatal Katie Tucker, Guidelines
9/6/2021 Seizure Chakra Vasudevan Group 2019,volume 5
 Management of Neonatal
9/6/2021 Seizures n.d. aims protocol 2014

Neonatal
Seizures
Neonatal Seizures Clinical Clinical 2020,Vlume
9/6/2021 Guideline Butler,C. Guideline 1,pages1-15

Kaminiów,O.
Neonatal Seizures ,Kozak,S.& 2021,volume 8,
9/6/2021 Revisited Paprocka,J. Children page 155
 THE MEDICAL
BULLETIN OF
SISLI ETFAL
Current Overview of Acar,D.B., HOSPITAL 2019 volu56 is
9/6/2021 Neonatal Convulsion Bülbül,A. & Uslu,S. 1 page 1-6

Investigating and managing Lucy Gossling,

neonatal seizures in the James J. P. Alix,
UK: an explanatory Theocharis
sequential mixed methods Stavroulakis &
2021.9.8 approach Anthony R. Hart 2020
 Neonatal Seizures: An
Update on Mechanisms 36(4): 881.
2021.9.9 and Management Frances E. Jensen, year 2009 clin Plerinatol

Hayder Al-
Momen, Majed
Kadhim The Tohoku
Muhammed, Ali 2018 年 246 Journal of
Neonatal Seizures in Iraq: Abdulhussein 巻 4 号 p. 245- Experimental
2021.9.10 Cause and Outcome Alshaheen 249 Medicine
 UCSF Beniof's
2021.9.11 Neonatal seizures Organization
 Carlotta Spagnoli,
Raffaele
Symptomatic seizures in Falsaperla,
preterm newborns: a Michela Deolmi,
review on clinical features Giovanni Corsello Italian Journal
2021.9.11 and prognosis & Francesco Pisani 2018 of Pediatrics

Prognostic Factors of Laiab,Y.H., Ho,C.S., Volume 54,

Developmental Outcome Chiu,C.N., Issue 3, June
in Neonatal Seizures in Tsenga,F.C., Pediatrics & 2013, Pages
2021.9.11 Term Infants Huanga,Y.L. Neonatology 166-172
 MSD MANUAL
M. Cristina Professional
2021.9.12 Neonatal Seizure Disorders Victorio , Version Apr-21

Annemiek M.W.
Loman
Henk J. ter Horst
Florise A.C.P. VOLUME 18,
Neonatal seizures: Lambrechtsen ISSUE 3, P360-
Aetiology by means of a Roelineke J. peadiatric 367, MAY 01,
2021.9.13 standardized work-up Lunsing neurology 2014
 Dependent
Methodology Independent Variables Variable

Hypoxic Ischaemic
Encephalopathy (HIE)
Metabolic
disturbances,Infections Approach to
: M,Intracranial Management of
Haemorrhage, i neonatal seizure
The National Neonatal Perinatal Database (NNPD;
2002-03), which collected data from 18 tertiary
care units across the country, has reported an
incidence of 10.3 per 1000 live-births.2 The
incidence was found to increase with decreasing
gestation and birth weight - for example, preterm 1. Hypoxic-ischemic
infants had almost twice the incidence when encephalopathy
compared to term neonates (20.8 vs. 8.4 per 1000 (HIE),2. Metabolic
live-births) while very low birth weight infants had causes,3. Infections
more than 4-fold higher incidence (36.1 per 1000 4.Intracranial
live-births).2 hemorrhage: Management

hypoxic ischaemic
encephalopathy,
infarctions, intracranial
infection,
hypoglycaemia, inborn
errors of metabolism
and structural Antiepileptic
malformations. choice + monitorin

the
most common causes
of brain damage
manifested by seizures
include HIE, 2.
ischemic stroke,
The search strategy consisted of controlled ICH, 3. transient
vocabulary and keywords. The following metabolic and
databases were searched: PubMed, Medline and electrolyte
Google Scholar. The main search concept disturbances, 4.
was to combine “neonatal seizures” with related systemic or central
terms, such as “pathophysiology”, “etiol ogy”, nervous system
“genetic(s)”, “symptoms”, “diagnosis”, (CNS) infections
“treatment” and “outcomes”.English language [2,20,21]. 5. The causes
papers published within the previous 10 years also include congenital
were malformations of the
considered for this review. The entire process of CNS
searching relevant and genetic epilepsy
papers lasted from April 2020 to October 2020, syndromes (e.g.,
with numerous subsequent updates on benign familial
the latest scientific reports. Titles, abstracts and neonatal seizures or
full-text articles were screened against inborn errors
the inclusion criteria by two reviewers. N of metabolism) [2 . Management
 Hypoxic ischemic
encephalopathy
(HIE)38% 2.ischemic
stroke (18%), 3.
intracranial
hemorrhage (12%),
epilepsy (6%), central
nervous system
infection (4%), and
transient metabolic
disorders (4%), Treatment

An explanatory sequential mixed methods

approach was used (QUAN→QUAL) with equal
waiting between stages. We collected quantitative
data from neonatology staff and paediatric Lack of oxygen before
neurologists using a questionnaire sent to neonatal or during birth due to
units and via emails from the British Paediatric placental abruption
Neurology Association. We asked for copies of (premature
neonatal unit guidelines on the management of detachment of the
seizures. The data from questionnaires was used to placenta from the
identify16 consultants using semi-structured uterus), a difficult or
interviews. Thematic analysis was used to interpret prolonged labor, or
qualitative data, which was triangulated with compression of the
quantitative questionnaire data. umbilical cord
Electrographically confirmed seizures in preterm
and term neonates were compared with
respect to clinical correlates, incidence, associated
brain lesions, and risk for neurologic
sequelae. Over a 4-year period, 92 neonates from
a neonatal intensive care unit population Infection acquired
of 4020 admissions at a large obstetric hospital before or after birth,
with 40845 livebirths had electrographically such as bacterial
confirmed seizures. Sixty-two neonates were meningitis, viral
preterm and 30 were full-term for gestational encephalitis,
age. Chi-square calculations were used to compare toxoplasmosis, syphilis
the two groups. While the incidence of or rubella Treatment
During a daily neonatology practice, seizures are a
continuous challenge as a common neurological
disease with a wide range of underlying etiologies,
and considerable risks of morbidity and mortality.
This study aimed to clarify the rate, etiological
factors and outcomes of neonatal seizures, and a
possible foresight of neonatal death in Iraq. A
prospective cohort study was conducted in
neonates with seizures admitted to 3 major
neonatology centers in Baghdad, Iraq, from 1st of
December 2017 till the end of May 2018. Both
term and preterm neonates affected by seizures
were recruited with a total number of 203
patients. Perinatal asphyxia (n = 81; 39.90%),
infection (n = 77; 37.93%), and metabolic
abnormalities (n = 52; 25.62%) were most common
causes for seizures. Death occurred in 66 neonates
(32.51%), with higher mortality rates found in
preterm neonates. Six adverse prognostic
indicators were shown to be significant: positive
pressure resuscitation, mechanical ventilation,
perinatal asphyxia, infection, gestational age
(preterm babies), and low birth weight (< 2,500 g).
Neonatal seizures may be the first manifestation of
neurological insults, and they are most commonly
caused by perinatal asphyxia, followed by
infection, and metabolic disturbances. Prevention
of neonatal seizures is much more important than
the treatment of them for the reduction of
neonatal mortality. The effective strategies should
therefore be proper medical care and
management for mothers and neonates before,
during and after delivery to prevent neonatal
infections, perinatal asphyxia, low birth weight,
prematurity, metabolic abnormalities, and other
risk factors of neonatal seizures. Stroke before or after birth
Lack of oxygen before
or during birth due to
placental abruption
(premature
detachment of the
placenta from the
uterus), a difficult or
prolonged labor, or
compression of the
umbilical cord
Infection acquired
before or after birth,
such as bacterial
meningitis, viral
encephalitis,
toxoplasmosis, syphilis
or rubella also work to
Stroke before or after identify and treat
birth any underlying
Blood clot in the brain cause of the
Bleeding in the brain seizures.
 in preterm infants
is intraventricular
haemorrhage.
Appropriate
clinical and
neurophysiologic
monitoring,
neuroimaging
techniques and
improvement in
neurocritical care
in the neonatal
period are
improving
management of
infants with
seizures, and their
outcome,
especially
mortality risk.
However, the
represent acute occurrence of
symptomatic seizures in
phenomena, the main preterm newborns
etiologies being is still associated
intraventricular with poor
haemorrhage, hypoxic- cognitive
ischemic development,
encephalopathy, visual, hearing and
central nervous system motor
infections and impairment,
transient metabolic cerebral palsy and
derangements. epilepsy

This is a retrospective, observational hospital-

based study. Term infants who experienced clinical
neonatal seizure between January 1999 and
December 2009 were enrolled. Adverse outcomes
were defined as death, cerebral palsy, global
developmental delay, and/or epilepsy. The
associations between adverse outcomes and 17
variables, including sex, mode of delivery, being
small of gestational age, maternal illness, perinatal
insults, meconium stained liquor, Apgar score at 1
and 5 minutes, seizure onset age, seizure type,
etiology, electroencephalography (EEG) findings, ,Intrapartum
antiepileptic drug efficacy, presence of metabolic asphyxia,Metabolic
acidosis, and cranial ultrasonographic findings, and disturbances,,Infection
presence of congenital heart disease were s,Intracranial
analyzed. hemorrhage
 Hypoxia-ischemia,
Ischemic
stroke,neonatal
infections,hypoglycemi Treatment of the
a,intracranial cause,Antiseizure
hemorrhage drugs

hypoxic-ischemic
encephalopathy
All full-term born neonates from January 2002 till (HIE),metabolic or
September 2009 with neonatal seizures, admitted electrolyte
to our neonatal intensive care unit were included disorders,intracranial
(n = 221). Aetiology was investigated by means of a hemorrhage ,ischemic
standardized aetiologic work-up. infarction ,intracranial aetiologies of
Results infections neonatal seizures
Findings of research Link / URL

1 .Hypoglycaemia and treatable metabolic disturbances should

be treated prior to
anticonvulsant therapy,2. Phenobarbital/phenobarbitone is
considered as a first line treatment 3. Phenytoin is often used as
second line, 4. s Midazolam are then
popular regarding their comparable efficacy. 5. Levetiracetam
(Keppra) is being used and studied as a
choice especially in seizures not responding to conventional
treatment. It has been found to
reduce seizures when used 2nd or 3rd line and limited side
effects have been reported folloup+
1.1. Initial medical management 2. 2. Correction of
hypoglycemia and hypocalcemia 3.3. Anti-epileptic drug therapy
(AED) good drug followup

good folloup

The
key to therapeutic success seems
to be the immediate management
of the cause and the
introduction of appropriate
treatment, which will reduce
adverse long-term effects and
improve the results. Therefore, in
certain clinical situations,
treatment should be carried out
simultaneously with the initial
diagnosis. The reports on the
approach to the diagnosis or
Children 2021, 8, 155 14 of 17
treatment of seizures and the
results obtained with the use of
various therapeutic methods
allow for the exchange of
experience among clinicians and
. Acute Intervention 2.Treatment of Neontal Epilepsy constitute a broad base of
3.Outcomes practical knowledge.
 Neonatal convulsions should be
stopped quickly and the
etiological cause should be
determined. The treatment is
primarily directed to the
etiological cause. Phenobarbital
is still the drug used as first-line
treatment in infants who
require an anticonvulsant drug.
Levetiracetam and pheny toin are
commonly used as second-line
anticonvulsant
drugs. Current guidelines for
anticonvulsant drugs used
in the newborn period still do not
appear to be adequate.
Therefore, large-scale, well-
planned studies of anticonvul sant
drugs that can be used in
neonatal convulsions are
Anticonvulsant Drugs 2. Treatment-resistant Convulsion required

https://bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12
 Experimental data regarding the potential efficacy of agents
such as bumetanide, topiramate, and levetiracetam are
encouraging, but the duration of use of these agents may be
limited by safety concerns related to their effects on long-term
brain development.,Animal model trials and human studies
must be aligned to understand how safety and efficacy data
from rodent and non-human primates predict human responses.
A number of early-life seizure models exist in which there are
indeed long-term effects on learning, and these could also be
employed to address the effects of treatment on brain and
cognitive development. Clinical therapeutic trials in neonates
would be greatly improved if there were accurate biomarkers of
acute and chronic therapeutic efficacy, yet none exist other than
the EEG.,Incorporation of continuous EEG monitoring into
clinical studies of neonatal seizure therapy will be essential.
Seizure cessation is an important therapeutic goal, yet improved
neurodevelopmental outcome is clearly of critical importance. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2818833/
https://www.ucsfbenioffchildrens.org/conditions/neonatal-seizures
In the future, research should be addressed to identify a
customized treatment for preterm newborns, considering their
pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes and brain
developmental stages.
/https://ijponline.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13052-
018-0573-y
https://www.msdmanuals.com/
professional/pediatrics/
neurologic-disorders-in-children/
neonatal-seizure-disorders

https://www.ejpn-journal.com/article/S1090-3798(14)00037