Electrical Communication

Lec_4
ELE 361
Third year
2023
BY
Dr. Samia Kabel
 Conventional AM (DSB-WC)
 The DSB-WC modulated signal can be expressed as :
𝜑𝐴𝑀 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑚 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡
𝜑𝐴𝑀 𝑡 = [𝐴 + 𝑚 𝑡 ]𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡

𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝎𝒄 𝒕 + 𝒎(𝒕)𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝎𝒄 𝒕
m(t) Mod Sum

𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝎𝒄 𝒕
 Conventional AM (DSB-WC)
The spectrum of 𝜑𝐴𝑀 𝑡 is the same as DSB-SC except for
the two additional impulse at ±𝑓𝑐
𝐹𝑇 1 𝐴
𝜑𝐴𝑀 𝑡 𝑀 𝑓 + 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑀 𝑓 − 𝑓𝑐 + [𝛿 𝑓 + 𝑓𝑐 + 𝛿(𝑓 − 𝑓𝑐 ]
2 2
Conventional AM (DSB-WC
 Conventional AM (DSB-WC
𝐴 + 𝑚(𝑡) = 𝐴 + 𝑚(𝑡)
 In other words, for envelope detection to
properly detect m(t), two condition must be
met:
a-𝑓𝑐 ≫ 𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡𝑕 𝑜𝑓 𝑚(𝑡)
b-𝐴 + 𝑚(𝑡) ≥ 0
Modulation index 𝝁
𝑚𝑝
𝜇=
𝐴
 For envelope detection to be distortionless, the
condition is 𝐴 ≥ 𝑚𝑝 , Hence, it follows that
0≤𝜇≤1
Ex.1 Sketch 𝛗𝐀𝐌 for modulation indices of 𝛍 = 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝛍 = 𝟏 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝛍
= 𝟏. 𝟓 , when 𝐦 𝐭 = 𝐛𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛚𝐦 𝐭.
This case is referred to as tone modulation because the modulating
signal is a pure sinusoid (or tone).
𝑚(𝑡) 𝑏
𝜇= = → 𝑏 = 𝜇𝐴 → 𝑚 𝑡 = 𝜇𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑚 𝑡
𝐴 𝐴
∅𝐴𝑀 = 𝐴 + 𝑚 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡 = 𝐴 + 𝜇𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑚 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡
𝜔𝑐 ≫ 𝜔𝑚
𝐴
At 𝜇 = 0.5 → ∅𝐴𝑀 = 𝐴 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑚 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡
2
 𝑨
At 𝝁 = 𝟎. 𝟓 → ∅𝑨𝑴 = 𝑨 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝎𝒎 𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝎𝒄 𝒕
𝟐
At 𝝁 = 𝟏 → ∅𝑨𝑴 = 𝑨 + 𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝎𝒎 𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝎𝒄 𝒕
For 𝝁 > 𝟏 = 𝟏. 𝟓
𝟑
At 𝝁 = 𝟏. 𝟓 → ∅𝑨𝑴 = 𝑨 + 𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝎𝒎 𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝎𝒄 𝒕
𝟐

𝟓
𝑬𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑨 + 𝝁𝑨 = 𝑨 + 𝟏. 𝟓𝑨 = 𝑨
𝟐
𝑨
𝑬𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝑨 − 𝝁𝑨 = 𝑨 − 𝟏. 𝟓𝑨 = −
𝟐
𝑬𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝑨 + 𝝁𝑨 𝑨 𝟏 + 𝝁
= = → 𝑬𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝟏 − 𝝁 = 𝑬𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝟏 + 𝝁
𝑬𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝑨 − 𝝁𝑨 𝑨 𝟏 − 𝝁
𝑬𝒎𝒂𝒙 − 𝝁𝑬𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑬𝒎𝒊𝒏 + 𝝁𝑬𝒎𝒊𝒏 → 𝑬𝒎𝒂𝒙 − 𝑬𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝝁(𝑬𝒎𝒂𝒙 + 𝑬𝒎𝒊𝒏 )
𝑬𝒎𝒂𝒙 − 𝑬𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝝁=
𝑬𝒎𝒂𝒙 + 𝑬𝒎𝒊𝒏
 Generation of DSB-WC

𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝎𝒄 𝒕 + 𝒎(𝒕)𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝎𝒄 𝒕
m(t) Mod Sum

𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝎𝒄 𝒕

In principle, the generation of AM signals is identical to that

of the DSB-SC modulation discussed before, except that an
additional carrier component 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡 needs to be added to
the DSB-SC signal
 1. Square Law Modulator

𝑉1 = 𝑚 𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡
𝑉2 = 𝑎𝑉1 𝑡 + 𝑏𝑉1 2 (𝑡)
𝑉2 = 𝑎 𝑚 𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑏(𝑚 𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡)2
= 𝑎𝑚 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑏𝑚2 𝑡 + 𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜔𝑐 𝑡
+ 2𝑏𝑚(𝑡)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡
𝑏 𝜋𝑏
↔ 𝛿(𝜔)
2 2
 𝝅𝒃
𝜹(𝝎)
𝟐
𝒂𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝎𝒄 𝒕 𝟐𝒃𝒎(𝒕)𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝎𝒄 𝒕

𝒃𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝝎𝒄 𝒕 𝒂𝒎 𝒕

𝒃𝒎𝟐 𝒕

−𝝎𝒄 𝝎𝒄 𝟐𝝎𝒄
−𝟐𝝎𝒄
After BPF
𝒗𝟎 = 𝒂𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝎𝒄 𝒕 + 𝟐𝒃𝒎(𝒕)𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝎𝒄 𝒕
𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡

𝟐𝒃𝒎(𝒕)𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝎𝒄 𝒕

−𝝎𝒄 𝝎𝒄
 2-Switching Modulator

The input to the diode, 𝑣1 𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑡 + 𝐴𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡 where

𝑚(𝑡) ≪ 𝐴𝑐
𝟏 𝟐 1 1
𝒌 𝒕 = + [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝜔𝑐 𝑡]
𝟐 𝝅 3 5
𝟏 𝟐 1 1
𝒗𝟐 = [𝒎 𝒕 + 𝑨𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡][ + [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝜔𝑐 𝑡]
𝟐 𝝅 3 5
𝟏 𝑨 2 2𝐴
𝒗𝟐 = 𝒎 𝒕 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑚 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜔𝑐 𝑡+…………
𝟐 𝟐 𝜋 𝜋
After BPF
𝑨 𝟐
𝒗𝒐 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝎𝒄 𝒕 + 𝒎 𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝎𝒄 𝒕 === 𝑨𝑴 𝒎𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏𝒂𝒍
𝟐 𝝅
 Demodulation of AM DSB-WC
1-Coherent detection
By using locally generated carrier with the same
characteristics of the modulated carrier at TX.
𝐴 + 𝑚 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡 ∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡
𝐴 𝑚 𝑡 𝐴 𝑚 𝑡
= + + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜔𝑐 𝑡 → 𝐿𝑃𝐹
2 2 2 2
𝐴 𝑚 𝑡 𝑚 𝑡
→ + → 𝑑𝑐 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟 →
2 2 2
2-Non-coherent detection
a. Rectifier detector
b. Envelop detector
c. Square law detector
 a. Rectifier detector

Signal is multiplied by w(t). Hence, the Half wave rectified output is

𝑣𝑅 𝑡 = 𝐴 + 𝑚 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡 𝑤 𝑡
1 2 1
= 𝐴 + 𝑚 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡[ + [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜔𝑐
2 𝜋 3
1
+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝜔𝑐 𝑡]
5
 𝐴 + 𝑚(𝑡) 2
𝑣𝑅 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝐴 + 𝑚 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 − ⋯
2 𝜋
𝐴 + 𝑚(𝑡) 2 1
𝑣𝑅 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + (𝐴 + 𝑚 𝑡 [ 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜔𝑐 𝑡 ]
2 𝜋 2
−⋯
𝐴+𝑚 𝑡 1
𝑣𝑅 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + [𝐴 + 𝑚 𝑡 ]
2 𝜋
𝐴+𝑚 𝑡
+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + ⋯
𝜋
1
𝑣𝑅 = 𝐴 + 𝑚 𝑡
𝜋
+ 𝑂𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑕𝑖𝑔𝑕𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑠
1
𝑤𝑕𝑒𝑛 𝑣𝑅 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑎 𝐿𝑃𝐹 → 𝑣𝑜 = 𝐴 + 𝑚 𝑡
𝜋
The dc term A π may be blocked by a dc blocking capacitor,
𝑚 𝑡
 b. Envelop detector

 During the +ve cycle Diode is on C charge to 𝑉𝑝

 During the -ve cycle Diode is on C discharge
 The output ripple of frequency 𝝎c
 b. Envelop detector
 The capacitor discharge between positive peaks cause a
ripple signal of frequency 𝝎c in the output.
 This ripples can be reduced by choosing a large time
constant 𝑅𝐶 so that the capacitor discharge very little
between the positive peaks (𝑅𝐶 ≫ 1 ωc)
 Also making RC too large, would make it possible for the
capacitor voltage to follow a fast envelope. The design
criteria of RC should be.
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝝎𝒄 ≪ 𝑹𝑪 < 𝟐𝝅𝑩 𝒐𝒓 𝟐𝝅𝑩 <
𝑹𝑪
≪ 𝛚𝐜
 The envelope detector output is 𝑣𝑐 𝑡 = 𝐴 + 𝑚(𝑡) with a
ripple of frequency 𝝎c. The dc term A can be blocked out
by a capacitor or a simple RC high-pass filter. The ripple
may be reduced further by another (low-pass) RC filter.
3-Determine the upper limit of the time constant RC that ensure that
the capacitor voltage follows the envelope of the AM for a single tone
−𝑡
modulating signal. The capacitor voltage 𝑉𝐶 = 𝐸(𝑡)𝑒 𝑅𝐶
𝟏
 Since 𝑹𝑪 ≫ the capacitor discharge for short time compared to its
𝝎𝑪
time constant so, exponential can be approximated by straight line
and consider only the first two term
𝑡
𝑉𝐶 = 𝐸(1 − ) slope =−𝐸 𝑅𝐶
𝑅𝐶
 For capacitor to follow envelope E(t) the magnitude of slope of RC
must be ≫ 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐸(𝑡)
𝑑𝑉𝑐 (𝑡) 𝐸 𝑑𝐸(𝑡)
= ≥
𝑑𝑡 𝑅𝐶 𝑑𝑡
𝐸 = 𝐴(1 + 𝜇𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑚 𝑡)
𝑑𝐸(𝑡)
= −𝜇𝐴𝜔𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑚 𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝐸
≥ −𝜇𝐴𝜔𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑚 𝑡
𝑅𝐶
1 + 𝜇𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑚
𝑅𝐶 ≤
𝜇𝜔 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔 𝑡
 Square law detector

𝒗𝟏 = (𝐀 + 𝐦(𝐭))𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝝎𝒄 𝐭
𝟏
𝒗𝟏 = 𝑨𝟐+ 𝟐𝐀𝐦 𝒕 + 𝐦 𝒕 𝟐. [
𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐𝝎𝒄 𝐭 ]
𝟐
𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
𝒗𝟏 = 𝑨 + 𝟐𝑨𝒎 𝒕 + 𝒎 𝒕 + 𝑨 + 𝟐𝑨𝒎 𝒕 + 𝒎 𝒕 ∗ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝝎𝒄 𝒕
𝟐 𝟐

𝑨𝟐 𝟐𝒎 𝒕 𝒎 𝒕 𝟐 𝒎 𝒕 𝟐
𝒗𝟏 = 𝟏+ + 𝟐
→
𝟐 𝑨 𝑨 𝑨𝟐
𝒎 𝒕 𝟐
𝒂𝒔 𝝁 = , 𝟎<𝝁<𝟏
𝑨𝟐
𝑨𝟐 𝟐𝒎 𝒕
𝒚𝒐 = 𝟏+ → 𝒅𝒄 𝒃𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒌 → 𝒚𝟎 = 𝑨𝒎(𝒕)
𝟐 𝑨
 DSB-WC Efficiency ƞ
∅AM = Acosωc t + m t cosωc t
Carrier sideband
A2
Carrier power=Pc =
2
m2 (t)
Sideband power=Ps =
2
The useful power (sideband power)
Wasted power (carrier power) as carrier used only to ease
modulation and demodulation
Total power = pc + ps
usefull power ps
𝐄𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲 (𝛈) = =
total power pc + ps
m2 (t)
= 2 2
∗ 100 %
A + m (t)
 DSB-WC Efficiency ƞ
EX_1 For special case 𝐦 𝒕 = 𝜶𝐜𝐨𝐬𝝎𝒎 𝐭 Find η
𝛂
μ = → 𝜶 = 𝝁𝑨 → 𝒎 𝒕 = μAcosωm t
𝑨
∅𝐀𝐌 = Acosωc t + μAcosωm tcosωc t
μA
∅𝐀𝐌 = Acosωc t + [cos(ωc+ ωm )t + cos(ωc −ωm )t]
2
A μA
∅𝐀𝐌 (𝛚) = [δ ω + 𝜔𝑐 + δ ω + 𝜔𝑐 ] + [δ ω + (𝜔𝑐 +𝜔𝑚 )
2 2
+ δ ω − (𝜔𝑐 + 𝜔𝑚 ) + δ ω + (𝜔𝑐 −𝜔𝑚 ) + δ ω − (𝜔𝑐 − 𝜔𝑚 )]
(μA 2)2 (μA 2)2 μA 2 (μA)2
And ps = 𝑝𝐿𝑆𝐵 + 𝑝𝑈𝑆𝐵 = + =( 2) =
2 2 4
(μA)2 2 A2 2
4 μ μ
η= 2 4 2 ∗ = 2 2 2
= 2
∗ 100 %
A (μA) 4 2A + μ A 2+μ
+
2 4
0 < μ < 1 so when → μ ↑ η ↑ and η max will be at μ = 1 →
η = 33.3%
Efficiency of DSB-WC ≪ Efficiency of DSB-SC
 Pros and Cons of AM-DSB-WC
•Pros: Simple and robust receiver design (non-coherent
demodulation)
• Cons: low power efficiency (ƞ<50%)
• Bandwidth inefficient (𝛾AM-DSB-C=𝛾AM-DSB-SC=50%)