1

Membrane Ion Channels

2

>
-
Figure 12.17 Cell Membrane and Transmembrane

MEMBRANE TRANSPORT Proteins The cell membrane is composed of a phospholipid

bilayer & has many transmembrane proteins, including
different types of channel proteins that serve as ion
channels.
Membrane Protein Channels

1 2

Membrane Ion Channels Membrane Ion Channels

3 4

inner surface negative

-

outer -

positive

Figure 12.18 Ligand-Gated Channels When the
ligand, in this case the neurotransmitter
acetylcholine, binds to a specific location on the
extracellular surface of the channel protein, the
pore opens to allow select ions through. The ions, in
this case, are cations of sodium, calcium, &
potassium
Figure 12.20 Voltage-Gated Channels
Voltage-gated channels open when the
transmembrane voltage changes around them.
Amino acids in the structure of the protein are
sensitive to charge & cause the pore to open to
the selected ion.
Figure 12.19 Mechanically Gated Channels Figure 12.21 Leakage Channels In certain
When a mechanical change occurs in the situations, ions need to move across the
surrounding tissue, such as pressure or touch, the membrane randomly. The particular electrical
channel is physically opened. Thermoreceptors properties of certain cells are modified by
work on a similar principle. When the local the presence of this type of channel.
tissue temperature changes, the protein reacts
by physically opening the channel.
abundant in sweat
-

glands

3 4

State
1) Resting
↓
Activated

↓
Electrochemical Gradient Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels Inactivated

5 6

 Gated-ion membrane channels opens  ions diffuse

across membranes along their electrochemical Voltage-gated
gradients  creates electrical currents & voltage Sodium Channels
changes across the membrane
 Ions moves along their chemical gradients when they
diffuse passively from area of higher concentration to
lower concentration
 Ions moves along their electrical gradients when they Voltage-gated
move toward an area of opposite electrical charge Potassium Channels

) concentration radiant
5 1 .

6
2 )
.

1
 Not memorize the value
!
Do

Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels Voltage-Gated Potassium Channel

7 8

 Resting state  Activation state

 Normal resting membrane potential –90mv  Slow

 Activation gate is closed  Gate opens at the same time that Na+ channels
 Prevents any entry of Na+ into the interior of the fiber begins to close  decrease Na+ entry, increase K+
> closed
-
at outside !! exit  rapid repolarization  full recovery of
resting membrane potential

7 8

Membrane Physiology of the Nerve

10

 Electrical potential – difference in concentration of

charged particles between one point & another
 Potential energy that produce current
 Electric current – flow of charged particles

MEMBRANE PHYSIOLOGY
OF THE NERVE
Membrane Potentials & Action Potentials

9 10

Membrane Physiology of the Nerve Membrane Physiology of the Nerve

11  12

 Nerve cells – highly specialized to transmit nerve  Electrical conditions of a resting/inactive

impulses from one part of the body to another neuron’s membrane:
 Functional properties:  Polarized
 Irritability
– ability to respond to a stimulus & convert it  Fewer positive ions inside the inner surface of the neuron’s
into a nerve impulse plasma membrane than on the outer surface
 Conductivity – ability to transmit the impulse to other  The inside is more negative than the outside surface of the
neurons, muscles or glands plasma membrane of a neuron
 As long as the inside remains more negative
(fewer positive ions) than the outside, the neuron
will stay inactive

11 12

2
 Membrane Potential Membrane Potentials
13 14

 Voltage – is an electrical potential energy from  Unequal / different concentration of ions in the ICF
separation of oppositely charged particles (ions) & ECF
 Resting membrane potential [RMP] – the charged  Rapid changes in membrane potentials during nerve
difference across the plasma membrane excitation or muscle impulse transmission results from
 –70 millivolts (mV) [unstimulated, “resting” neuron] rapidly changing diffusion potential
 –20 to –200 mV (muscles)  “Diffusion Potentials” – created by concentration
gradient of ions across the membrane
by movements of Na+ & K+ through the
 Driven
membrane

13 14

Diffusion Membrane Potentials

15

 “Diffusion Membrane Potentials” – exists between

the inside & outside the cell as negatively charged
16 Nernst Potential
ions remain inside.
Selectively permeable membrane
 Blocks further net diffusion of K+ out of the cell.
 Na+ concentration gradient exist outside vs. the inside
 Na+ diffuse into the cell, more negative outside vs. the
inside.

15 16

Nernst Equation
17

18 Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz Equation
[ K ]O
E = 61 log10 Non-selectively permeable membrane
[ K ]I

C1
EMF (millivolts) = ± 61 log
C2 * EMF – electromagnetic force
(voltage)
C1 – concentration inside
C2 – concentration outside
Polarity (+) = negative ions
( - ) = positive ions

17 18

3

Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz Equation
19
 Goldman Equation
 Gives the calculated membrane potential on the
inside of the membrane when membrane is
permeable to several ions
19
Importance of Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz
21
Equation
2. The degree of importance of each of the ions in
determining the voltage is proportional to the
membrane permeability for that particular ion.
 If membrane has zero permeability to both K+ &
chloride ions, the membrane potential becomes
entirely dominated by the concentration gradient of
Na+ ions alone, & the resulting potential will be
equal to the Nernst potential for Na+ (selectively
permeable membrane)
21
Importance of Goldman-Hodgkin-
23
Katz Equation
4. The permeability of the Na+ & K+ channels undergoes
rapid changes during transmission of a nerve impulse
 The permeability of the chloride channels does not
change greatly during this process  rapid changes in
Na+ & K+ permeability are primarily responsible for
signal transmission in nerves
23
Importance of Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz
20
Equation
1. Na+, K+, chloride ions – most important ions
involved in the development of membrane potentials
in nerve & muscle fibers & neuronal cells in the
nervous system
 Concentration gradient determine the voltage of
the membrane potential
20
Importance of Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz
22
Equation
3. Positive ion concentration gradient inside the
membrane to the outside causes electronegativity
inside the membrane
 Higher concentration of positive ions inside than outside,
excess positive ions diffuses outside carrying positive charges
& leaves non-diffusible negative ions inside
 Negative ion concentration gradient (chloride ion) from
the outside to the inside causes negativity inside the cell
because excess negatively-charged chloride ions diffuse
to the inside, while leaving the non-diffusible positive ions
on the outside.
22
24 Membrane Potentials
Normal Resting Membrane Potentials
Resting Membrane Potentials of Nerves
24
4
 Resting Membrane Potential Resting Membrane Potential
25 26

 Contribution of the K+ diffusion potential.

 Contribution of the Na+ diffusion.
 Contribution of the Na+- K+ pump.

25 26

Resting Membrane Potential

Resting Membrane Potential

28

–86 millivolts – resting membrane potential caused by diffusion

potentials of K+ & Na+ diffusion alone (mostly due
of Nerves

to K+ diffusion)

–4 millivolts – additional is contributed by the continuously

acting electrogenic Na+-K+ pump

–90 millivolts – net membrane potential

27

27 28

Local Potentials
30

29 Nerve Action Potential

Local Potentials / Graded Potentials
Action Potentials

29 30

5
 is not met :
If threshold
Above 70
mig
reached it could
If not ,

meet an
action
not

Potential

Local Potentials vs. Action Potentials

32

Figure 12.25 Graded Potentials.

31
Depolarizing or Hyperpolarizing – depends on the size of the stimulus.

31 32

Action Potential Components Action Potential

33 34

 Resting membrane potential

 Depolarization
 Repolarization
 Hyperpolarization

 RMP

33 34

Action Potential Action Potential

35 36

35 36

6
 Action Potential
37

38

37 38

Resting Membrane Potential Depolarization

39 40

39 40

Depolarization – Threshold Point Repolarization

41 42

41 42

7
 1. Resting Membrane – polarized; slightly positive
Repolarization external surface; slightly negative internal surface;
impermeable to both ions
43
2. Local Depolarization – stimulus initiates & changes
permeability of a local “patch” of the membrane,
Na+ rapidly goes into cell (inside becomes more
positive; outside more negative)
3. Depolarization & Generation of an Action
Potential – if stimulus is strong enough,
depolarization completely reverses membrane
polarity & AP is generated
4. Propagation of the AP – depolarization if the first
membrane patch causes permeability changes in the
adjacent membrane, polarity changes, inside more
positive, outside more negative; rapid propagation
of AP along entire length of membrane
5. Repolarization – K+ diffuse out of the cell as
membrane permeability changes, restoring negative
charge on the inside & positive charge on the
44
outside surfaces.

43 44

RMP & AP
45

6. Initial Ionic conditions restored – ionic conditions of

the resting state restored by the sodium-potassium
46 Nerve Action Potential
pump Properties of AP
Propagation of AP
Plateau in AP

45 46

“All-or-None Principle” Propagation of AP

47 48

 AP happens completely or it doesn't happen at all

 Once AP has been elicited at any point in the
membrane of a normal fiber, depolarization process
travels in all directions over entire length of the
membrane provided the conditions are appropriate,
or it might not travel at all if conditions are not right.

AP elicited at one point in an excitable membrane

excites adjacent portions of the membrane.

47 48

8
 Propagation of an Action Potential Plateau in an Action Potential
49 50

A. Normal resting  Instances when a

membrane membrane fails to
repolarize
B. Local circuit of immediately after
current flow depolarization
C. More additional local
 Depolarization process
circuits of current
is prolonged as the
flow action potential
D. Depolarization remains on a plateau
travels along entire before repolarization
length of fiber

49 50

Rhythmicity in Excitable Tissues

52

51 Rhythmicity in Excitable Tissues

51 52

Rhythmicity in Excitable Tissues

53

54 Nerve Conduction of Impulse

Saltatory Conduction
Continuous Conduction

53 54

9
 Continuous Conduction Continuous Conduction
55 56

 AP travels in all
directions away from
the stimulus, even along
all the branches of a
nerve fiber, until the
entire membrane has
become depolarized.

55 56

Saltatory Conduction
57

58

57 58

Importance of Saltatory Conduction Importance of Saltatory Conduction

59 60

 Impulse “jumps” over areas of myelin, spread of
impulse is much faster along myelinated neuron
vs. non-myelinated neuron
 Increases the velocity of nerve transmission along an
axon as depolarization process jump long intervals
 Conserves energy for axon because only nodes
depolarize
 Insulated myelin sheath & 50- fold decrease in
membrane capacitance allow repolarization to occur
with very little transfer of ions.

59 60

10
 Absolute Refractory Period
62

61 Refractory Period
Absolute
Relative

61 62

Absolute Refractory Period Relative Refractory Period

63 64

63 64

66 THANK YOU!

65 end

65 66

11
 Absolute Refractory Period
62

61 Refractory Period
Absolute
Relative

61 62

Absolute Refractory Period Relative Refractory Period

63 64

63 64

66 THANK YOU!
NO Thanks &

65 end

65 66

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