"ANN" stands for Artificial Neural Network.

It is a computational model inspired by the structure and

function of the human brain, particularly the interconnected structure of neurons. ANNs consist of
interconnected nodes, called artificial neurons or units, organized into layers. These layers typically
include an input layer, one or more hidden layers, and an output layer.

Here's a brief overview of how artificial neural networks work:

1. **Input Layer**: The input layer consists of nodes that receive input data. Each node represents a
feature or attribute of the input data.

2. **Hidden Layers**: Hidden layers are intermediate layers between the input and output layers.
Each node in a hidden layer receives input from the nodes in the previous layer, applies a
transformation to the input data using a set of weights and biases, and then passes the result to the
nodes in the next layer.

3. **Weights and Biases**: The connections between nodes in adjacent layers are associated with
weights and biases. These parameters are learned during the training process and determine the
strength of the connections between neurons. The weights control the magnitude of the input signals,
while the biases provide an offset that helps the model capture non-linear relationships in the data.

4. **Activation Function**: Each node in a hidden layer typically applies an activation function to the
weighted sum of its inputs, producing an output signal that is passed to the nodes in the next layer.
Common activation functions include the sigmoid function, hyperbolic tangent (tanh) function, and
rectified linear unit (ReLU) function.

5. **Output Layer**: The output layer produces the final output of the neural network. The number of
nodes in the output layer depends on the nature of the task. For example, in a binary classification
task, there may be a single output node representing the probability of belonging to one class, while in
a multi-class classification task, there may be multiple output nodes, each corresponding to a different
class.

6. **Training**: Neural networks are trained using a process called backpropagation, which involves
iteratively adjusting the weights and biases in order to minimize a loss function that measures the
difference between the predicted output and the true output. During training, input data is fed forward
through the network to produce predictions, and then the error is propagated backward through the
network to update the parameters using gradient descent or its variants.

Artificial neural networks have been successfully applied to a wide range of tasks, including image
recognition, speech recognition, natural language processing, and reinforcement learning. They have
also served as the basis for more advanced deep learning architectures, such as convolutional neural
networks (CNNs) and recurrent neural networks (RNNs).