Ex5 Lab Report Serrano

University of the Philippines Visayas Tacloban College Bio 111.
1 Plant Morphoanatomy and Diversity Laboratory

Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics
EXERCISE 5
THE LEAF
INTRODUCTION
A leaf is any flattened green growth from a vascular plant's stem. Leaves, are the main
sites for photosynthesis, in able to produce food which nourish and sustain a plant for survival.
Leaves are an essential component of the stem system in botany. They are linked to the rest of the
plant by a continuous circulatory system, allowing for the free circulation of nutrients, water, and
photosynthetic end products (particularly oxygen and carbohydrates). Leaves, like stem tissues,
begin in the apical bud (growing tip of a stem) (Britannica, 2022). Int his activity, the students
brought plant samples to survey their leaves.
OBJECTIVES
The goal of this exercise is for the students to be able to:

1. know the different types of leaves as well as the different types of leaf modification,
2. identify and describe the parts of the leaf and
3. learn the basic external and internal anatomy of angiosperm leaves
PROCEDURE
The students brought leaf samples to the class for everyone to observe the morphological
features. In this way, they will be able to point out the root structures and root systems. Prepared
slides were also observed under the microscope. All in all, 25 leaf samples of plants and two (2)
prepared slides were observed.
A. PLANT SPECIMENS
(1) Allium cepa, (2) Bougainvillea spectabilis, (3) Bryophyllum pinnatum, (4) Cana
indica, (5) Centella asiatica, (6) Citrus grandis, (7) Citrus microcarpa, (8) Coleus blumei, (9)
Eichhornia crassipes, (10) Euphorbia pulcherrima, (11) Hedychium sp., (12) Hisbiscus rosa-
SERRANO, SHARA B. BOT 111.1 JK

University of the Philippines Visayas Tacloban College Bio 111.1 Plant Morphoanatomy and Diversity Laboratory
sinensis, (13) Manihot esculenta, (14) Musa sp., (15) Mussaenda sp., (16) Nepenthes sp., (17)
Ophiopogon jaburan, (18) Opuntia sp., (19) Pisum sativum, (20) Psidium guajava, (21) Rosa sp.,
(22) Saccharum officinarum, (23) Tithonia diversifolia, and (24) Zea mays, and (25) aloe vera.
B. PREPARED SLIDES
1. Ixora leaf in c.s.
2. Zea mays leaf in c.s.
DATA AND RESULTS
I. MORPHOLOGY OF THE LEAF
1.
Figure 1. Onion Figure 1.1. Illustration of Onion
Allium cepa (onion) has a leaf modification – bulb scales, which are fleshy and succulent leaves.
2.
Figure 2. Bougainvillea (Photo from C. Garcia) Figure 2.1 (Illustration of Bougainvillea)

Bougainvillea (radish) has a leaf modification of bracts. Bracts are bright colored leaves that serves
to attract potential pollinators.
3.
Figure 3. Aloe vera Figure 3.1 (Illustration of Aloe vera)
Aloe Barbadensis Miller (aloe vera) has a modified leaf called spine-succulent.
4.
Figure 4 (Katakataka) Figure 4.1 (Illustration of Katakataka leaf)
Bryophyllum pinnatum (katakataka) is also known as a resurrection plant. It is because of the
presence of adventitious buds in the leaf margin where small leaflets form, falls and proceeds to
grow as a new plant.
5.

Figure 5 (Bandera española) Figure 5.1 (Illustration of Bandera española)
Cana indica (Bandera española) has waxy coated leaves that helps decrease water loss.
6.
Figure 6 (Gotu kola) Figure 6.1 (Illustration of Gotu kola)
Centella astiatica (Gotu kola) has fan-shaped leaves that are actually fleshy. Its petiole is strong
and smooth.
7.
Figure 7 (Pomelo) Figure 7.1 (Illustration of Pomelo)
Citrus grandis (Pomelo) has wing-like leaves, with its petioles broadly winged.
8.

Figure 8 (Calamansi) Figure 8.1 (Illustration of Calamansi)
Citrus microcarpa (Calamansi) leaves are oblong in shape. Its color is green-dark green, and has
a smooth texture.
9.
Figure 9 (Mayana) Figure 9.1 (Illustration of Mayana)
Coleus blumei (Mayana) has bright colored leaves that are ovate, and soft in texture.
10.
Figure 10 (Water hyacinth) Figure 10.1 (Illustration of Water hyacinth)
Eichhornia crassipes (Water hyacinth) leaf shape is ovoid, and it’s modified for it float on the
water.
11.

Figure 11 (Poinsettia) Figure 11.1 (Illustration of Poinsettia)
Euphorbia pulcherrima (Poinsettia) has thin and ovate leaves. Its leaves are modified – “bracts”,
that functions as an attraction for possible pollinators, i.e. insects.
12.
Figure 12 (Hardy ginger) Figure 12.1 (Illustration of Hardy ginger)
Hedychium s.p. (Hardy ginger) big sheathed leaves that can be 2 feet long.
13.
Figure 13 (Gumamela) Figure 13.1 (Illustration of Gumamela)
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (Gumamela) has glossy oval leaves that are serrated.
14.
Figure 14 (Cassava) Figure 14.1 (Illustration of Cassava)

Manihot esculenta (Cassava) has 5-9 leaves together in one stem, that are palm-like.
15.
Figure 15 (Banana) Figure 15.1 (Illustration of Banana)
Musa sp. (Banana) has a sheathed leaf that is wide and elongated.
16.
Figure 16 (Doña aurora) Figure 16.1 (Illustration of Doña aurora)
Mussaenda sp. (Doña aurora) has bracts as its modified leaves. Bracts are bright colored leaves
that serves to attract potential pollinators.
17.
Figure 17 (Pitcher plant) Figure 17.1 (Illustration of Pitcher plant)

Nephentes sp. (Pitcher plant) has modified leaves that can trap and devour insects. From the name
itself, its lamina is modified into a pitcher.
18.
Figure 18 (Lilyturf) Figure 18.1 (Illustration of Lilyturf)
Ophiopogon jaburan (Lilyturf) has flat thin leaves with yellow pigments found at some parts of
the leaves.
19.
Figure 19 (Prickly Pear Cactus) Figure 19.1 (Illustration of Prickly Pear Cactus)
Opuntia sp. (Lilyturf) has modified leaves with sharp spines to protect against predation and
control transpiration/water loss.
20.

Figure 20 (Pea) Figure 20.1 (Illustration of Pea)
Pisum sativum (Pea) has modified leaves called “tendrils” that serves as support for the plant fir
climbing around.
21.
Figure 21 (Guava) Figure 21.1 (Illustration of Guava)
Psidium guajava (Guava) leaves are oval-oblong in shape.
22.
Figure 22 (Rose) Figure 22.1 (Illustration of Rose)
Rosa sp. (Rose) has pinnated leaves that are oval in shape.
23.
Figure 23 (Sugarcane) Figure 23.1 (Illustration of Sugarcane)

Saccharum officinarum (Sugarcane) leaves has two parts – the sheath and the blade. It has thick
midrib and a waxy cuticle.
24.
Figure 23 (Wild sunflower) Figure 23.1 (Illustration of Wild sunflower)
Tithonia diversifolia (Wild sunflower) leaves can be heart or egg-shaped. It also has serrated
margins.
25.
Figure 25 (Corn) Figure 25.1 (Illustration of Corn)
Zea mays (Corn) leaves are linear in shape, are long and slender, and has parallel veins with tips
that are pointy.
Table 1. Terms used for simple and compound leaves

Characteristics Monocot Dicot
Leaf Stalk Absent Present

Leaf Sheath Present Absent
Lamina or Blade Parallel Reticulate
Venation Parallel Reticulate
Sipule Absent Present
Ligule Present Absent
Leaf Appearance Long and Slender Broad
Table 2. Morphological features of monocot and dicot leaves

Specimen Base Apex Outline Margin Venation Leaf
Surface
1 Bougainvillea Cordate Mucronate Orbicular Undulate Pinnately- Glabrous

spectabilis netted
2 Cana indica Sheathing Acuminate Lanceolate Entire Pinnately Glabrous
3 Centella Calasping Obtuse Peltate Crenate Pinnately- Glabrous

asiatica netted
4 Citrus Cuneate Obcordate Elliptic Entire Pinnately- Glabrous

grandis netted
5 Coleus Cordate Caudate Dentate Entire Pinnately- Pubescent

blumei netted
6 Heydichium Perfoliate Caudate Ovate Undulate Pinnate Glabrous

sp.
7 Hibiscus Cordate Acuminate Ovate Serrate Palmate Glabrous

rosa-sinensis
8 Manihot Cirdate Acuminate Lanceolate Dentrate Parallel Glabrous

esculenta
9 Ophiopogon Perfoliate Allenuate Lanceolate Entire Parallel Glabrous

jaburan
10 Psidium Oblique Rounded Elliptic Undulate Pinnately- Glabrous

guajava netted

11 Rosa sp. Acute Cupsideate Elliptic Undulate Pinnately- Glabrous

netted
12 Saccharum Sheathing Acuminate Linear Entire Parallel Glabrous

officinarum
13 Tithonia Chordate Acuminate Palmately Coarsely Glabrous Pubecent

diversifolia Lobed toothed
14 Zea mays Perfoliate Acute Linear Entire Parallel Glaborous
Table 3. Specialization of modification in leaves
# Specimen Leaf Modification Specialized Function
1 Allium cepa Bulb Scale Food storage
2 Aloe vera Spine-succulent Water storage
3 Bougainvillea spectabilis Bracts Attract pollinators
4 Bryophyllum pinnatum Leaflets Reproduction
5 Citrus microcarpa Spine Protection
6 Eichornia crasippes Ovate Flat in water
7 Euphorbia pulcherrima Bract Floral leaf, pollination
8 Musa sp. Bud scale Protection of fruits
9 Mussaenda sp. Bract Floral leaf, pollination
10 Nepenthes sp. Pitcher Capturing prey
11 Opuntia sp. Spine Water storage
12 Pisium sativum Tendrils Support and climbing

II. ANATOMY OF THE ROOT
1. HERBACEOUS DICOT
Figure 16 (Anatomy of Ranunculus (buttercup) c.s. in 40x magnification)
Figure 16.1 (Anatomy of Ranunculus (buttercup) c.s. in 10x magnification)
Figure 16.2 (Illustration of Ranunculus (buttercup) c.s.)
2. MONOCOT

Figure 17 (Anatomy of Zea mays (corn) c.s, in 10x magnification)
Figure 17.1 (Illustration of Zea mays (corn) c.s.)

3. THE ROOT TIP
Figure 18 (Anatomy of Allium cepa (onion) l.s. in 10x magnification)
Figure 18.1 (Illustration of Allium cepa (onion) l.s.)

DISCUSSION
ZEA MAYS (corn)
The Zea mays (corn) appeared to have nodal roots, which originate from the lower
stem nodes of the plant. The roots present above the ground are called brace roots. Brace roots
function as the plant’s support, preventing it from falling. Brace roots go into the soil and
strategically positions itself at an angle that can brace the plant from falling over. It also absorbs
water and nutrients for the plant.
ORCHIDACEAE (orchid)
The dermal tissue system and the apical meristem was seen inside the root of the
Orchidaceae (orchid). The dermal tissue covers and protects the tissues (soft) of a plant while the
apical meristem is responsible for initiating the growth of new cells to produce more root tissues
for the plant.
ANATOMY OF THE ROOT
Xylem, Phloem, Pericycle, and Procambium belong to the Vascular tissue system.
Cortex, Endodermis, and Pith are part of the Ground tissue system while the Epidermis, Root cap
are part of the Dermal Tissue system. The Protoderm, Ground meristem, and Apical meristem are
Meristematic tissues.
STUDY QUESTIONS-ANSWERS
The root system that is best adapted for anchorage is the taproot system. It is best
adapted for the reason that its structure is ideal for anchorage and it can reach the soil deeply. If I
were to pick the most advantageous root system for a plant, it would really depend on the
environment or the type of soil that a plant is going to be in, or even depends on a plant’s needs.
A taproot is best for being an anchorage of the plant, and its roots can be modified into fusiform,
napiform, conical, and tuberous roots. As fibrous root keeps a plant in place since it has may fibers
spreading around the plant and can be modified into pneumatophores or respiratory roots. An
adventitious root is best for plants to survive in flooding and can be modified into nodules,
moniliform and annulated roots.

To differentiate a monocot root from a dicot root, if we look at it from a cellular

perspective, monocots have a pith while dicots do not. In addition, a monocot is likely to be fibrous
while dicots are taproots. Monocots are slender and diffuse in appearance because of their root
system being fibrous. A group of slender, roots grows from the base of the radicle and plumule;
they are shallow and spread horizontally, thus diffusing.
The root cap mainly protects the root as it grows. It originated from the root apical
meristem. Root hairs are produced by epidermal tissues. These root hairs absorb water and
nutrients for the plant. The Endodermal cells are different from others because its primary cell
walls are thick. On their cell walls, they deposit Casparian strips, which directs water and other
liquids inside the plant to go through the plasma membranes of endodermal cells. The pericycle
is important as it helps with the transportation of water and nutrients by enveloping the cylindrical
bundles, where the xylem and phloem can be found. Therefore, it protects, and supports the plant.
CONCLUSION
The roots keep the plant in the soil, where it can grow and interact with the environment.
By getting to observe plant specimens and prepared slides, knowing the root systems and
modifications of a plant gives a better understanding on how it survives and thrives. There was
also a good comprehension on how monocot roots are different from dicot roots, may it be from a
morphological level or an anatomical level. The exercise was very knowledgeable and enjoyable
at the same time since the students got to observe and familiarize themselves with some plant
specimens.
REFERENCES:

Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2022, October 6). leaf. Encyclopedia Britannica.
https://www.britannica.com/science/leaf-plant-anatomy

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University of the Philippines Visayas Tacloban College Bio 111.

1 Plant Morphoanatomy and Diversity Laboratory

brought plant samples to survey their leaves.

The goal of this exercise is for the students to be able to:

prepared slides were observed.

SERRANO, SHARA B. BOT 111.1 JK

1. Ixora leaf in c.s.

2. Zea mays leaf in c.s.

DATA AND RESULTS

I. MORPHOLOGY OF THE LEAF

Figure 1. Onion Figure 1.1. Illustration of Onion

Figure 2. Bougainvillea (Photo from C. Garcia) Figure 2.1 (Illustration of Bougainvillea)

SERRANO, SHARA B. BOT 111.1 JK

to attract potential pollinators.

Figure 3. Aloe vera Figure 3.1 (Illustration of Aloe vera)

Figure 4 (Katakataka) Figure 4.1 (Illustration of Katakataka leaf)

Bryophyllum pinnatum (katakataka) is also known as a resurrection plant. It is because of the

grow as a new plant.

SERRANO, SHARA B. BOT 111.1 JK

Figure 5 (Bandera española) Figure 5.1 (Illustration of Bandera española)

Figure 6 (Gotu kola) Figure 6.1 (Illustration of Gotu kola)

Figure 7 (Pomelo) Figure 7.1 (Illustration of Pomelo)

SERRANO, SHARA B. BOT 111.1 JK

Figure 8 (Calamansi) Figure 8.1 (Illustration of Calamansi)

Figure 9 (Mayana) Figure 9.1 (Illustration of Mayana)

Figure 10 (Water hyacinth) Figure 10.1 (Illustration of Water hyacinth)

SERRANO, SHARA B. BOT 111.1 JK

Figure 11 (Poinsettia) Figure 11.1 (Illustration of Poinsettia)

that functions as an attraction for possible pollinators, i.e. insects.

Figure 12 (Hardy ginger) Figure 12.1 (Illustration of Hardy ginger)

Figure 13 (Gumamela) Figure 13.1 (Illustration of Gumamela)

Figure 14 (Cassava) Figure 14.1 (Illustration of Cassava)

SERRANO, SHARA B. BOT 111.1 JK

Figure 15 (Banana) Figure 15.1 (Illustration of Banana)

Figure 16 (Doña aurora) Figure 16.1 (Illustration of Doña aurora)

that serves to attract potential pollinators.

Figure 17 (Pitcher plant) Figure 17.1 (Illustration of Pitcher plant)

SERRANO, SHARA B. BOT 111.1 JK

itself, its lamina is modified into a pitcher.

Figure 18 (Lilyturf) Figure 18.1 (Illustration of Lilyturf)

control transpiration/water loss.

SERRANO, SHARA B. BOT 111.1 JK

Figure 20 (Pea) Figure 20.1 (Illustration of Pea)

Figure 21 (Guava) Figure 21.1 (Illustration of Guava)

Psidium guajava (Guava) leaves are oval-oblong in shape.

Figure 22 (Rose) Figure 22.1 (Illustration of Rose)

Figure 23 (Sugarcane) Figure 23.1 (Illustration of Sugarcane)

SERRANO, SHARA B. BOT 111.1 JK

midrib and a waxy cuticle.

Figure 23 (Wild sunflower) Figure 23.1 (Illustration of Wild sunflower)

Figure 25 (Corn) Figure 25.1 (Illustration of Corn)

that are pointy.

Table 1. Terms used for simple and compound leaves

Leaf Stalk Absent Present

SERRANO, SHARA B. BOT 111.1 JK

Leaf Sheath Present Absent

Lamina or Blade Parallel Reticulate

Venation Parallel Reticulate