MODULE 1: GLOBALIZATION

 Political Scientists- Anchored to the creation of international institutions.

 Economists- Expansion of the global market
 Sociologists- Intensified influence of foreign culture to our culture.
 MANFRED STEGER- It is the expansion and intensification of social relations and
consciousness across world-time and world space.
- INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH
- MULTIDIMENSIONAL UNDERSTANDING OF GLOBALIZATION

 EXPANSION
- Creation of social networks
- Multiplication of existing connections
- Cut across political, economic, cultural, geographic boundaries that occur in different
levels.
 INTENSIFICATION
- Stretching and acceleration of these networks
- Trading increase exponentially at higher speeds
- BPO companies present in the country
 TIME AND SPACE
- Objective to subjective plane of human consciousness
- People begin to feel that the world has become a smaller place collapsing distance
- Emails, cable TV channels, internet connections, social medias

MULTIPLE GLOBALIZATIONS
 ARJUN APPADURAI- Different kinds of globalization occur in multiple and
intersecting dimensions of integration that he call “SCAPES”
 TECHNOSCAPE- circulation of mechanical goods and software
 ETHNOSCAPE- global movement of people
 MEDIASCAPE- flow of culture
 FINANCESCAPE- global circulation of money
 IDEOSCAPE- realm of political ideals move around
CAUSES OF GLOBALIZATION
- Improvement of transport
- Development of communication
- Rise of transnational corporations
- Emergence of global problems
- Establishment of international organizations
GLOBALIZATION – formation of a global village
 ECONOMIC – FLOW OF COMMODITIES: Division of production process: Flow of
capital
 CULTURAL: Flow of people : Flow of communities
Globalization can be:
1. Cultural 5. Industrial
2. Economic 6. Technological
3. Political
4. Social
Globalization in Economics
 Multinational corporations operate on a global scale, with satellite offices and branches in
numerous locations.
 Outsourcing can add to the economic development of a struggling country
SIGNS OF GLOBALIZATION
- Increase in international trade at a faster rate than the growth in the world economy
- Increase of international flow of capital.
- Greater international travel and tourism, Greater immigration, Development of global
telecommunications infrastructure
- Increase in the share of the world economy controlled by multinational corporations
- Increased role of international organizations such as WTO, WIPO, IMF, that deal
with international transactions
- Increase in the number of standards applied globally

 PRO-GLOBALIZATION
-Supporters of free trade point out that economic theories such as comparative advantage
suggests that free trade leads to a more efficient allocation of resources, with all those involved
in the trade benefitting. In general, they claim that this leads to lower prices, more employment
and better allocation of resources.

 ANTI-GLOBALIZATION
-Many anti-globalism activists see globalization as the promotion of a Corporatist
agenda, which is intent on constricting the freedoms of individuals in the name of profit.
They also claim that increasing autonomy and strength of corporate entities increasingly
shape the political policy of nation-states. Globalization imposes credit based economics,
resulting in unsustainable growth of debt and debt crises.
 GLOBALIZATION IN THE PHILIPPINES
- Take part in the process of globalization ever since the country signed agreements
with World Trade Organization in 1995.

EXAMPLES OF GLOBALIZATION
GLOBALIZATION IN THE BLENDING OF CULTURES
- Colonization all over the world was a major cause
- Satellite television allows shows from one country to be broadcast in many others
GLOBALIZATION IN TECHNOLOGY
- The internet is the major contributor
- Cellphones connect people all over the world like never before.
THREE CATEGORIES AND IMPACTS- interdependent

 Economic- driving factor

- Improvement in standard of living
- Increased competition among nations
- Widening income gap between the rich and poor
 Political- driving factor
 Social- social changes generally occur as a result of those activities. It pertains to human
interaction within cultural communities.
- Increased awareness of foreign cultures
 - Loss of local culture
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
- Environmental degradation
- Environmental management

 ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
 Peaceful Relations - Health issues
 Employment - Loss of Culture
 Education - Uneven Wealth distributions
 Product quality - Conflicts
 Cheaper prices - Cut-throat Competition
 Communication
 Transportation
 GDP increase
 Travel and Tourism
 External Borrowing

 BRIGHT SIDE
- It lets countries do what they can do best.
- Gives a larger market. Can sell more goods and make more money. Can create more
jobs
 DARK SIDE
- It causes unemployment in industrialized countries because firms move their factories
to places where they can get cheaper workers.
- May lead to more environmental problems. Poor countries in the third wworld may
have to cut down more trees so that they can sell wood to richer countries.

MODULE 4: UNITED NATIONS

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION
- Pertains to international intergovernmental organizations or group that primarily
made up of member states.
- Missionaries of our time
- Great good or great harm
IO’S POWERS: BY BARNETT AND FINNERMORE
- POWER OF CLASSIFICATION -create powerful global standards
- POWER TO FIX MEANINGS- state as a legitimate source of information
- POWER TO DIFFUSE NORMS- spread ideas across the world, establishing global
standards
UNITED NATION -Most prominent IO
GLOBAL GOVERNANCE- better viewed as the sum of governance processes operating in the
absence of world government. Any purposeful activity intended to “ control” or influence
someone else. – Process of activity.
ESTABLISHMENT OF LEAGUE OF NATIONS
- First attempt towards achieving this aim of world peace after the first world war.
ESTABLISHMENT OF UNITED NATIONS
- Came into existence on October 24, 1945, when its charter had been ratified by
China, France, USSR, UK, and US
PURPOSES OF UNITED NATIONS
1. To maintain International peace and security
2. To develop friendly relations among nations.
3. To cooperate in solving international economic, social, cultural and humanitarian
problems.
4. To protect earth and environment
PRINCIPLES OF THE UNITED NATIONS
1. It is based on the sovereign equality of all its members.
2. All members are to fulfill in faith their charter obligations.
3. They are to settle their international disputes by peace.
4. They are to refrain from the threat or use of force against other state.
5. They are to give the United Nations every assistance in every action it takes in
accordance with the charter.
6. Nothing in the charter is to authorize the UN to intervene in matters which are essentially
within the domestic jurisdiction of any state.
UN HEADQUATERS- NEW York- permanent headquarters
UN FLAG- Un emblem imposed on light blue background. The emblem consist of the global
projected from the north pole and embraced in twin olive branches ( symbol of peace)
UN OFFICIAL LANGUAGES- Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish, Arabic.
UN FINANCES- contributions of member states constitute the main source of funds for the
regular budget.
MEMBERSHIP: open to all peace loving nations which accepts the obligations of its charter.
SIX MAIN ORGANS OF UN
  The General Assembly- main deliberative organ. Like a world parliament. Two third
majority decisions.
 The Security Council- charge with maintaining peace and security among countries. Has
the power to make binding decisions.
 The Secretariat- headed by secretary general. It provides studies, information and
facilities needed by the UN bodies for their meeting. Sec.Gen is responsible for staff-
selection.
 The Trusteeship Council- aims helping countries under foreign rule to attain
independence. Eleven countries had come under this system after the second world
war.1994, all trust Territories attain independence. Palau last to do, became the 185 th
member state of UN
 The Economic and Social Council- assist the General Assembly in promoting
international economic and social cooperation and development. ECOSOC has 54
members, all of which are elected by GA for a 3 year term
 International Court of Justice- consist of 15 judges elected by the security council and
gen assembly for a term of nine years. The court gives advisory opinion on legal matters
to the organs and legal disputes to the nation.

SPECIALISED AGENCIES OF UN
1. INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION
2. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANISATION
3. UNITED NATIONS, EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL
ORGANISATION
4. WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION
5. WORLD BANK
6. INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND
7. INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANISATION
8. UNIVERSAL POSTAL UNION
9. INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION
10.INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANISATION
11.WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANISATION
12.WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ORGANISATION
13.INTERNATIONAL FUND FOR AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
14.UN INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANISATION
15.INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY
16.WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION

SPECIAL BODIES OF UN
1. UNITED NATIONS CHLDREN FUND (UNICEF)
2. UN CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT (UNCTAD)
3. UN DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (UNDP)
4. UN INSTITUTE FOR TRAINING AND RESEARCH (UNITAR)
5. UN ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME (UNEP)
6. UN UNIVERSITY (UNU)
7. WORLD FOOD COUNCIL (WFC)
8. UNITED NATIONS VOLUNTEERS (UNV)
9. UNITED NATIONS POPULATION FUND (UNFPA)
10.UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME (UNODC)
11.UN HUMAN SETTLEMENT PROGRAMME (UN- HABITAT)
12.UNITED NATIONS INSTITUTE FOR DISARMAMENT RESEARCH
13.UNITED NATIONS RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR SOCIAL
DEVELOPMENT (UNRISD)
14. UNITED NATIONS INTER- REGIONAL CRIME AND JUSTICE
RESEARCH INSTITUTE (UNICRI)

HUMANITARIAN ACTIVITIES OF THE UN

1. Treaty on Cyber Crime- November 23, 2001- 30 countries representatives met in
Budapest and signed first international treaty on criminal offenses in internet.
2. UN Resolution 1973- Effort to nab terrorism- following the demand to act against
terrorists and states that support or harbor them.
3. Millennium Summit- declaration targets for poverty, disease and environment issues.
4. Protecting Children in war
5. UN Secretary General Ban-Ki Moon urges greater efforts to feed world’s hungry amid
ongoing recession.
6. UN refugee agency calls on Kenya to stop forced return of Somali asylum seekers.
7. UN rural Development arm to help poor farmers in Tajikistan.

MODULE 5: A WORLD OF REGIONS

REGIONS- dynamic and changing
GEOGRAPHY AND INTERDEPENDENCE – the tangible partitioning of space within which
different processes operate.

 Interdependent
 World regions
 National states
 Supranational Organizations

REGIONALIZATION- The geographers classification of individual places or areal units. The

geographers equivalent of scientific classification.

GLOBAL DIVIDES- NORTH-SOUTH- describes global disparities, primarily between

developed and developing countries.
GLOBAL NORTH- North America, western Europe, Australia, Japan
- Known as first world.
- Home to four of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council
- Richer and developed region
GLOBAL SOUTH- Africa, Latin America and Asia
- Poor and less developed region
- It serves as a source for raw materials for the north
- Lacks appropriate technology, it has no political stability
- Foreign exchange earnings depend on primary product exports

DURING COLD WAR- Primary global division between east and west, and predicated upon
security and power balance
AFTER COLD WAR- many seen primary global division as being between north and south and
predicated upon economic inequality

CLASSIFYING COUNTRIES:
 Most Developed Countries- the richest of the industrialized and democratic nations of
the world
 Less Developed Countries- countries with little industrial development, little wealth,
and high population growth
 Least Developed Countries- very low per capital income, low literacy rates, and very
little in the way of manufacturing industries.
 THREE WORLD MODEL

COMMUNIST- China, Cuba, Laos, and Vietnam

- They claim to be building and working toward the establishment of socialism in their
countries.
DEVELOPING- a poor agricultural country that is seeking to become more advanced
economically and socially. Known as LAIC ( Low and Middle income country)

GAP BETWEEN ECONOMIC NORTH AND SOUTH WIDENING

- lack of trade , lack of aid
- abundance of debt, neocolonialism
- failure of international organizations
- adverse climatic conditions
- the richest 1% of the worlds population now receives as much income as the poorest
57%

REGIONALIZATION AND GLOBALIZATION- they are not opposite but rather

complementary processes
- REGIONALIZATION is an integral part of globalization
- REGIONAL INTEGRATION- constitutes an important step towards global
integration

ASEAN- 10 member states

- Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore,
Thailand, and Vietnam
- Home to 624 million people

REGIONAL ECONOMIC COOPERATION- important means for creating new trade,

investment, and employment opportunities, enhancing economic security
ECONOMIC COOPERATION ORGANIZATION(ECO)- Asian political and economic
intergovernmental organization which was founded in 1985 in Tehran by leaders of Iran,
Pakistan, and Turkey
- Provides platform to discuss ways to improve development and promote trade and
investment opportunities
REGIONALISM- it’s a process, and must be treated as emergent, socially constituted
phenomenon.
- Can be examined in relation to identities, ethnics, religion, ecological sustainability,
and health.
- By EDWATD MANSFIELD AND HELEN MILNER
- The economic and political definitions of regions vary.
REGIONS- are not natural or given, rather they are constructed and defined by policy makers,
economic actors, and even social movements.
- Group of countries located in the geographically specified area.
NEW REGIONALISM: outgr