SECTION 1

Chapter 6: The Presidency

Content:
● The Presidency- Overview
● Section 1: The President
● Section 2: The Powers of the Presidency
● Landmark Supreme Court Cases: United States v. Nixon (1974)
● Debating the Issue: The Presidential Power to Make War
● Section 3: The President's Administration
● WethePeople: Executive Power and the President
● Chapter 6 Review

Instructions: Elaborate on a separate document for the question pool. Convert it to PDF and turn
it in. The teacher may ask you random questions about any of the items on the document in order
to verify the source used to answer them. Due to the number of questions, it is recommended to
work with your designated group in order to delegate which questions each member is going to
work on.

Reading Focus (ALINA)

1. What are the roles of the president?

● Chief executive
● Chief administrator
● Commander in chief
● Foreign policy leader
● Chief agenda setter​

2. What are the formal characteristics of the presidency?

Presidents must:​

● Be at least 35 years old ​

● Have lived in the country for 14 years​
● ​Be a natural-born U.S.

Today a president can serve two four-year terms, The formal process for electing the president of
the United States is outlined in the Constitution, voters do not directly elect the president and
vice president.The president makes $400,000 per year, and the vice president makes $237,700
per year. The Constitution states that a president’s salary is not to be altered during his or her
term in office.

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3. What are the informal qualifications for the presidency?
● Presidents should be well-educated and usually have been from middle- to upper-class
families.
● Successful presidents possess evident qualities of leadership and communicate their ideas
effectively and be persuasive and inspiring.
● Presidents must work well with friends and foes alike.
● When a crisis strikes, they must exhibit calm and control.
● They don't have a criminal record and show interest in improving the nation with clear
goals.

Roles of the President

4. What are two tasks the president performs as foreign policy leader?
Diplomacy and Negotiation: The president's role is to communicate with other head states from
other countries to get to a trade agreement, negotiate and find solutions to international conflicts.

5. Why do you think the power to be chief agenda setter is important?

It's important because it helps organize the ideas, projects and tasks that the president has to do,
it also gives priority to what's more important for them to do and has an organized agenda for all
the activities and organizations.

6. If you were president what would you do to carry out your role as chief citizen?
End corruption, punish all corrupt people, organize the country, get better opportunities not only
for myself but for the nation and not think about myself.

Formal Characteristics of the Presidency

7. Comparing How are the president’s roles as chief of state and foreign policy leader
similar?
It is its representative and symbolic function. In both roles, the President serves as the face of the
United States to the world and plays a crucial role in projecting the country's national identity
and interests internationally. Both in his capacity as Head of State and as Foreign Policy Leader,

8. Why did the Framers settle on a four-year term of office with a chance for re-election?
The framers settled on a four-year term with re-election to balance stability and accountability,
prevent concentration of power, and reflect the will of the people through competitive elections.

9. What effect did the Framers’ experiences with the English monarchy have on the
qualifications they established for the presidency?

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They set specific qualifications, such as being a natural-born citizen, establishing a minimum age
requirement, and limiting the term length, to ensure accountability and a system of government
that differed from monarchy.

10. If you could keep only one of the formal requirements for the presidency, which one
would you choose and why?
If I could keep only one of the formal requirements for the presidency, I would choose the
requirement of being a natural-born citizen. This requirement ensures that the president has a
strong connection and loyalty to the country, as they have been born into its citizenship. It helps
to minimize concerns about divided loyalties and ensures that the president has a deep
understanding and attachment to the values and interests of the nation.

11. How is the total number of electors determined?

The total number of electors in the U.S. is determined by adding the number of Senators (always
2 per state) to the number of Representatives (based on the state's population). Each state's
electors equal its total Congressional representation. With 100 Senators and 435 Representatives,
plus three for the District of Columbia, there are currently 538 electors in the Electoral College.

12. What is an advantage and a disadvantage of the Twenty-second Amendment?

Advantage: Promotes regular turnover in the presidency, preventing the concentration of power.

Disadvantage: Limits voter choice by restricting the ability to re-elect a popular and effective
president for additional terms.

13. What were the main reasons that the electoral college ended up being part of the
constitution? The main reasons the Electoral College ended up being part of the Constitution
were to balance the interests of large and small states, to provide a compromise between election
by Congress and election by popular vote, and to give states a role in the election process.

14. What political issues are raised by the use of the electoral college? Explain.
The use of the Electoral College in the United States presents several issues, including the
winner-takes-all system, focus on swing states, small state advantage, rare cases of faithless
electors, lack of direct popular vote representation, complexity leading to disputes,
proximity-related neglect of voters, discouragement of third-party candidates, inequality in
campaign spending, perceived legitimacy concerns, the need for a constitutional amendment for
significant changes, historical ties to compromises like slavery, state-by-state variations, and the
reinforcement of the two-party system. These issues fuel ongoing debates about the system's
fairness and effectiveness in modern elections.

15. What are some of the personal qualities that presidents have possessed?

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U.S. presidents have displayed diverse personal qualities, but some common traits include
leadership, effective communication, integrity, resilience, vision, empathy, negotiation skills,
adaptability, courage, judgment, intellectual curiosity, charisma, work ethic, and crisis
management. Each president's unique combination of these qualities, along with the historical
and political context, shapes their effectiveness in office.

Executive Powers (MILDRED)

16. What are the executive powers of the president?

The President's executive powers encompass key responsibilities such as leading the military,
appointing officials, issuing executive orders, granting pardons, shaping foreign policy,
exercising veto power, giving the State of the Union address, and overseeing federal agencies.
These powers are subject to constitutional checks and balances, with limitations imposed by laws
and judicial interpretations.

17. What are the diplomatic and military powers of the president?
The President holds key diplomatic powers, guiding foreign policy and managing international
relations. As Commander-in-Chief, they oversee the military, with authority to deploy forces and
shape national security strategy. Constitutional checks and balances, along with legal limitations,
ensure a balanced exercise of these powers, requiring congressional approval for certain actions.

18. How does the president exercise legislative and judicial powers?
Legislative Powers: The president can propose legislation, sign bills into law, or veto them.
They also deliver the State of the Union address to outline priorities and suggest legislation.

Judicial Powers: The president nominates federal judges, including Supreme Court justices, and
has the power to grant pardons and clemency for federal offenses.

19. What is the purpose of an executive order?

Executive orders are often used to clarify or interpret existing laws, to implement policies, or to
direct the activities of executive branch agencies. They can also be used in times of emergency or
to address issues that require immediate action when legislative solutions are not feasible.

Executive orders have the force of law. While the Constitution does not specifically permit
presidents to issue executive orders, presidents past and present have used this tool as a way of
taking “care that the laws be faithfully executed”. Executive orders give the president great
power to interpret laws passed by Congress.​

20. Why might Congress object to a president issuing an executive order?

1. Overreach of presidential authority.

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 2. Bypassing the legislative process.
3. Policy disagreements.
4. Lack of consultation with Congress.
5. Concerns about constitutionality.
6. Setting concerning precedents for future executive actions.

21. Do you agree that the president should not be allowed to fire federal judges?
The president should be allowed to fire federal judges is a matter of constitutional interpretation
and varies based on perspectives on judicial independence and accountability.

22. Summarizing What are the extent of and the limits of a president’s right to hire and
fire? What Do You Think?
All presidents exert executive privilege at some point during their presidency. Under what
circumstances, if any, is such a claim legitimate? Can you think of a case in which they are not
legitimate? Explain your answer.

Diplomatic and Military Powers ( KARLA )

23. What limit does Congress place on the president’s power to negotiate a treaty?
The primary limit that Congress places on the president's power to negotiate a treaty is outlined
in the United States Constitution. According to Article II, Section 2, Clause 2 of the Constitution,
the president has the power to negotiate and enter into treaties, but they must be approved by a
two-thirds majority vote in the Senate in order to become binding.

24. How many times has Congress formally declared war since World War II?
Since World War II, Congress has formally declared war only once, and that was against Japan
after the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. All other military engagements have been authorized
through other means, such as resolutions or acts, rather than formal declarations of war.

25. Why might a president choose to make an executive agreement with a foreign
government rather than negotiate a treaty?
A president may choose to make an executive agreement instead of a treaty to bypass the need
for Senate approval, allowing for greater flexibility and expediency in reaching agreements with
foreign governments.

26. Why do you think President Nixon vetoed the War Powers Resolution?
Nixon vetoed the War Powers Resolution due to a concern of preserving presidential authority in
foreign policy and national security matters.

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27. Using the War Powers Resolution, how can Congress force a president to withdraw
Troops?
Under the War Powers Resolution, Congress can compel the withdrawal of troops deployed by
the president by passing a concurrent resolution. If the president doesn't comply, Congress can
override a presidential veto with a two-thirds majority vote in both chambers, making the
resolution legally binding and requiring troop withdrawal.

28. What event caused Congress to pass the War Powers Resolution in 1973?
The event that led to the passing of the War Powers Resolution in 1973 was the U.S. involvement
in the Vietnam War, which raised concerns about the extent of presidential power in committing
troops without explicit congressional authorization.

29. Do you think the War Powers Resolution has been as effective as Congress had Hoped?
The War Powers Resolution has been effective because it has raised awareness and sparked
important debates about the balance of power between the executive and legislative branches in
matters of war. By requiring the President to consult with Congress and obtain authorization for
military actions.

30. Sequencing Under the War Powers Resolution, what must a president do first?
The President must first consult with Congress before introducing U.S. armed forces into
hostilities or situations where hostilities are imminent. The consultation requirement is meant to
ensure that Congress has an opportunity to participate in the decision-making process regarding
the use of military force.

Legislative and Judicial Powers ( ISMELYN)

31. If you had been wrongfully convicted of a federal crime, what might you most want the
president to grant you?
A pardon or clemency, which could provide exoneration, restore rights, and potentially lead to
compensation for the wrongful conviction.

32. Why did the Framers give the president veto power?Because the veto power allows the
president to reject legislation that they deem unconstitutional or against the best interests of the
nation, promoting careful decision-making and encouraging collaboration between the executive
and legislative branches.

33. Which of the president’s judicial powers do you think is most important and why?
The appointment of federal judges is often considered the most important judicial power of the
president. This power allows the president to shape the composition of the judiciary and

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influence the interpretation and application of laws. It has significant long-term implications and
can shape the direction of legal decisions for years to come.

Informal Powers

34. Why must modern presidents employ media experts?

Modern presidents employ media experts to ensure effective communication of their messages to
the public and to navigate the complex landscape of modern media platforms and channels.

35. How is a president’s ability to set an agenda vital to his or her success in office?
A president's ability to set an agenda is vital to their success in office as it allows them to drive
the legislative process, rally public support, and shape the national conversation around their
policy priorities, ultimately influencing policy outcomes and leaving a lasting impact on the
country.

36. What is the difference between a reprieve and a pardon?

A reprieve offers temporary relief from punishment or sentence, while a pardon grants complete
forgiveness and removes all legal consequences associated with a crime, restoring rights and
privileges.

37. What is meant by the term informal powers?

The term "informal powers" refers to the authority and influence that leaders possess, which is
not prescribed by formal laws or written rules, but rather stems from personal attributes and
relationships.

Checks on the President’s Powers (HANJING)

38. What is judicial review?

Judicial review is the power of a court to review and potentially invalidate government actions
that are deemed unconstitutional or unlawful. It allows courts to assess the constitutionality of
laws, executive orders, or administrative decisions.

39. What point was the Supreme Court making when it ruled against President Clinton in
Clinton v. City of New York (1998)?
The Court held that it violated the Constitution's Presentment Clause by granting the President
the power to unilaterally amend or repeal parts of duly passed laws.

Changes in Presidential Power (ISMELYN AND DANIEL )

40. What two factors have led to the growth of presidential power?

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Two factors that have led to the growth of presidential power include the expansion of executive
authority during times of crisis or war, and the evolution of communication and technology
enabling presidents to directly engage with the public and Congress more effectively.

41. Why do you think the Framers believed the legislative branch should be the most
powerful?
The Framers believed the legislative branch should be the most powerful because they saw it as
the branch closest to the people and most reflective of their will. Additionally, they were wary of
centralized power and sought to prevent tyranny by dividing authority among different
branches.

42. How do you think the president’s power will change in the next 100 years?
Predicting changes in presidential power over the next 100 years is challenging, but it could be
influenced by various factors such as shifts in societal norms, technological advancements,
global dynamics, and changes in the balance of power among branches of government. It's
possible that the presidency could become more or less powerful depending on these factors.

43. What did Andrew Jackson believe the president to be?

Andrew Jackson believed the president to be the direct representative of the common man and
sought to expand executive authority. He famously utilized the veto power to challenge Congress
and strengthen the presidency, leading to a broader interpretation of presidential power.

44. How were President Lincoln’s and President Franklin Roosevelt’s situations similar,
and how did these situations lead them to gain more power?
Both President Lincoln and President Roosevelt faced crises that threatened the nation's stability,
leading them to expand executive power to address the challenges. They used executive orders,
advocated for a more active role of government, and implemented policies without congressional
approval to navigate through turbulent times.

45. Why is the ability to use the media vital to modern presidents?
The ability to use the media is vital for modern presidents to communicate with the public, shape
public opinion, manage crises, set agendas, and uphold accountability in governance.

46. How is the president’s role today different from what the Framers envisioned?
The Framers envisioned a limited government with checks and balances, but the modern
presidency has expanded in influence and power, with the executive branch playing a more
prominent role in shaping policies and responding to global challenges. Additionally, the growth
of executive orders and the president's involvement in international affairs differ from the
Framers' original intent.

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47. How have the people’s expectations of presidents changed over time?
What Is Your Opinion?
People's expectations of presidents have evolved over time, shifting from a focus on limited
government to an increased demand for proactive leadership in addressing complex societal
issues.

48. Why do you think presidential power has expanded over time?
Presidential power has expanded over time due to factors such as crises, the growth of the
federal government, and the evolution of the presidency as a central figure in American politics.

49. Should the president be able to commit troops without congressional approval? Why or
why not?
The president should be able to commit troops without congressional approval is subjective,
balancing executive authority and checks and balances; opinions on this matter vary.

Executive Office of the President (MARIANNY)

50. What is the Executive Office of the President, and what are its duties?
The Executive Office of the President (EOP) is a group of agencies and advisors that directly
assist the President in managing the complex responsibilities of the executive branch. Its duties
include providing policy advice, managing the budget, overseeing national security, and
coordinating communication between the President and various government departments.

51. How has the role of the vice president changed over time?
Today vice presidents serve as principal advisors to the president, but from 1789 until the 1950s
their primary duty was to preside over the Senate. Since the 1830s, vice presidents have occupied
offices near the Senate Chamber.

52. What is the cabinet, and how does it work with the president?

The Cabinet is an advisory body made up of the heads of the 15 executive departments.
Appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate, the members of the Cabinet are often
the President's closest confidants

53. What is the position held by the person who manages the White House staff?
The person who manages the White House staff is typically referred to as the White House Chief
of Staff.

54. Why did Franklin Roosevelt ask Congress to authorize the creation of the Executive
Office of the President?

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Franklin Roosevelt asked Congress to create the Executive Office of the President to improve the
coordination and efficiency of executive branch activities and provide better policy advice and
support to the president.

55. What effect did the rapid expansion of the Executive Office of the President have on the
president’s cabinet?
The rapid growth of the Executive Office of the President often reduced the influence of
traditional cabinet members, as presidents increasingly relied on advisors within the EOP.

56. Who coordinates the activities of the National Security Council?

the assistant to the president for national security affairs, also known as the national security
adviser.

57. Why do you think some presidents rely on their national security advisers more than
others?
Sometimes presidents rely on their national security advisers more because they have different
ways of leading and making decisions. Some presidents really like to be involved in foreign
policy and trust their advisers to help them. The world can also be a complicated and sometimes
dangerous place, so presidents may rely on their advisers to help them understand what's
happening and make the best decisions.

58. Why is the National Security Council of such importance to the president?
The National Security Council is of great importance to the president as it provides
comprehensive expertise and advice on national security matters, facilitates coordination among
government agencies, and helps the president make informed decisions to protect the country's
interests and security.

59. What are some of the primary offices located within the Executive Office of the
President?
Some of the primary offices within the Executive Office of the President (EOP) include the
Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and the Council of Economic Advisers (CEA).

The Vice President (ROXANNA)

60. What are the only two elected positions in the executive branch?
● President - The president is the head of state, leader of the federal government, and
Commander in Chief of the United States armed forces.
● Vice president - The vice president supports the president

61. How can a vice presidential candidate help balance the ticket?

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A vice presidential candidate can help balance the ticket by bringing diversity in terms of
geography, politics, demographics, experience, and party unity.

62. Do you think Congress made a good decision in passing the Twelfth Amendment in
1804?
Yes because, the passing of the Twelfth Amendment in 1804 was a decision made by Congress to
address issues in the original method of electing the President and Vice President, providing a
more structured and organized system.

The Cabinet (ISABELLA AND JOSE)

63. How are cabinet members chosen?

Cabinet members are chosen by the President of the United States, who selects individuals based
on qualifications, expertise, and alignment with administration goals. Senate confirmation is
required for the appointments.

64. Do you think it would be better if cabinet members were elected rather than nominated
by the president?
Directly electing cabinet members is not common in the U.S. system. The current process allows
the President to assemble a team reflecting their vision, subject to Senate confirmation, providing
a balance of executive power.

65. How has the role of the vice president changed over time?
The role of the vice president has evolved, with modern VPs taking on more significant
responsibilities, serving as close advisors to the President and handling specific policy or
diplomatic roles.

66. How would you describe Abraham Lincoln’s cabinet?

Abraham Lincoln's cabinet during the Civil War was a team of rivals, intentionally including
individuals with differing views to encourage diverse perspectives and effective
decision-making.

67. What might you infer about a president who chooses cabinet members with strong ties
to the business community?
A president choosing cabinet members with ties to the business community may prioritize
economic expertise, potentially aiming to promote economic growth, but it could also raise
concerns about conflicts of interest or favoritism toward business interests.

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