Maritime Security

Amendments to SOLAS 74 Chapter XI

ISPS Code requirements

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 Maritime Security Course

Purpose of ISPS Code

“To enhance Maritime security

which ship and port can
co-operate and to detect
and deter acts
which threaten security
in the maritime transport sector”

IMO Diplomatic Conference on Maritime Security held in

London Dec 2002.

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 Sept 11

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 1998 -U.S. Embassies, Kenya/Tanzania
- 257 killed ;5,500 wounded

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 2000 USS Cole –19 killed; 37 wounded

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 Another Likely Scenario?

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 Another 9/11 - Ship as a weapon?

Famous landmark
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 The face of modern Somali pirates

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 The face of modern Somali pirates

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Piracy At A Glance (Statistics)
2005-2011
Sources - EUNAVFOR
- Hellenic War Risks Association (Bermuda) Limited
- IMB/ICC
- IMO
- Terra Firma Risk Management Limited
- UK MTO (HOA)

 Vessels attacked worldwide (2010) (nos: 480)

 Vessels hijacked worldwide (2010) (nos: 53)
 Vessels hijacked worldwide (2011) (nos: )
 Crew members held worldwide (2010) (1181+, of whom 8 were killed).
Family members affected ashore (say) 3,500+ ?
 Ransoms paid (2009) (US$ 177M)
 Ransoms paid (2010)(US$ 238M)
 Ransoms paid (2009+2010) (US$ 415M)
 2005 Average ransom US$300,000
 2005 Average negotiation time: 6 weeks
 2010 Average ransom US$5,400,000
 2010 Average negotiation time: 5 months
 2011 Average ransom US$ 5-7M (more if laden VLCC & then double digits)
 2011 Average negotiation time: 7 months
 Piracy At A Glance
(2011 & Beyond)
 “Samho Dream” (VLCC/laden) ransom US$9.5M
 “Samho Dream” detained 216 days (4 April-6 Nov 2010)
 Worldwide costs (ransoms, naval presence) (estimated) US$ 2
billion pa
 Cost to world trade of re-routeing/extra fuel (estimated) US$2.3-3 bn
pa
 Somalia/ Indian Ocean/ Gulf of Aden (escalation of violence/armed
interventions/ shootings eg “Beluga Nomination” & “Samho Jewelry”:
Jan/Feb 2011)
 Nigeria/ West Africa (violence & removal ashore of crew, cargo theft)
 Indonesia/ Malacca Strait (ongoing)

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 Some Vessels Attacked off Somalia

“Beluga Nomination” “Samho Jewelry”

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Somalia Map (Pirates’ Strongholds)

 Eyl
 Hobyo
 Harardhere
 Political situation
 New elections (impact?)
 Al Shabab (politics & terrorism)
 Monsoon & “hunting” seasons
 Changes to SOLAS

• Chapter XI-2: Special Measures to

Enhance Maritime Safety, consisting of
13 regulations.
• ISPS Code – Part A, Mandatory
Requirements, 19 Elements.
• ISPS Code – Part B, Guidance notes for
each of the above 19 elements in Part A.

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 Chapter XI – 2 (Special
Measures to Enhance Maritime
Security)
• Reg. 1 Definitions
• Reg. 2 Application
• Reg. 3 Obligations of Contracting
Governments with respect to security
• Reg. 4 Requirements for Companies & Ships
• Reg. 5 Specific responsibility of companies
• Reg. 6 Ship Security Alert System
• Reg. 7 Threats to ships

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 Chapter XI – 2 (Special Measures
to Enhance Maritime Security)

• Reg. 8 Masters discretion for ship safety and

security
• Reg. 9 Control and compliance measures
• Reg. 10 Requirements for Port Facilities
• Reg. 11 Alternative Security Agreements
• Reg. 12 Equivalent Security Arrangements
• Reg. 13 Communication of information28

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 Chapter XI – 2, Reg. 2

Application
Applies to following ships engaged on
international voyages
– Passenger ships (includes hi-speed craft)
– Cargo ships > 500GT
– MODU
– Port facilities serving such ships engaged on
international voyages

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 Chapter XI – 2, Reg. 3

Obligation of Contracting Governments

• Flag Administration will set the security
level for the ships.
• Contracting Governments shall set the
levels for their ports and to ships prior to
entering/whilst in ports within their
territory.
• The above information shall be updated
as and when changes occur.

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 Chapter XI – 2, Reg. 4

Requirements for Companies and Ships

• Comply with Part A, taking into account
guidance given in Part B
• Comply with security levels set by
Governments.
• Immediate response by ships to changes in
security levels.

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 Chapter XI – 2, Reg. 5

Specific Responsibilities of Companies

• Inform the Master who is responsible
for:
– Appointing ships crew.
– Deciding ships employment.
– If chartered, who are the Charterers?
• Continually update this information as and
when changes occur.

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 Chapter XI – 2, Reg. 6

Ship Security Alert System

• To be fitted on ships constructed after 01 Jul
2004.
• Others – not later than the first radio survey
after 01 Jul 2004.
• Shall be capable of being activated from
navigation bridge and at least one other
location.
• So designed as to prevent inadvertent
alarms.
• Send alarm to authority designated by Flag.
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 Chapter XI – 2, Reg. 8

Masters discretion
• Masters over-riding authority
• If conflict between security and safety,
master must maintain safety first but
implement certain temporary security
measures.
• In such cases, master to inform Flag
Administration and Port Authority.

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 Chapter XI – 2, Reg. 9

Control and Compliance

• Port and Flag State inspections.
• Non-complying ships may face
– delays,
– detentions,
– restriction of operations
– expulsion from port.
• Records for last 10 ports of call.

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 ISPS Code

PART A – 19 Elements, Mandatory

PART B – Guidance Notes

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 Objectives/Requirements of the Code
•Detect security threats & take preventive measures
(Detect & Deter only).

•Provide a methodology for security assessments to

produce security plans

•Ensure confidence with regards to security of a

vessel as well as port facility.

•Providing means to raise alarms in an emergency

situation.

•Conduct training drills and exercises.

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 ISPS Code - Purpose

• Outlays the mandatory requirements to which

reference is made in SOLAS Chapter XI-2.
• This Code does not apply to warships, naval
auxiliaries or other Government
owned/operated ships used only on
Government non-commercial business.
• Gives guidance to Companies, Ships and Port
facilities.

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 ISPS Code

• Defines activities that may be allowed at

each of the three levels of security – 1, 2
& 3.

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 Declaration of Security

• It is an agreement between ship/port or

ship/ship specifying the security measures
each will implement.
• A vessel may request for DOS.
• May be completed by the Master or SSO.

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 Ship Security Assessment

• First step towards developing SSP.

• Shall include the on-scene security
survey.
• Carried out by persons with security
experience.
• Shall be documented, reviewed,
accepted and retained by the
Company.

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 Ship Security Plan

• One for each ship

• Approved by the Flag Administration
• May be approved by RSO on behalf
of the Administration.
• SSA/SSP must be submitted
together for approval.
• Confidentiality of contents must be
maintained.

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 Training , Drills and
Exercises
• CSO and SSO to have undergone
recognised training programme.
• Ships staff with specific security related
duties to have sufficient knowledge to
perform their duties.
• Others shall be familiar with the relevant
provisions of the plan.
• Drills and exercises to be carried out.

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 Security Level

• Qualifications of the degree of risk

that a security incident will be
attempted or will occur.
• There are 3 levels – 1, 2 & 3

Security Incident means any

suspicious act or circumstance
threatening the security of the ship.

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 Security Level 1

“The level for which minimum

appropriate protective security
measures shall be maintained at all
times”

This is the normal level which we all have

to operate under any conditions

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 Security Level 1

Activities carried out

• Ensure performance of all security duties.
• Control access to the ship.
• Control embarkation of people and effects.
• Restricted areas – authorised personnel to
access.
• Monitor deck area/areas surrounding ship.
• Supervise cargo and stores handling.
• Ready availability of security related
communications.
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 Security Level 2

“The Level for which appropriate

additional protective security
measures shall be maintained for a
period of time as a result of
heightened risk of a security incident”

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 Security Level 2

Activities carried out

• Increased measures for all activities under
level 1.
• These measures to be specified in the SSP.
• Examples may be:
– Assign additional personnel for same duties
– Detailed checking of cargo.
– Increase frequency and detail of security
patrols

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 Security Level 3

“The level for which further specific

protective security measures shall be
maintained for a limited period of time
when a security incident is probable or
imminent, although it may not be possible
to identify the specific target”

“credible information that a security

incident is probable or imminent”
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 Security Level 3
Activities carried out
• Further specified protective measures for all
activities under level 2.
• These measures to be specified in the SSP.
• Examples may be:
– Limit access to a single point on the vessel.
– Suspension of cargo operations.
– Underwater inspection of the hull.
• Level 3 to be set only for the duration that
the threat exists or of the actual incident.

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 Setting the Security Levels

• The Contracting Governments should set the

levels for the ships and the ports.
• Master has the ultimate responsibility of the
security and safety of the ship.
• At any level, should implementation of the
measures imperil safety of the ship, master
may seek amendment.
• NAVTEX, NTM or other modes may be used
to communicate security levels.

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 Role of R. S. O.

Contracting Governments may authorise

RSO to:
– Approve SSP
– Conduct verification and certification of
ships.
– Conduct Port Facility Security
Assessments.

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 Role of R. S. O.

• RSO may assist Companies to carry out

SSA, write SSP etc.
• In this case, the same RSO may not
audit, verify and certify the vessel that it
has written procedures for.

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 Other changes

• Automatic Identification System – carriage

requirements brought forward.
• Ships Identification number – to be marked on
two prominent places on the vessel.
• Continuous Synopsis Record – to be issued
by registry of Flag and carried on-board all
ships. Details include Owners & Charterers
name and address etc.

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 What is a Ship Security Plan?

A plan developed to ensure the application

of security measures on board a ship.

The plan provides measures and

procedures to protect persons, cargo,
and the ship from the risks of a security
incident.

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 Ship Security Plan (SSP)

Each vessel must have an SSP on board

approved by the Flag Administration and
meet provisions of all three security levels as
described in Part A & B of the Code.

Shall be written in the working language of

the ship, if not English, French or Spanish a
translation shall be included

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 Ship Security Plan

The plan contains information that should not

be public knowledge and must be retained in a
secure location.
Crew members should be aware of the
existence of the plan and their roles in the
security of the ship.
Master, SSO and CSO should be the only
person with access to the entire plan.

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 Content of Ship Security Plan

Procedures for responding to security threats

and breaches and for maintaining critical
operations of the ship.

Procedures for responding to security

instructions from Contracting Government at
Level 3.

Procedures for evacuation.

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 Content of Ship Security Plan

Measures to prevent weapons and

dangerous substances being taken on
board.

Identification of restricted areas and

methods of preventing unauthorized access.

Measures for prevention of unauthorized

access to ship.

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 Access to Ship

SSP to cover all means of access to vessel

including:

1) Access ladders
2) Access gangways
3) Access ramps
4) Access doors, side scuttles, windows &
ports
5) Mooring Lines & anchor chains
6) Cranes & hoisting gear

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 Activities not covered by the Code

SSP should establish details of procedures

and security measures ship should apply
when:
1. Vessel at a port which is not a Contracting
Government
2. Vessel is interfacing with a ship to which this
Code does not apply
3. Vessel interfacing with fixed or floating platform
or MODU
4. Interfacing with port or port facility which is not
required to comply with SOLAS or this Code
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 Objective of drills and exercises.

13.5 The objective of drills and

exercises is to ensure that shipboard
personnel are proficient in all assigned
security duties at all security levels and
the identification of any security related
deficiencies, which need to be addressed.

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 What should the exercises test?

These exercises should test :

1. communications,
2. coordination,
3. resource availability, and
4. response and rescue or emergency
response exercises.

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 Ship Security Drills
Drills should test the adequacy Of the
ship security plan.
These should incorporate:
• Inspection, control and monitoring
duties required by law, polices and
regulations.
• Detection and identification of weapons
and other dangerous substances or
devices.

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 Ship Security Drills

• Physical search methods of persons,

baggage, cargo and ship stores.
• Emergency procedures
• Recognition of characteristics and
behavioural patterns of persons who
are likely to threaten the security of the
ship.

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 Ship Security Drills

• Techniques that foster calming

behavior.
• Techniques used by others to
circumvent protective measures.

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 What are the possible scenarios that
could be tested?

The possible scenarios and the exercises that

could be carried out:
1. Action on Bomb Threat
2. Action on Finding a Suspicious Device or
Package
3. Establishing a Search Plan
4. Action on Weapons/Explosives Discovered
onboard
5. Action of Hijacking or Hostile Boarding
6. Action on a Suspect Boat approaching the
vessel
7. Action on a Breach of Security

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 What is the recommended frequency of
the drills?

13.6 To ensure the effective

implementation of the provisions of
the ship security plan, drills should
be conducted at least once every
three months.

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 What if there is a major crew change?

In addition, in cases where more than 25

percent of the ship's personnel has been
changed, at any one time, with personnel
that has not previously participated in
any drill on that ship, within the last 3
months, a drill should be conducted
within one week of the change.

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 Extent of Exercises

These exercises may be:

.1 full scale or live;
.2 tabletop simulation or seminar;
or
.3 combined with other exercises

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 Ship Security

13.7 Various types of exercises which

may include participation of company
security officers, port facility security
officers, relevant authorities of Contracting
Governments as well as ship security
officers, if available, should be carried out
at least once each calendar year with no
more than 18 months between the
exercises.
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 Pirate Equipment (Somalia)

 Skiffs
 Ladders/ Grappling Ropes (speed of ascent)
 Outboard Motors

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 Pirate Equipment (Somalia)

2010/2011 (change of tactics)

Mother Ships (different types & sizes)

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 What can the crew do to protect
themselves
• Be vigilant
• Access control while at sea and in port
• Patrols
• Know your Muster List and duties well as per SSP
• Citadel
• Know the shipboard Security levels
• Arm the vessel well – fire hoses, barb wires etc.
• Drills

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 Difference between razor & barbed wires
& their purposes/functions

Picture A Picture B Picture C

Razor Wire Razor Wire Concertina Barbed Wire
Clipped & Coiled
YES YES NO
 Double Razor Wire & 45˚Stanchions

Good layout

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 • http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLE1
4B483D5E152AD9

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ENNk-
_YrSjY

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