Chapter 2

PSSR
Chapter 2
Hazardous shipboard operations
Loading/unloading operations, mooring,
enclosed space hazards and hot work
Chapter2/PSSR chenck/am/PSSR/apr09 1
 Loading and unloading of cargoes

 Mooring
 Working aloft
 Handling chemicals
 Engine room watchkeeping/maintenance
 Entry to confined spaces
 Hot work
 Anti-piracy and stowaways operations
Loading and unloading of cargoes

 Main ship types
• General cargo
• Bulk carriers
• Container ships
• Ro Ro & Car carriers
• Tankers
• Chemical & gas
• Passenger ships
Loading & unloading of cargo
 Loading unloading equipment on

general cargo vessels
• Cranes, derricks
• Conveyor belts
Loading/unloading operations
 Hazards are due to
• Overhead loads (cargo)
• Lifting gears (pulley blocks, hooks etc)
• Cargo handling equipment

• Forklifts
• trucks
Cargo Handling Equipment
 Beware of forklift
trucks on deck or
in cargo spaces
• Bad drivers
• Falling cargo
• Faulty
machines
Hazards from hatch covers
 General precautions
• Unauthorised persons should not be allowed into
work area
• Stay clear of speeding forklift trucks
& moving vehicles in car carriers
• Use the offshore side during loafing/unloading
• Ro Ro vessels have many decks and ramps
• Cargo is driven on/off on these ships
 Crew could be
injured by a
reversing trailer
because
• Driver did not

have a clear view
• Injured crew was
not alert
 In tankers, the main hazards are due
the presence of hydrocarbon gas
• Cargo pumped in & out
• Hydrocarbon gas is
• Flammable
• Toxic
• Its presence could cause oxygen deficiency
 The Tanker Familiarisation Course
deals with tanker hazards
 Tanker operations will be covered

in the Tanker Familiarisation course
 Passenger vessels & ferries can
carry cars
 On passenger vessels crew must
know methods of crowd control in
an emergency
Mooring and unmooring
 Mooring
• The process of berthing a vessel
• Lines used are known as
– Mooring lines (made of synthetic material)
– About 100mm diameter
– Mooring wires
– About 50mm diameter
• All mooring equipment must be checked
before use
Mooring Ropes
Mooring
Ropes
Mooring Wires
Ships berthing plan
Winch Equipment
 Stay clear if you are

not involved
in the operations
• e.g Lifeboat winch
Mooring Equipment
 Must be in good order and condition

before being use
• Ropes, wires,
shackles,winches
and windlass
Anchor Chain
Mooring/unmooring operations
 Very dangerous when ropes/wires

are under tension
• Lines could break under tension – more
dangerous when mooring with heavy seas
or swell
– This could result in a whiplash effect
– Which in extreme cases can kill or dismember a
person
Mooring lines
 Other conditions where the mooring

lines could be under tension
• Loading and unloading at high rate

• Heavy sea swell, strong winds
• A rapid change in a vessels draft caused
by quick loading/discharging
• When berthed at a port with a large range
of tide
Mooring lines
 Precautions
• Stay well clear of mooring ropes or lines that are under tension
• They could part under tension
• Never stand in the bight of a rope or wire
• When heaving using a winch - hold loosely – slacken if required
under tension
• Constantly check to ensure that mooring lines are always taut as
slack lines are dangerous
• Sudden tension or ‘snap’ action of wire can break it
Mooring Lines
 Stay clear
always
Enclosed spaces
• Are spaces where ventilation is not

adequate, therefore they have oxygen
deficiency
• They are poorly lit, they have not been

ventilated round the clock
Enclosed spaces onboard
 Forepeak tank  Ballast tanks

 Aft peak tank  Duct keel
 Chain lockers  Bunker tanks
 Cofferdams  Settling tanks
 Cargo tanks  Service tanks etc
Entry to enclosed spaces
 Careless entry could result in death or

injury
 Caused by
• Atmospheric hazards
• Physical hazards
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1DoDdjS10bU
&feature=related
Entry to enclosed spaces
Atmospheric hazards
in enclosed spaces
 Atmospheric hazards are caused by
• Presence of hydrocarbon gas
• Presence of toxic gas
• Deficiency in oxygen
Crew collapsed in cargo hold
 Could be
because of
oxygen
deficiency or the
presence of a
toxic
gas/hydrocarbon
gas
Crew collapsed in tank
 Is the rescuer doing

the right thing?
Hydrocarbon gas
in enclosed spaces
 After discharge of oil cargo, hydrocarbon
vapours can be present due to
• Petroleum leakage
• Petroleum oil left in the tank
• Petroleum oil left in the pipeline
• Disturbance of sludge/scale
 Hydrocarbon gas is toxic and flammable
Toxic gases
in enclosed spaces
 Toxic gases that may be found in
enclosed spaces are
• CO, SO2, H2S, benzene, NO2 ,etc
• Toxic gases are harmful to human body
• These gases are emitted from ship’s cargo,

during shipboard operations or from ship’s
stores
Toxicity of gases
 When a gas is toxic, over-exposure will

harm your body
• Tests have been conducted to establish a value
as to how concentration of a substance a human
being can withstand without harmful effects
• This is value is known as the Threshold Limit
Value (TLV) of a gas
• Measurement is in parts-per-million (ppm)
Threshold Limit Value (TLV)
 TLV is the maximum amount of

chemicals that your body can take
Deficiency in oxygen
in enclosed spaces
 Causes • Flooding with CO2 to
• Paint drying fight a fire
• Hydrogen gas • Welding and cutting
without proper
• Ingress of inert gas
ventilation
• Solvents
• Running engine in
• Refrigerants confined spaces
• Burning • Decay of organic
matter
Oxygen deficiency symptoms

 Oxygen deficiency can cause anoxia
 1st stage – giddiness, breathlessness and becoming

unconscious
 2nd stage – brain damage resulting in

• Memory loss
• Mental instability
• Paralysis
• death
Physical hazards
in enclosed spaces
 Physical hazards can cause serious injury or
death. These hazards are caused
• Poor lighting
• Unsecured ladders
• Slippery surfaces
• Obstruction
• Unguarded openings
• Flooding
• Getting trapped accidentally
Precautions to be taken Hazardous shipboard operations
prior entry to enclosed spaces

 Procedures prior entry
• Get an enclosed space entry permit from a
superior officer, the pre entry check list
must be complied with
• Space to be thoroughly ventilated
• Atmosphere to be tested
• 21% oxygen
• Absence of flammable gas
• Presence of toxic gas less than the TLV
Precautions to be taken Hazardous shipboard operations
in enclosed spaces
 Make sure you wear
proper PPE
• Overalls
• Hard hats
• Safety shoes
• Approved torchlight
• Non-sparking tools etc
Precautions to be taken
during entry
 Maintain
• A state of vigilance/awareness
• Monitor the atmosphere regularly
• Do not become negligent or over-confident
• Clean and tidy up the area after work
Rescue from enclosed spaces
 Regular rescue drills must be
carried out.
A Short Quiz on Confined Space
Entry
1. A confined space is any area that can
be entered, is not designed for
continuous occupancy and has limited
entry and exit points
TRUE or FALSE
QUIZ
2. To make sure that the air in the

confined space is safe, you need only
to test the oxygen level.
TRUE or FALSE
QUIZ
3. A good oxygen meter

will give accurate
results in all conditions.
TRUE or FALSE
Quiz
4. If the air near the top of a confined

space is tested to be safe, then the air
elsewhere in the space is safe.
TRUE or FALSE
QUIZ
5. Testing instruments should be

calibrated before each use.
TRUE or FALSE
QUIZ
6. You can use a cigarette lighter to

check whether a gas is combustible.
TRUE or FALSE
QUIZ
7. If tests showed that the air in a

confined space is safe before entry,
the air will stay safe as long as you are
in the space.
TRUE or FALSE
QUIZ
8. The more oxygen the air in the

confined space has, the safer it is.
TRUE or FALSE
QUIZ
9. Everyone inside the confined space

must leave if the alarm on the testing
device goes off or if any test shows
that the air has become unsafe.
TRUE or FALSE
QUIZ
10. A single test will detect all toxic

chemicals in a confined space.
TRUE or FALSE
Hot work
 Definition of hot work
• Operations which generate heat that is
• Sufficient to ignite a flammable vapour

• Spread a fire through conduction, convection
and/or radiation
Examples of hot work
 Welding
 Cutting
 Burning
 Heating
 Chipping etc
Hazards of hot work
 Hazards of hot work

• Fire
• Explosion
• Heat injuries
• Eye injuries
(ultra violet light from welding)
• etc
Hazards from Hot Work
• Fire and
explosion
hazards
• Burns and eye

damage
• Toxic Fumes
Examples of hot work hazards
• Welder cutting iron when sparks from the cutting fell onto some
cotton rags nearby.
• Rags caught fire and spread
Shipboard hot work risk areas
1. Engineers’ workshop
2. Engine room
3. Poop deck and accommodation
4. Cargo spaces
Precautions to be taken
when doing hot work
 Must have a ‘hot work permit’ before conducting hot
work
• Operational procedures as required by the hot work permit to

be followed.
• The permit contains
• Its validity
• Location of hot work
• Enclosed space permit
• Description of work
• A checklist of precautions to be taken prior commencing work

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PSSR

 Loading and unloading of cargoes

Loading and unloading of cargoes

 Loading unloading equipment on

 Hazards are due to

• Overhead loads (cargo)

• Lifting gears (pulley blocks, hooks etc)

• Cargo handling equipment

• Driver did not

 Tanker operations will be covered

Mooring and unmooring

 Stay clear if you are

• e.g Lifeboat winch

 Must be in good order and condition

 Very dangerous when ropes/wires

 Other conditions where the mooring

• Loading and unloading at high rate

• Are spaces where ventilation is not

• They are poorly lit, they have not been

Enclosed spaces onboard

 Forepeak tank  Ballast tanks

Entry to enclosed spaces

 Careless entry could result in death or

• Presence of hydrocarbon gas

• Presence of toxic gas

 Is the rescuer doing

 Hydrocarbon gas is toxic and flammable

• Toxic gases are harmful to human body

• These gases are emitted from ship’s cargo,

 When a gas is toxic, over-exposure will

 TLV is the maximum amount of

Oxygen deficiency symptoms

 1st stage – giddiness, breathlessness and becoming

 2nd stage – brain damage resulting in

prior entry to enclosed spaces

2. To make sure that the air in the

3. A good oxygen meter

4. If the air near the top of a confined

5. Testing instruments should be

6. You can use a cigarette lighter to

7. If tests showed that the air in a

8. The more oxygen the air in the

9. Everyone inside the confined space

10. A single test will detect all toxic

 Definition of hot work

• Operations which generate heat that is

• Sufficient to ignite a flammable vapour

Examples of hot work

Hazards of hot work

 Hazards of hot work

• Burns and eye

Shipboard hot work risk areas

• Operational procedures as required by the hot work permit to

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