Government Polytechnic,

Bramhpuri
Dist. - Chandrapur

Submission
We, the students of First Year (Second semester) of Department of Science and Humanity.
Humbly completed this micro-project work of the time to time described in this report by our
own skills and study between the period form 2022-2023.
As per instruction and guidance of Mr. Kawale sir and following students were associated
with us for this work. However, quantum of our contribution has been approved by the
guide.

Micro-Project Group member

Sr. No. Name Roll No.
1. TANMAY M. WARTHE 22CM064
2. ANUJ N. WARUTKAR 22CM065
3. SHARVARI G. WBHITKAR 22CM063
4. SHIVANI S. WASNIK 22CM066
Government Polytechnic, Bramhpuri
Dist :- Chandrapur
Department of Science and Humanity

Certificate
This is to certify that the following student of this institute have carried out this micro
project on to prepare chart displaying different types of semiconductors under the guidance
of Mr. Kawale sir in the Department of Science and Humanity, during the session 2022-
2023. This work has been in the partial fulfillment of the award for Diploma in Computer
Technology from Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education, Mumbai.

Submitted By
Sr. No. Name Roll No.
1. TANMAY M. WARTHE 22CM064
2. ANUJ N. WARUTKAR 22CM065
3. SHARVARI G. WBHITKAR 22CM063
4. SHIVANI S. WASNIK 22CM066

Dr. P. B. Choke
HEAD OF DEPARTMENT
 MICRO-PROJECT REPORT ON

The Micro-Project Work Submitted In Partial fulfilment of

Requirement for the Award of Diploma In

Computer Technology
Under the Guidance of
Mr. Kawale sir
(Lecture in Science And Humanity)

Sr. No. Name Roll No.

1. TANMAY M. WARTHE 22CM064
2. ANUJ N. WARUTKAR 22CM065
3. SHARVARI G. WBHITKAR 22CM063
4. SHIVANI S. WASNIK 22CM066

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND HUMANITY,

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, BRAMHAPURI
2022-2023
 PART A

TITLE OF MICROPROJECT: -
To prepare brief report display layout of motherboard and different
system components.
AIM OF MICROPROJECT: -
Report of display layout of motherboard and different system
components.
COURCE OUTCOME: -
Troubleshoot common motherboard problem.
Troubleshoot peripheral and networks.
PROPOSER METHODOLOGY: -
• We will discuss about the microproject in meeting with team
member.
• We will get more information form respective subject teacher,
how to prepare microproject.
• Discuss about collected information in our group and choose
suitable information.
• Make standard presentation.
• We collect all the information on computer to prepare this
project.
• We will show first edited information to respected teacher to
confirm either it is set for
• All group members are assembled in class room for making the
project.
ACTION PLAN: -

Sr no. Discuss of activity Plan short Plan finish Name of

date date responsible team
member
1) Discuss about topic with group All Team
members. Member
2) Collecting information from book. Tanmay Warthe

3) Collecting more contain using internet. Anuj

Warutkar
4) Making contain presentable using Sharvari
mswords. Wabhitker
5) Taking information from guide. All

6) Making print of micro-project. Tanmay Warthe

Required resources use: -

Sr no. Name of Specification Quantity Remark

resource
1) Text book To get 1 Collecting
information information
2) Internet Networking 1 Collecting
image
3) Internet To get - Collecting
information information
TEAM MEMBER :-
Sr. No. Name Roll No.
1. TANMAY M. WARTHE 22CM064
2. ANUJ N. WARUTKAR 22CM065
3. SHARVARI G. WBHITKAR 22CM063
4. SHIVANI S. WASNIK 22CM066
 PART B
TITLE OF MICROPROJECT: -
To prepare brief report display layout of motherboard and different
system components.
AIM OF MICROPROJECT: -
Report of display layout of motherboard and different system
components.
COURCE OUTCOME: -
Troubleshoot common motherboard problem.
Troubleshoot peripheral and networks.

ACTION PLAN: -

Sr no. Discuss of activity Plan short Plan finish Name of

date date responsible team
member
1) Discuss about topic with group All Team
members. Member
2) Collecting information from book. Tanmay Warthe

3) Collecting more contain using internet. Anuj

Warutkar
4) Making contain presentable using Sharvari
mswords. Wabhitker
5) Taking information from guide. Tanmay Warthe

6) Making print of micro-project. Anuj Warutkar

Required resources use: -

Sr no. Name of Specification Quantity Remark

resource
1) Text book To get 1 Collecting
information information
2) Internet Networking 1 Collecting
image
3) Internet To get - Collecting
information information

TEAM MEMBER :-
Sr. No. Name Roll No.
1. TANMAY M. WARTHE 22CM064
2. ANUJ N. WARUTKAR 22CM065
3. SHARVARI G. WBHITKAR 22CM063
4. SHIVANI S. WASNIK 22CM066

BRIEF INTRODUCTION: -
The motherboard determines the capabilities and limitations of a computer
system. Every component on a computer system plugs into the
motherboard is controlled by it and depends on it to communicate. The
motherboard houses the following components:

• Central Processing Unit (CPU) – performs all basic

arithmetic, logical, control, and input/output operations

• Chipset – manages the data flow between the computer’s

processor, its memory and any peripheral devices attached
 • Buses – a pathway that transfers data between components
within a computer

• Random Access Memory (RAM) – a temporary form of

computer data storage that allows fast access to data. RAM is
volatile and requires power to keep data accessible.

• Expansion slots – provide expansion capability to add

hardware components beyond what was originally installed

• Ports – provides an interface between the computer and a

peripheral device such as a mouse, keyboard, or printer

A computer’s motherboard is typically the largest printed circuit board in

a machine’s chassis. It distributes electricity and facilitates
communication between and to the central processing unit (CPU), random
access memory (RAM), and any other component of the computer’s
hardware.

There are several components that comprise a motherboard. In this

lesson, the following main components will be highlighted:
 1. System Clock
2. Chipset
3. Expansion Cards and Slots
4. Front Panel Connectors
5. Basic Input/Output System (BIOS)
6. Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor(CMOS)
7. System bus with expansion slots

System Clock

Think of the system clock as the heartbeat of the motherboard. It sets the
speed of all other components like the processor, memory, and buses. It
has a base speed that is measured in hertz (Hz), but computers run in
megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz).

Chipset

The chipset determines how system hardware and buses interact with the
CPU and other components. It also determines how much memory can
be added to a motherboard and what type of connectors the motherboard
will have.

Current chipsets are made up of two distinct components – the

Northbridge (NB) and Southbridge (SB).

The Northbridge controls RAM, the processor, and the Accelerated

Graphics Port (AGP) video slot. It also regulates the speed the CPU can
communicate with the components.

The Southbridge controls everything else connected to the computer

including communication between the CPU and the expansion ports (hard
drives, sound card, Universal Serial Bus (USB) ports, and other I/O ports).
 Figure 2: Components of a chipset

The Northbridge (labeled NB) and Southbridge (labeled SB) are both
shown on a laptop motherboard in Figure 2.

Expansion Slots

Expansion slots allow the installation of extra components. Peripheral

Component Interconnect (PCI), are used to install network cards, sound
cards or modems.
AGP slots accommodate video cards with additional capabilities and PCI
express (PCIe) cards to connect host bus adapters (HBAs) for expanded
storage and cards for additional USB and Firewire ports.
 Figure 3: Expansion slots on a motherboard

Riser Cards

A riser card physically extends a slot so multiple cards can be plugged

into a motherboard. The expansion cards will actually be turned 90
degrees to the motherboard. This allows cards to fit into a smaller space.
Riser cards are usually only used in low-profile or slimline cases
 Figure 4. Multiple slot riser
The one slot on the motherboard can now accommodate multiple
expansion cards.

Figure 5: Multiple slot riser seated in a motherboard

Other Slots

Other slots encountered on the motherboard include the audio/modem

riser (AMR) and the communications and networking riser (CNR). These
two slots do basically the same thing with the CNR having a few additional
functions. They were created to hold modems, network cards, and sound
cards. You will seldom see these used on today’s motherboards.

As shown in Figure 6, the 30-pin AMR slot is much smaller than a PCI
expansion slot. The 30-pin interfaces accommodate two formats making
various audio/modem and audio network combinations possible.
 Figure 6: Audio/Modem Riser (AMR) slot next to white PCI slot

The AMR evolved into the CNR adding LAN and home networking
functions.
 Figure 7: Communications and networking riser (CNR) slot

Front panel connectors are used to connect the power LED (light emitting
diode) light on the front of the case to a hard drive, a small internal speaker
for testing, the power button, and the reset button. There may also be
additional LED lights for USB, Firewire and audio devices.

All of the front panel connectors from the case get plugged into tiny pins
on the motherboard. The layout of the pins varies from motherboard to
motherboard, although they are usually grouped together and color-
coded. You may or may not use all of the connectors.

Sometimes the power LED has a blank pin between the two wires. You
can buy an adapter to change the pin layout or simply cut the connector
to accommodate the pins.
It is important to note that the reset jumper must be attached to the pins,
in the correct order, before the computer will start. If nothing happens
when you turn on the computer for the first time, check that the reset
jumper was attached correctly
It is important to remember that each motherboard is different, and it is
important to look up the proper connections in the motherboard manual.

Figure 8: Connection schematic using a sample motherboard front

panel connector

BIOS – Basic Input/ Output System

The Basic Input/ Output System (BIOS) may be referred to as the

System BIOS or ROM (Read Only Memory) BIOS. The BIOS holds the
motherboard’s firmware which is nothing more than a set of instructions.
It is the first software run when the computer is powered on.

The fundamental purpose of the BIOS is to initialize and test the

system’s hardware components and to load the operating system. The
BIOS provides a consistent way for applications and the operating
system to interact with I/O devices like the keyboard, mouse, display,
and other connected devices.

BIOS and CMOS

Working with the BIOS is a chip known as the complementary metal–oxide

semiconductor (CMOS). The CMOS hold
s the settings you selected in the BIOS. CMOS is volatile in nature. That
means it must be supplied with continuous power that is supplied by a
battery. If the battery runs down settings will be lost.

Figure 9: CMOS Battery

The BIOS has a menu-based user interface to make changes such as:

• Configure hardware
• Make changes to I/O ports
• Set the system time
• Enable or disable system components
• Set voltages for the CPU and memory
• Set the boot sequence
• Control fan speeds
• Set a BIOS and system password
 • Enable or disable virtualization support

Users can set various password prompts, such as a password for securing
access to the BIOS user interface functions itself and preventing malicious
users from booting the system from unauthorized peripheral devices.

Figure 10: Phoenix BIOS chip

BIOS Options
The first thing the computer does when it is turned on is to run a diagnostic
program called the Power on Self-Test or POST. The POST checks that
all the motherboard components are functioning and can communicate
with each other.
The BIOS can be accessed at system startup with a particular key
sequence. This is usually the delete key or the F2 key, but different
manufacturers may have a different sequence to press.
 Figure 11: CMOS Setup Utility

Built-in tools can monitor the following:

•
• Temperature
• Fan Speeds
• Intrusion detection
• Voltages
• Clock
• Bus speeds

The BIOS software is stored on a non-volatile ROM chip on the

motherboard. This means the chip does not lose its contents even if there
is no power going to the BIOS.
Using the BIOS menu, you are able to change hardware configurations
such as the order in which the PC boots – floppy drive, hard drive, CD-
ROM, USB.

The ROM BIOS is commonly called the computer’s firmware. Firmware

used to be hardcoded on the chip and could not be changed without
replacing the chip. Most modern devices can be upgraded when new
features are added. This process is called flashing the BIOS.
Newer BIOS chips are made of Electrically Erasable Programmable Read
Only Memory (EEPROM) chips. This type of chip allows the content of the
BIOS to be rewritten without removing the chip from the motherboard. This
way the BIOS software can be easily upgraded to add new features or fix
bugs.

So what happens if you set a BIOS password and then forget what it was?
The BIOS and system passwords can be easily erased along with all the
other user settings. This can be done by removing the battery, waiting a
few seconds and then putting it back in.

The most common way is to locate the CMOS reset jumper. Simply move
the jumper to the enabled position (jumper on pins 2 and 3), and turn on
the computer which sends an electrical signal to erase the CMOS. Be sure
to then move the jumper back to the disabled or default position (jumper
on pins 1 and 2). The CMOS is now back to the factory default settings.

Figure 12: CMOS Reset jumpers

EFI and UEFI

Starting in 2011, the BIOS was replaced on some motherboards with a

more complex Extensible Firmware Interface (EFI) or the Unified
Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI). This new BIOS type was introduced
to provide more diagnostic and repair tools to the computer and provide a
more efficient interface between the operating system and the
components.
Initially made for the Itanium architecture, it is now available for x86 and
x64 platforms and provides legacy support for BIOS services. It can
support remote diagnostics and repair of computers, even without an
operating system

Figure 13: Extensible Firmware Interface (EFI)

Documentation

It is very important to document the settings you have changed in the

CMOS. This way if something ever happens, like the CMOS battery runs
down, you have a record of what the previous settings were and how to
reset them.

It is recommended that you tape your documentation inside the case so

anyone that works on that computer has a copy of your configuration.
Keep well-labeled, written record of:

• All changes you make to CMOS

• Records of hardware and software installed
• Network settings
Keep documentation up to date and in a safe place. Also, the document
before you flash or replace the BIOS chip.

Summary

The motherboard is considered the nervous system of a computer.

Everything that is not built into the motherboard is connected to it in slots
or through ports. Its main components are the system clock, CPU, chipset,
RAM, ROM BIOS, CMOS, power supply, ports, and the system bus with
expansion slots.

Information stored in the BIOS is powered by the CMOS battery. Without

the battery, the BIOS settings would have to be reset each time the host
is booted. Information, such as the type of hard drive, the boot order, date
and time, is stored in BIOS and is used by the host when it is booting.