SCIENCE REVIEWER QUARTER 2

*Electromagnetic waves-It is a series of continuous electromagnetic waves arranged according to the frequency and wavelength.
-Electromagnetic waves are formed by the vibrations of electric and magnetic fields.
- The electric and magnetic fields are perpendicular to one another in the direction the wave is traveling.
- Often, they are called electromagnetic radiation, light, or photons.
-Just like the mechanical waves, electromagnetic waves DOES NOT require the presence of a material medium in order to transport their energy from one
location to another.

- Electromagnetic waves produced by vibrating charge

-Electromagnetic waves travel in a vacuum at a speed of 3x108 m/s
V = f =V/f f=V/
V = wave speed, or c (speed of light) expressed in m/s
 = wavelength expressed in meter, m
f = frequency expressed in hertz, Hz

- As the wavelength decreases , the frequency of the wave increases.

*Two PROPERTIES OF EM WAVES- FREQUENCY & WAVELENGTH

SCIENTISTS
* Michael Faraday- He formulated the principle behind electromagnetic induction
* Heinrich Friedrich Lenz -Revealed that the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction obeyed law of conservation of energy

* Heinrich Hertz - Showed experimental evidence of electromagnetic waves and their link to light

*James Clerk Maxwell- Electricity and Magnetism

-formulated the Electromagnetic Wave Theory

*Andre’ Marie Ampere- demonstrated the magnetic effect based direction of electric current
-contributed in the Electromagnetic Wave Theory demonstrating the magnetic effect based on the direction of the current

* Hans Christian Oersted- showed how a current-carrying wire behaves like a magnet

Electromagnetic waves arrange from the longest to the shortest wavelength-

-radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, Gamma Rays
-higher frequency means higher energy
*GAMMA RAYS- shortest wavelength and highest frequency
*RADIO WAVES- longest wavelength and lowest frequency

Radio waves are produced by: making electrons vibrate in an antenna

* Communication- used to broadcast FM station
*transmit sound and picture information over long distances.

Microwaves- electromagnetic waves is used in radar.

*RADAR-. Radio Detection and Ranging
* Satellite Communication
* The food absorbs certain microwave frequencies very strongly.

Infrared radiation -Infrared scanners can be used for medical diagnosis.

-Infrared remote controls are used in televisions, video, cassette recorders, and other electronic appliances or gadgets.
-Infrared camera has transmitter that sends out infrared pulses.
-A night-vision goggle.

Visible light- It is separated into its constituent colors: the red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet.

Ultraviolet Rays- used to remove most forms of microbiological contamination from water.

X-rays - diagnosing bone fracture and Tumors

Gamma rays-useful in nuclear engineering

-emitted by stars and some radioactive substances

NON-IONIZING RADIATION-
Non-Ionizing Radiation is a type of low-energy radiation that does not have enough energy to remove an electron (negative particle) from an atom or
molecule. Most types of non-ionizing radiation have not been found to cause cancer

- includes ultraviolet, visible light, infrared, microwaves; radio waves and, extremely low frequencies
INFRARED-About half of the total energy the sun gives off is in this form
 Extremely low frequency - According to the National Cancer Institute, it has no experimental evidence showing that at normal levels of thisradiation
are dangerous to humans.

Extreme low frequency- NO DAMAGING EFFECTS

IONIZING RADIATION- includes X-rays , Gamma Rays, particles (neutrons, beta or alpha).

*Beta radiation- form of radiation is more penetrating than alpha particle, but are less damaging to living tissue and DNA.
*Gamma radiation- strongest ionizing radiation
*X-rays-classified as a carcinogen by the World Health Organization (WHO).

LASERS-narrow beam of light concentrates the effects on the retina causing blind spot

PLANE MIRRR (OBJECT-IMAGE)

-THE SAME HEIGHT, WIDTH, AND DISTANCE

A-reflected ray C-angle of incidence

B-incident ray D-angle of reflection

E-normal line

The angle of incidence is EQUAL to the angle of reflection.

INVERSELY PRPORTIONAL
-As the angle between the mirrors INCREASES, the number of images DECREASES

AMBULANCE- LATERAL INVERSION

DOES NOT CHANGE (PLANE MIRROR)- ALPHABETS- A, H, I, M, O, T, U, V , W , X, Y

NUMBERS -0 & 8

Reflection:
*Specular/Regular-mirrors, calm body of water (smooth surfaces)
*Diffused/Irregular- the wall, from the trees, from a crumpled magazine (rough surfaces)

Convex mirror-- used by department stores to give a wider area and smaller image of the shoppers
OBJECT IMAGE (LOST)
All locations Between V&F, upright, reduced, virtual

Concave mirror- real, inverted and larger (enlarged)

Concave(inside side side of the spoon when the object is closer)- upside down and bigger
OBJECT IMAGE (LOST)
-Between C & F Beyond C, inverted, enlarged and real
-At C At C/ Exact C, inverted, same, real
-Beyond C Between V& F, inverted, reduced, real
-Between V & F Behind the mirror, upright, enlarged, virtual