MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING

HUNG YEN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY & EDUCATION

ASSIGNMENT ON ENGLISH- AMERICAN LITERATURE

The Prince And The Pauper by Mark Twain

Student’s name: Luyen Van Hieu

Student’s ID: V1322013
Class: V13221
Supervisor: Nguyễn Thị Thanh Mười

Hung Yen,
1 2024
TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC SPKT HƯNG YÊN CỘNG HÒA XÃ HỘI CHỦ NGHĨA VIỆT NAM
KHOA NGOẠI NGỮ Độc lập – Tự do – Hạnhphúc
BỘ MÔN LÝ THUYẾT TIẾNG
Hưng Yên, ngày……tháng…….năm.2024

PHIẾU CHẤM TIỂU LUẬN

Học phần: Văn học Anh - Mĩ

Giáo viên chấm: ……………………………………..
Sinh viên: Luyện Văn Hiếu Mã sinh viên: V1322013
Lớp : V13221
Giáo viên giảng dạy: Nguyễn Thị Thanh Mười

Tiêu chí Điểm tối đa Điểm kết luận

+ Mức độ hoàn thành yêu cầu của đề

5
bài (task fulfilment)

+ Cách trình bày (bố cục) của bài

3
viết (organization)

+ Độ chính xác của văn bản- Từ

2
vựng, Ngữ pháp (accuracy)

Tổng điểm

BỘ MÔN CBCHT1 CBCHT2

1
 CONTENTS

1. About Mark Twain..................................................................................................2

1.1. The life................................................................................................................2
1.2. The careers...........................................................................................................3
1.3. The works.............................................................................................................3
1.4. The writing styles.................................................................................................4
2. The plot summary of the Prince And The Pauper...................................................5
3. Analysis...................................................................................................................6
3.1. The main contents/themes....................................................................................6
3.2. The main characters...........................................................................................14
3.3. The author’s viewpoints.....................................................................................14
3.4. The author’s notable writing styles....................................................................15
3.5. Lessons drawn....................................................................................................15
References.................................................................................................................16

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1. About Mark Twain.
1.1. The life
Mark Twain, born Samuel Langhorne Clemens
on November 30, 1835, in Florida, Missouri,
was one of the most celebrated American
authors and humorists of the 19th century. His
life was as colorful and adventurous as the
characters he created in his novels, and his wit
and insight into the human condition have left an
indelible mark on American literature.
Twain's childhood was marked by hardship and
tragedy. At the age of four, his family moved to Hannibal, Missouri, a town along
the Mississippi River that would later serve as the inspiration for the fictional town
of St. Petersburg in his most famous works, including "The Adventures of Tom
Sawyer" and "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn." His father's death when he was
only eleven forced Twain to leave school and seek work as a printer's apprentice.
Twain's early experiences working on riverboats as a pilot greatly influenced his
writing and provided him with material for his later stories. He adopted the
pseudonym "Mark Twain," a term used by Mississippi River boatmen to signify a
depth of two fathoms, indicating safe passage. Twain's first major literary success
came with the publication of "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County"
in 1865, a humorous short story that brought him national attention.
Throughout his career, Twain wrote prolifically, producing novels, essays,
travelogues, and short stories. His works often explored themes of American
identity, morality, and social justice, and he became known for his sharp wit and
satire. "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" (1876) and its sequel "Adventures of
Huckleberry Finn" (1885) are considered masterpieces of American literature,
praised for their vivid depiction of boyhood and their commentary on race and
society.
Despite his literary success, Twain faced financial difficulties throughout his life
due to a series of bad investments and business ventures. He declared bankruptcy in
1894 but managed to recover financially through his writing and lecture tours.
In addition to his literary achievements, Twain was a prominent public figure and
social critic. He was an outspoken critic of imperialism, racism, and religious
hypocrisy and used his platform to advocate for social reform.

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Twain's later years were marked by personal tragedy, including the deaths of his
wife, Olivia, and several of his children. Despite these hardships, he continued to
write and lecture until his death on April 21, 1910, in Redding, Connecticut.
Mark Twain's legacy endures as one of the greatest American writers of all time. His
works continue to be celebrated for their humor, insight, and timeless relevance, and
he remains a beloved figure in American literary history.
1.2. The careers
Mark Twain's career spanned a wide array of endeavors, from writing to lecturing
and entrepreneurship. Here are some notable aspects of his career:
Authorship: Mark Twain is primarily known for his literary works. He authored
numerous novels, short stories, and essays that have had a profound impact on
American and global literature. His most famous works include "The Adventures of
Tom Sawyer," "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn," "The Prince and the Pauper," and
"A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court."
Public Speaking: In addition to writing, Twain was a skilled public speaker. He
often traveled across the United States and Europe delivering humorous and
insightful lectures. His speaking engagements drew large crowds and contributed to
his fame and income.
Publishing and Printing: Twain was not only a writer but also involved in the
publishing and printing industry. He established several publishing companies and
ventures related to printing. While not all of his business ventures were successful,
Twain played a significant role in the publishing and printing industry during his
time.
Investing: Mark Twain was also an investor. He dabbled in various business
ventures, from real estate to emerging technologies. While not all of his investment
projects were successful, Twain learned valuable lessons from these failures and
applied them to his career.
Social Activism: Beyond artistic and business pursuits, Twain was an active social
advocate. He used his writings to reflect on and satirize social issues such as
slavery, injustice, and corruption. He devoted much time and money to support
social reform movements and charitable organizations.
1.3. The works
His works span various genres, including novels, short stories, essays, and speeches.
Here are some of his notable works:
"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" (1876): This novel follows the adventures of a
young boy named Tom Sawyer in the fictional town of St. Petersburg, Missouri. It
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is often considered a classic of American literature and is beloved for its portrayal
of childhood antics and its exploration of themes like freedom and morality.
"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" (1884): Considered one of Twain's masterpieces,
this novel is a sequel to "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" and follows the journey
of Huck Finn, a young boy fleeing from his abusive father, and Jim, a runaway
slave, as they navigate the Mississippi River. The novel is celebrated for its vivid
characters, satirical portrayal of society, and exploration of themes like race and
freedom.
"The Prince and the Pauper" (1881): In this novel, two boys from different social
classes—Tom Canty, a pauper, and Edward Tudor, the Prince of Wales—switch
places and experience life in each other's shoes. Through this story, Twain explores
themes of identity, social inequality, and the human condition.
"A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court" (1889): This novel follows the
adventures of Hank Morgan, a time-traveling engineer from Connecticut who finds
himself in King Arthur's legendary Camelot. Through satire and humor, Twain
critiques social and political institutions while also examining themes of progress,
technology, and the clash of cultures.
"The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County" (1865): This short story, one
of Twain's earliest successes, features a humorous account of a frog-jumping contest
in a small town in California. It exemplifies Twain's skill at capturing regional
dialects and his ability to spin entertaining tales rooted in American folklore.
"The War Prayer" (1905): This powerful anti-war essay, though not published until
after Twain's death, offers a scathing critique of the glorification of war and the
hypocrisy of patriotic fervor. It remains relevant for its poignant examination of the
human cost of conflict.
"Life on the Mississippi" (1883): A semi-autobiographical work, this book recounts
Twain's experiences as a steamboat pilot on the Mississippi River before the Civil
War. It offers vivid descriptions of river life, reflections on the passage of time, and
musings on the changing landscape of America.
These are just a few examples of Mark Twain's extensive body of work, which
continues to captivate readers with its humor, insight, and enduring relevance.
Twain's writing style is characterized by his use of vernacular language, wit, satire,
and keen observations of human nature and society.
1.4. The writing styles
Humor and Satire: Twain's works often incorporate humor and satire to critique
societal norms, politics, and human behavior. He used wit, irony, and sarcasm to
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expose the absurdities of life, making his writing both entertaining and thought-
provoking.
Regional Dialects and Vernacular: Twain frequently employed regional dialects and
vernacular speech in his writing, particularly in dialogue, to accurately depict the
language and culture of the American South and Midwest. This use of authentic
language added depth and realism to his characters and settings.
Realism: Twain was a prominent figure in American literary realism, focusing on
portraying everyday life and ordinary people in a truthful and unembellished
manner. His writing often depicted the struggles and joys of common folk, as well
as the social and economic realities of the time.
Vivid Descriptions: Twain had a talent for vividly describing settings, characters,
and events, painting a clear picture for readers and immersing them in the world of
his stories. His descriptive language brought scenes to life and enhanced the reader's
engagement with the narrative.
Social Commentary: Through his storytelling, Twain addressed important social
issues such as racism, injustice, and inequality. He used his platform to challenge
prevailing attitudes and advocate for social change, employing allegory and
symbolism to convey deeper messages within his narratives.
Marked Realism in Dialogue: Twain's dialogue is marked by its realism, capturing
the nuances of speech patterns, colloquialisms, and idiomatic expressions. His
characters' conversations feel authentic and natural, contributing to the overall
authenticity of his storytelling.
Pithy Aphorisms and Quotable Lines: Twain was known for his pithy aphorisms and
memorable lines, many of which have become iconic quotations. His witty
observations on human nature, society, and life continue to resonate with readers
and are often cited in popular culture.
Overall, Mark Twain's writing style is characterized by its humor, realism, social
commentary, and vivid portrayal of American life, making him one of the most
influential and beloved authors in American literature.
2. The plot summary of the Prince And The Pauper
"Prince and the Pauper" is a novel written by Mark Twain, first published in 1881.
The story is set in 16th-century England and follows the lives of two young boys,
Tom Canty and Edward Tudor, who are identical in appearance but come from
vastly different backgrounds.
On an autumn day in London, Tom Canty, a poor beggar boy living in Offal Court,
and Edward Tudor, the Prince of Wales, are born. Despite being born on the same
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day, their lives couldn't be more different. While Edward is celebrated and wanted
by his royal family and all of England, Tom is born into poverty and his family sees
him as a burden.
One day, by chance, Tom and Edward meet and realize their striking resemblance to
each other. They decide to switch places for a brief time, just for fun and curiosity.
However, their plan goes awry when Edward's attendants mistake Tom for the
prince and throw Edward out of the palace, leaving him to navigate the streets of
London alone.
Tom, now mistaken for the prince, struggles to adapt to royal life while Edward,
disguised as Tom, faces the harsh realities of life in the slums. Throughout their
adventures, they encounter various challenges and experiences that help them gain a
deeper understanding of each other's lives and the stark disparities between the rich
and the poor.
As they try to navigate their new circumstances and find a way to switch back, they
encounter danger, deception, and ultimately, self-discovery. Through their journey,
they learn valuable lessons about empathy, compassion, and the true meaning of
friendship.
In the end, with the help of loyal friends and allies, Tom and Edward are reunited,
and the truth of their identities is revealed. The novel concludes with a message
about the importance of justice, equality, and the inherent worth of every individual,
regardless of their social status.
3. Analysis
3.1. The main themes
The novel "The Prince and The Pauper" consists of 33 chapters, including some of
the main themes: Appearances vs. Reality; Wealth, Poverty, and Morality; Justice;
and Nature vs. Nurture.
 Appearances vs. Reality
The events in Mark Twain’s "The Prince and the Pauper" revolve around the
challenges that arise when individuals attempt to discern reality solely based on
outward appearances. The two main characters, Tom Canty and Edward Tudor, bear
a striking physical resemblance despite leading vastly different lives. Tom, a
destitute beggar, finds solace in daydreams of encountering or becoming a prince.
On the other hand, Edward enjoys the privileges of royalty but longs for the
freedom to engage in carefree play with other children. Their paths cross
unexpectedly when Edward witnesses guards mistreating Tom. Taking action,
Edward brings Tom into the palace, and they impulsively exchange clothing. Clad
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in Tom’s ragged attire, Edward ventures back outside to confront the guard who
harmed Tom, only to be mistaken for a beggar and cast into the streets. Similarly,
Tom, adorned in princely garments, is deemed insane for claiming to be a beggar.
Both boys face difficulty in convincing others of their true identities—Tom
asserting his status as a beggar and Edward asserting his princely lineage—largely
due to their outward appearances. Throughout "The Prince and the Pauper," Twain
underscores the fallibility of superficial judgments and advocates for relying on
intuition and instinct over mere appearances.
Edward undergoes a dramatic transformation from a dignified prince to a beggar
simply by changing his attire. Despite the evident regal demeanor he exudes, nearly
everyone he encounters judges him based on his clothing rather than his manner of
speech, thoughts, and affirmations. Seeking refuge, Edward navigates his way to
Tom’s humble abode in Offal Court with the hope that Tom’s parents will assist him
in returning to the palace to rectify the misunderstanding between him and Tom.
However, he faces skepticism due to his attire; being dressed in Tom’s tattered
garments, no one believes his claim of being anything other than a beggar. The stark
contrast between Edward’s appearance and the reality he professes—his royal
lineage as the Prince of Wales—leads others to perceive him as delusional.
Mistaking Edward for Tom, Tom’s mother laments, “thy foolish reading hath
wrought its woful work at last, and ta’en thy wit away,” implying her belief that her
son has succumbed to delusions. Even when Edward attempts to convince Miles
Hendon, who has taken him under his wing, of his princely status, Hendon
dismisses him as insane. Hendon privately acknowledges Edward’s noble qualities
by remarking, “In his diseased ravings he called himself the Prince of Wales, and
bravely doth he keep up the character,” yet he finds it easier to believe Edward is
insane rather than accept his true identity as a prince due to his outward appearance.
When Tom dons Edward’s attire, he unmistakably assumes the role of a prince.
Despite his attempts to persuade everyone in the palace that he is, in fact, a beggar
longing to return home, his regal demeanor and speech lead no one to believe him.
As Edward hastily exits the palace, he inadvertently leaves Tom, adorned in "his
splendid clothes," behind. Clad in such fine garments and bearing a striking
resemblance to Edward, the first individuals he encounters naturally mistake him
for the Prince of Wales. Even King Henry VIII, Edward’s father, fails to discern the
truth when Tom attempts to clarify the misunderstanding. Instead, Henry asserts,
"He is mad; but he is my son, and England’s heir," indicating his preference to view
his son as insane rather than acknowledge the truth that appearances can deceive.
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Similarly, the Earl of Hertford, Edward’s uncle, senses a discrepancy in the situation
but, like Hendon, convinces himself it is merely madness: "Madness can do all the
odd conflicting things thou seest in him." Thus, Hertford chooses to place his trust
in appearances, believing that Tom is Edward solely based on his outward
resemblance, rather than relying on his instincts.
In the conclusion, Tom and Edward reunite at Westminster Abbey on the day of the
coronation, both eager to retrieve their original attire to align their appearances with
their true identities. Tom assists Edward in recalling the location where he
concealed the Great Seal, thereby confirming Edward’s identity. After
accomplishing this, Tom urges Edward, "take these regal garments back, and give
poor Tom, thy servant, his shreds and remnants again," highlighting Tom’s desire
for his appearance to reflect his true self. Edward is promptly adorned in the
elaborate coronation robe to convince the spectators of his royal status,
underscoring how most individuals can only accept reality if it conforms to their
expectations. Despite resolving the misunderstanding and the cessation of trouble,
both boys endured weeks of humiliation for being deemed insane and continue to be
affected by it, underscoring the peril of mistaking appearances for reality.
Recognizing the significance of appearances, Edward bestows upon Tom a distinct
set of clothing, signifying Tom’s esteemed position in society, stating, "note this
dress of state, for by it he shall be known, and none shall copy it." Essentially,
Edward wishes for others to judge Tom based on his appearance, as his attire now
symbolizes his importance.
The majority of characters in the book place greater trust in outward appearances
rather than in Tom or Edward's claims regarding their true identities or even their
own instincts. This not only humiliates both boys but also jeopardizes the entire
kingdom. It serves as a clear warning that relying solely on superficial judgments
can be perilous.
 Wealth, Poverty, and Morality
In Mark Twain’s "The Prince and the Pauper," there exists a profound disconnect
between the extremely affluent and the exceedingly impoverished. The wealthy
reside in opulent estates far removed from the squalor, clamor, and suffering of
London's slums, thereby placing little regard for the plight of the poor. Conversely,
England's underprivileged view royalty—particularly King Henry VIII—as morally
bankrupt, corrupt, and needlessly harsh. Some argue that King Henry VIII's
imposition of numerous restrictive laws pushed them into a life of crime by limiting
their ability to earn a livelihood through honest means, including begging.
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Essentially, the lower classes feel victimized by the upper classes, while the upper
classes regard the lower classes as inferior beings. When a destitute beggar named
Tom Canty is mistaken for King Henry VIII's son, Edward Tudor, and vice versa
when the two boys exchange clothing, each gains valuable insights into the
contrasting lifestyles and the influence of social class on an individual's morality.
Through Edward and Tom’s encounters and their subsequent actions upon
reclaiming their rightful positions in society, Twain explores the corrupting impact
of extreme wealth and destitution, and how each circumstance fosters its own moral
shortcomings.
In his role as the Prince of Wales, Edward has been indoctrinated to believe that he
is revered by every individual in England and that they are all eager to serve him.
However, upon mingling with individuals from the lower classes, he discovers that
many harbor disdain towards his family for enacting unjust laws. Clad in Tom’s
attire, Edward's assertions of his royal status are met with disbelief, granting others
the liberty to express their grievances regarding King Henry VIII and his legislation.
One man predicts that "the heavy curse of heaven [will] fall on the land that hath
commanded it," suggesting divine retribution for those responsible for England's
unjust laws. Additionally, Edward narrowly escapes an assassination attempt by a
resentful Catholic priest turned hermit, who accuses Edward’s father of inflicting
harm upon them during the Reformation, when Henry VIII established the Church
of England and persecuted English Catholics. This serves to illustrate to Edward
that his father is not universally adored, but rather perceived as a corrupt antagonist
by many. The majority of criminals Edward encounters are impoverished,
attributing their destitution largely to Henry’s laws, which compel them to resort to
theft and fraud for survival. Subsequent punishment for these crimes only fuels their
resentment towards the affluent and intensifies their desire for revenge, perpetuating
a cycle of theft and retribution.
Tom has always held royalty in high regard, believing them to be inherently
superior to all others. However, after being mistaken for Edward and thrust into the
life of a prince, Tom comes to the realization that his royal status is gradually
shaping him into someone he dislikes. Initially, Tom perceives being royal as akin
to being "shut up in [a] gilded cage." Despite possessing the wealth and authority he
had always yearned for, Tom finds himself constrained by various customs and
protocols, which he must adhere to in exchange for the deference and respect
bestowed upon him. After a few days, however, Tom begins to feel "less
uncomfortable than at first," gradually adapting to his newfound lifestyle and
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begrudgingly accepting practices that previously brought him misery. During the
coronation procession, Tom encounters his mother, who recognizes him, but he
publicly denies any association with her. Instantly, "a shame [falls] upon him which
consume[s] his pride to ashes," signifying Tom's realization that his brief tenure as a
prince has transformed him into something shameful.
In the conclusion, both Edward and Tom reclaim their identities, but they do not
revert to their previous lives unchanged. Instead, Tom utilizes the privileges of his
newfound status as the King’s Ward to benefit his family, while Edward remains
vigilant not to succumb to the corrupting influences of his elevated position,
ensuring that he does not forget the plight of the less fortunate. Edward regularly
recounts his interactions with England's lower classes "to keep its sorrowful
spectacles fresh in his memory and the springs of pity replenished in his heart."
Above all, Edward fears perpetuating the same widespread suffering as his father,
thus he endeavors to retain the lessons he has learned to shield against the
corrupting influence of a life of luxury far removed from the hardships faced by the
lower classes. When questioned by members of the nobility regarding his leniency
towards laws, Edward challenges them, asking, "What dost thou know of suffering
and oppression? I and my people know, but not thou." The emphasis on the first
"thou" underscores Edward's belief that many within the palace are disconnected
from genuine suffering. Ultimately, Tom and Edward recognize that wealth often
fosters apathy towards the suffering of others, while poverty can lead to criminality,
both of which contribute to the erosion of one's moral compass.
 Justice
One of the most poignant moments in Mark Twain’s satirical masterpiece, "The
Prince and the Pauper," occurs when Edward Tudor, the cherished only son of King
Henry VIII and the heir to the English throne, finds himself incarcerated in a
common jail, surrounded by individuals deemed immoral criminals under his
father’s laws. Initially discontent with his predicament, Edward's perspective shifts
as he listens to the tales of those around him, realizing the profound injustice
prevailing in society. Men, women, and children face severe punishment for trivial
offenses, while the privileged— the wealthy, politicians, and the like—often evade
accountability for more serious transgressions. Edward, who has always regarded
his father with admiration and affection, grapples with reconciling his view of King
Henry VIII as a wise and just ruler with the contrasting perspective of others who
depict him as unjust and villainous. Confronted with undeniable evidence of his
father’s malevolence, Edward is compelled to reassess everything he previously
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believed about King Henry's character. His experiences as a presumed beggar and
criminal within his father’s realm serve as a revelation, illuminating the inherent
injustice embedded within society, a realization that remains ingrained in Edward's
consciousness even upon his restoration to the throne. Twain suggests in "The
Prince and the Pauper" that for a ruler to embody true justice, they must personally
endure experiences of injustice.
Edward’s initial encounter with injustice unfolds when he is abducted by a group of
thieves. As he listens to their narratives, Edward realizes that many of them resorted
to a life of crime due to desperation and hopelessness induced by Henry VIII’s
stringent legislation. One of the thieves, a former farmer named Yokel, recounts
how his wife perished after being whipped for begging, as "it was a crime to be
hungry in England." This underscores the harsh reality that begging to avoid
starvation is deemed illegal, leaving individuals with no choice but to beg or face
starvation—an agonizing dilemma. The thieves recount instances where individuals
who resorted to begging were subjected to brutal punishments, including whipping,
ear amputation, and even branding for repeat offenses. These excessively violent
reprisals for a seemingly minor offense such as begging prompt Edward to realize
that the adulation he and his father receive from the masses does not equate to
universal adoration. In fact, Yokel perceives death as preferable to life in England
and expresses gratitude that his wife was spared further suffering by her demise
following the whipping: "drink to the merciful English law that delivered her from
the English hell!" Although English laws mandated Yokel’s wife to endure
whipping, her subsequent demise spared her from enduring the "hell" perpetuated
by Henry's oppressive decrees.
When Edward and his guardian, Miles Hendon, are unjustly imprisoned following
Miles' attempt to reclaim his rightful title and estate from his deceitful brother,
Edward discovers that most legal penalties far exceed the gravity of minor
transgressions. Among the fellow inmates Edward encounters in prison is a "poor
half-witted woman" (indicating she suffers from mental illness) sentenced to hang
for stealing a mere yard of cloth. Appalled by this injustice, Edward comes to the
realization that, in accordance with his revered father's laws, the woman's life holds
less value than a single yard of fabric. Edward acknowledges the existence of "laws
that have [...] shamed the English name."Essentially, Edward now perceives his
father's laws as disgraceful, tarnishing the reputation of the entire nation. This
experience marks the first instance where Edward comprehends that unjust laws
reflect poorly upon the lawmakers themselves more than those who transgress them.
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After firsthand encounters with and learning about injustice, Edward becomes
dedicated to the cause of justice. Upon reclaiming his throne, he utilizes his
newfound insights to rectify his father's injustices, both personally and nationally.
Prior to his restoration, Edward declares, "let these miscreants look well to
themselves, for there is a day coming when I will require of them a heavy reckoning
for this work." This demonstrates Edward's resolve to govern justly and avoid
repeating his father's mistakes. As a monarch, Edward holds the belief that "kings
should go to school to their own laws, at times, and so learn mercy." He advocates
for kings to experience firsthand the repercussions faced by individuals who violate
minor laws, allowing them to assess the fairness and justice of their own legislation.
Edward's immersion in the suffering of the most vulnerable and destitute members
of his realm imparts upon him a sense of compassion—a quality he wouldn't have
developed had he remained secluded within the confines of his palace. Twain
unveils the ultimate outcome of Edward's experiences in the book's closing lines:
"The reign of Edward VI was a singularly merciful one for those harsh times."
 Nature vs. Nurture
Mark Twain held a deep fascination with human nature and the factors influencing
individual development. Primarily, Twain believed that a person's surroundings—
such as their familial environment, social standing, and interpersonal relationships
—exerted greater influence on their character formation than inherent biological or
genetic factors. In his satirical novel "The Prince and the Pauper," Twain presents a
diverse array of characters, spanning from alcoholics and optimistic street urchins to
royalty and criminals. Among them, Tom Canty, a destitute beggar, and Edward
Tudor, the son of King Henry VIII, serve as evidence that genetics alone do not
dictate a person's character. Had genetics been the sole determinant, Tom, born to
impoverished and uneducated parents, would likely exhibit similar traits, while
Edward, born into a lineage synonymous with fear and power, would likely possess
traits of cold ambition. However, Edward and Tom emerge as products of their
nurturing environments, influenced by the positive aspects rather than the negative
facets of their upbringings. Tom's character reflects the kindness of his mother and
supportive neighbors, outweighing the detrimental impact of his father's abuse,
whereas Edward's demeanor is shaped by his father's affection and compassion,
countering any potential influence of his father's cruelty. Through "The Prince and
the Pauper," Twain argues that the constructive elements of one's surroundings
wield significant influence, enabling individuals to transcend the adverse effects of
their genetic predispositions and upbringing.
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Tom Canty comes from a destitute background, enduring frequent beatings from his
alcoholic father and his grandmother, Grammer Canty. Despite the harsh treatment
from some family members, Tom is spared from developing as many vices as his
father, thanks to the kindness shown to him by certain individuals. His family,
headed by his father and grandmother, holds no respectable standing in society; as
Twain describes, "John Canty was a thief, and his mother a beggar," both reveling in
cruelty. While many might assume that Tom would inherit their character traits due
to shared genes, he defies this expectation. Despite enduring abuse and neglect,
Tom's mother demonstrates compassion and selflessness by sacrificing her own
meals to feed him whatever meager scraps she can gather. Surrounded by such
adversity, Tom learns invaluable lessons in compassion, love, and fairness from his
mother. Additionally, his friendship with Father Andrew, a benevolent priest who
teaches him to read and write, further contributes to his moral development.
Through these positive influences, Tom emerges as a person of depth and wisdom,
underscoring the transformative power of benevolent figures in one's life over
negative circumstances.
As the sole heir to the English throne, Edward is pampered and indulged by
everyone around him. While this lavish treatment may have fostered some selfish
tendencies in Edward, it is his father’s genuine kindness and tenderness towards
him that ultimately shapes his core goodness. Upon the death of King Henry VIII,
many rejoice, having borne the brunt of his wrath, oppressive decrees, and unjust
rulings—such as the persecution of Catholics during the Reformation. However, for
Edward, his father’s passing is a sorrowful event because “the fearsome tyrant who
instilled terror in others had always shown kindness to him,” signifying that Edward
experienced only Henry’s benevolent side and was shielded from his darker aspects.
Nurtured by Henry’s compassion and gentleness, Edward develops a strong moral
compass and a desire to treat others with kindness. Upon witnessing Tom's
mistreatment by guards, Edward indignantly protests, “How dare you mistreat the
humblest subject of my father the king in such a manner!” This outcry reflects
Edward's belief that his father would denounce any form of mistreatment, regardless
of the person's social standing. However, he later learns that his father, too, is guilty
of mistreating people through oppressive laws that disproportionately affect
individuals like Tom from the lower echelons of society. Unlike his father, “King
Edward VI’s reign was short-lived, but he governed with integrity throughout.” This
implies that Edward, despite his brief tenure, emerges as a just and revered
monarch, with the seeds of his compassion and fairness ironically sown by a king
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known for his injustice. This is because Henry maintained a clear distinction in his
treatment of others and his treatment of Edward, subtly encouraging his son to
embody the noblest qualities and preparing him to be a superior ruler to himself.
Both Tom and Edward are raised in environments that are often perceived
negatively. Henry VIII was widely regarded as a corrupt and harsh ruler, while John
Canty was commonly seen as a deceitful and abusive figure. However, the influence
of positive elements within their lives significantly impacts both Edward and Tom.
Despite being surrounded by negativity, they both exhibit admirable traits such as
fairness, kindness, honesty, and a passion for justice.
3.2. The main characters
In Mark Twain's novel "The Prince and the Pauper," there are several important
main characters, including:
Tom Canty: A poor boy living in London, facing hardship and oppression in his
life. He encounters Edward Tudor by chance, and his life changes when they swap
places.
Edward Tudor: The Prince of England, living in the palace and enjoying a
privileged life. He lives in luxury but feels confined and desires to experience life
outside the palace.
Miles Hendon: A romantic knight who becomes Edward's protector after meeting
Tom. He helps Edward find his way back and fights for justice and human rights.
John Canty: Tom Canty's father, a poor and brutal man. He doesn't believe in his
son's abilities and frequently abuses him.
Henry VIII: The King of England, Edward Tudor's father. He represents supreme
power and plays a significant role in determining the fate of other characters.
The Duke of Somerset: A loyal friend to Edward Tudor and plays a crucial role in
restoring the prince's honor and status.
Hertford: Edward Tudor's uncle, who attempts to oppose Henry VIII and take care
of Edward when he goes missing. Additionally, there are other minor characters
such as the poet John Heywood, Mrs. Canty (Tom's mother), and other members of
the Tudor royal family and English society.
3.3. The author’s viewpoints
Mark Twain's viewpoints about "The Prince and the Pauper" can be gleaned from
various aspects of the novel itself, as well as from his other works and personal
beliefs:
Social Critique: Twain uses "The Prince and the Pauper" as a platform to critique
the rigid social hierarchy and injustices prevalent in Tudor-era England. Through
15
the characters of Tom Canty and Edward Tudor, he highlights the stark disparities
between the privileged elite and the impoverished masses, shedding light on the
harsh realities faced by the lower classes.
Satire and Humor: Twain employs satire and humor throughout the novel to mock
societal norms, human folly, and the absurdities of the ruling class. By presenting
the absurdity of basing judgments solely on appearances, he critiques the
superficiality and folly of society.
Themes of Identity and Individualism: Twain explores themes of identity and
individualism through the characters of Tom and Edward. By swapping their
identities, Twain challenges the notion that one's social status defines their worth,
emphasizing the importance of personal agency and self-discovery.
Critique of Authority: Twain's portrayal of the corrupt and abusive exercise of
power by the ruling class reflects his skepticism towards authority and institutions.
Through characters like King Henry VIII, Twain exposes the flaws and injustices
inherent in the exercise of unchecked power.
Humanity and Compassion: Despite his satirical tone, Twain also emphasizes
themes of humanity and compassion in the novel. Through Edward's experiences as
a beggar, Twain highlights the importance of empathy and understanding towards
the less fortunate, advocating for a more compassionate society.
Overall, Twain's viewpoints in "The Prince and the Pauper" reflect his broader
critiques of society, authority, and human nature, while also championing themes of
individualism, compassion, and social justice.
3.4. The author’s notable writing styles
The author's notable writing styles in "The Prince and the Pauper" include:
Detailed Description: Mark Twain often employs detailed descriptions to recreate
settings and characters in the novel. This attention to detail helps readers visualize
the environment and creates vivid imagery in their minds.
Satire and Humor: Twain is known for using satire and humor to satirize societal
norms and cultural conventions. In "The Prince and the Pauper," he uses these
elements to critique social divisions and highlight the absurdity of certain social
classes.
Emotional Depth: Although a story of transformation and adventure, "The Prince
and the Pauper" also contains emotionally poignant and profound passages,
showcasing character development and human emotions.

16
Utilization of Vernacular Language: Twain often utilizes vernacular language,
reflecting the lifestyle and speech of common people, creating authenticity and
friendliness in storytelling.
Fantasy and Adventure: "The Prince and the Pauper" is a work of fantasy and
adventure, featuring dramatic plot twists and daring escapades of the main
characters.
Philosophical Depth: Despite being an entertaining story, Twain also embeds
profound philosophical insights about society and human nature in his work.
3.5. Lessons drawn
The lessons drawn from the novel "The Prince and the Pauper" include:
Identity goes beyond appearances: The novel underscores that social status or
outward appearances do not define one's true character or worth. Both Tom Canty
and Edward Tudor experience life from each other's perspectives, highlighting the
importance of empathy and understanding beyond superficial judgments.
Existence of social injustice: Through the stark contrast between the lives of the
privileged and the impoverished, the novel reveals prevalent social injustices. It
sheds light on the disparities between different social classes and the harsh realities
faced by the less fortunate.
Importance of friendship and loyalty: The bond formed between Tom and Edward
transcends societal barriers, emphasizing the significance of genuine friendship and
loyalty in overcoming life's challenges.
Corruption and abuse of power: Mark Twain critiques the corruption and abuse of
power by the ruling class, highlighting the exploitation of those in lower social
positions. The novel serves as a reminder of the dangers of unchecked power and
the necessity of accountability.
Justice and compassion: Themes of justice and compassion are explored as
characters navigate the consequences of their actions. The novel suggests that true
justice requires compassion and understanding, rather than rigid adherence to
punitive measures.
Unreliability of appearances: "The Prince and the Pauper" underscores the danger of
judging others solely based on appearances. The characters' experiences challenge
the notion that appearances accurately reflect reality, emphasizing the importance of
looking beyond superficial impressions.
References
[1] Greenwood, Alissa. "The Prince and the Pauper Quotes." LitCharts. LitCharts
LLC, 18 Feb 2020. Web. 12 Mar 2024.
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[2] Guy Cardwell, ed. Mark Twain, Mississippi Writings (Library of
America, 1982) (ISBN 978-0-940450-07-3)
[3] Guy Cardwell, ed. Mark Twain, The Innocents Abroad & Roughing

It (Library of America, 1984) ISBN 978-0-940450-

25-7
[4] James M. Cox. Mark Twain: The Fate of Humor. Princeton University Press,

1966 (ISBN 0-8262-1428-2)

[5] Everett Emerson. Mark Twain: A Literary Life. Philadelphia: University

of Pennsylvania Press, 2000 (ISBN 0-8122-3516-9)

[6] Shelley Fisher Fishkin, ed. A Historical Guide to Mark
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[7] Susan K. Harris Lưu trữ 2012-11-06 tại Wayback
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America, 1994) (ISBN 978-0-940450-82-0)
[8] Hamlin L. Hill, ed. Mark Twain, The Gilded Age and Later

Novels (Library of America, 2002) ISBN 978-1-

931082-10-5
[9] Jason Gary Horn. Mark Twain: A Descriptive Guide to Biographical

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3630-0)
[10] William Dean Howells. My Mark Twain. Mineloa, New York:
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[11]Fred Kaplan. The Singular Mark Twain: A Biography. New York: Doubleday,

2003 (ISBN 0-385-47715-5)

[12] Justin Kaplan. Mr. Clemens and Mark Twain: A Biography. New
York: Simon and Schuster, 1966 (ISBN 0-671-74807-6)
[13] Twain, Mark (1882). The Prince and the Pauper; A
Tale for Young People of All Ages. Boston: James R.
Osgood and Company. Retrieved January 30, 2019 – via Internet Archive.

[14] Cope, Jim; Cope, Wendy. "A Teacher's Guide to the

Signet Classic Edition of Mark Twain's The
Prince and the Pauper" (PDF).
[15] Jump up to:a b Emerson, Everett (2000). Mark Twain, A
Literary Life. University of Pennsylvania Press.
p. 119. ISBN 9780812235166. the prince and the pauper theme.
[16] Rasmussen, R. Kent (1995). Mark Twain A–Z. New York Oxford: Oxford

University Press. p. 314. ISBN 0-19-511028-5.

[17] Staff (2001–2012). "The Prince and the Pauper". IBDB

Internet Broadway Database. The Broadway League. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
[18] Walt Disney's The Prince and the Pauper #01654-207 (Dell, May-July
1962).
[19] Disney's The Prince and the Pauper (Disney Comics, Nov. 1990).

[20] Johnny Bravo season 2, episode 3 (Hanna-Barbera Productions,

21 August 1999).

[21] Ebert, Roger (9 June 1983). "Trading Places Movie

Review & Film Summary (1983) | Roger
Ebert". Rogerebert.suntimes.com. Retrieved 2013-04-10.

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[22] Parrill and Robison. "The Prince and the Pauper (November 10 - December
15, 1996)". The Tudors on Film and Television. Macfarland & Company.

2013. pp 170 to 173. See also pp 5 and 7.

[23] McGown and Docherty. "The Prince and the Pauper". The Hill and Beyond:

Children's Television Drama: An Encyclopedia. British Film Institute. 2003. p

257.
[24] Hischak. "The Prince and the Pauper". American Literature on Stage and

Screen. Macfarland & Company. 2012. pp 184 and 185.

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