A

TUTORIAL REPORT ON BUSINESS DEMOGRAPHY

SUBMITTED TO

SAVITRIBAI PHULE PUNE UNIVERSITY

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR FIRST YEAR OF BACHELOR OF
BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (BBA)

SUBMITTED BY

(STUDENT’S NAME-MAHESH MANDHARE ROLL NO.44)

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

(ASST.PROF.MR.NISHANT S. CHAVAN)

THROUGH

NESS WADIA COLLEGE OF COMMERCE, PUNE.

2023-24
 DECLARATION

I, the undersigned, hereby declare that the Tutorial Report entitled

1)DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES IN LOCAL AND REGIONAL AREAS OF
INDIA 2)MIGRATION IN INDIA written and submitted by me to The
Savitribai Phule Pune University in partial fulfilment for First year of
Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) under the supervision of
(Asst.Prof.Nishant Chavan) is my original work and the conclusions
drawn therein are based on the data collected and observation made
by me.

Place: Pune MAHESH MANDHARE

Date: /10/2023 (F.Y. B.B.A [IB] 44)

Asst.Prof.Mr.Nishant S. Chavan
Supervisor’s Name Internal Exam
 INDEX
PARTICULARS Page No.

Tutorial /Project 1 Tutorial Title -DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES IN LOCAL AND

REGIONAL AREAS OF INDIA
1.1 Tutorial

1.1.1 Abstract

1.1.2 Introduction of the Organization

1.1.3 Brief explanation of the core topic/Importance of study

1.1.4 Objective/s of the study

1.1.5 Data presentation/ analysis

1.1.6 Key Findings

1.1.7 Conclusions

1.1.8 Bibliography/ Webliography

Tutorial/Project 2 Tutorial Title -MIGRATION IN INDIA

2.1 Tutorial

2.1.1 Abstract

2.1.2 Introduction of the Organization

2.1.3 Brief explanation of the core topic/Importance of study

2.1.4 Objective/s of the study

2.1.5 Data presentation/ analysis

2.1.6 Key Findings

2.1.7 Conclusions

2.1.8 Bibliography/ Webliography

DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES IN LOCAL AND REGIONAL
AREAS OF INDIA

Abstract -
demographical changes at the local and regional levels throughout the all countries have been
taking place all around the world. These changes are driven by various factors, including
urbanization, migration, and socio-economic developments. he world is going through
a phase of demographic transition towards aged populations. Adaptation strategies will
require governments, businesses and common people to make key adjustments. This may
usher in a great opportunity for India that is experiencing a demographic dividend.
A demographic dividend is a phenomenon that occurs when a country's population structure
shifts from having a high proportion of dependents (children and elderly) to having a higher
proportion of working-age adults. This change in population structure can result in economic
growth and development if the country invests in its human capital and creates conditions for
productive employment.
INTRODUCTION -

India is set to witness a sharp slowdown in population growth in the next two decades.
Although the country as a whole will enjoy the “demographic dividend” phase, some states
will start transitioning to an ageing society by the 2030s. It will surprise many readers to
learn that population in the 0-19 age bracket has already peaked due to sharp declines in total
fertility rates (TFR) across the country. The southern states, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, West
Bengal and Maharashtra now have fertility rates well below the replacement rate. TFR in
Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh are above the
replacement rate but are also experiencing significant declines. As a result, the national TFR
is expected to be below replacement level by 2021 (adjusted for the skewed gender ratio, it
may already be there). The age distribution, however, implies that India's working-age
population will grow by roughly 9.7mn per year during 2021-31 and 4.2mn per year in 2031-
41. Meanwhile, the proportion of elementary school-going children, i.e. 5-14 age group, will
witness significant declines. Contrary to popular perception, many states need to pay greater
attention to consolidating/merging schools to make them viable rather than building new
ones. At the other end of the age scale, policy makers need to prepare for ageing. This will
need investments in health care as well as a plan for increasing the retirement age in a phased
manner.

ECONOMICAL EFFECTS OF DEMOGRAPHICAL CHANGE IN INDIA

As cities develop, costs will skyrocket. This often takes the working class out of the market,
including officials and employees of the local districts. For example, Eric Hobsbawm's book
The age of revolution: 1789–1848 (published 1962 and 2005) chapter 11, stated "Urban
development in our period was a gigantic process of class segregation, which pushed the new
labouring poor into great morasses of misery outside the centres of government, business, and
the newly specialized residential areas of the bourgeoisie. The almost universal European
division into a 'good' west end and a 'poor' east end of large cities developed in this period."
This is probably caused by the south-west wind which carries coal smoke and other pollutants
down, making the western edges of towns better than the eastern ones. Understanding these
shifts in demographics is crucial for policymakers, social scientists, and economists to design
effective policies and strategies to address the challenges and harness the opportunities that
arise from them. In this article, we will delve into the demographical changes taking place in
local and regional India and analyse their implications on various aspects of society.

One of the key demographic shifts in local and regional India is urbanization. As people
increasingly migrate from rural areas to cities in search of better educational and employment
opportunities, urban areas are witnessing rapid growth. This trend has resulted in the
expansion of cities and the emergence of new urban centres. The transformation of small
towns into bustling cities has redefined not only the physical landscape but also the social
fabric of these regions. Another significant demographic change is driven by internal
migration. People from rural areas, often belonging to marginalized communities, move to
more developed regions in search of a better standard of living. This influx of people can lead
to both positive and negative consequences. On one hand, it can create a diverse and vibrant
society, fostering cultural exchange and economic growth. On the other hand, it can strain
local resources and infrastructure, leading to socio-economic disparities and challenges in
managing population density.

Furthermore, demographical changes in local and regional India are closely linked to socio-
economic developments. As the country experiences economic growth, it has witnessed
improvements in various social indicators such as literacy rates, healthcare, and income
levels. These developments play a crucial role in shaping demographic patterns. For instance,
higher education levels often result in lower fertility rates and delayed marriages, leading to
changes in population structure.

The demographic changes also impact the labour market dynamics. The shift from
agriculture-based rural economies to urban manufacturing and service sectors has significant
implications. It not only changes the occupational structure but also influences gender
dynamics in the workforce. Women are increasingly participating in the labour force,
contributing to economic growth and challenging traditional gender roles.
Another important aspect of demographical changes is the age structure of the population.
India is experiencing a demographic dividend, where a significant proportion of the
population is in the working-age group. This demographic advantage can act as a potent
driver of economic growth if harnessed properly. However, it also poses challenges in terms
of job creation, skill development, and ensuring inclusive growth.

The demographical changes in local and regional India have direct implications for various
sectors, including healthcare, education, infrastructure, and governance. For instance, the
healthcare system needs to cater to the diverse needs of a changing population, with a
particular focus on non-communicable diseases and mental health. Similarly, the education
sector needs to adapt to the changing demands of the workforce and promote inclusivity and
quality education for all.

Data analysis –

Factors affecting demography such as population growth rate, TRF (total fertility rate), aging
population are stuidied under this section. The given data is taken from the goverment
servery by this we can observe and predict the demographical change of india.

Population growth rate of india in past decades -

Population growth rate by state -
Total Fertility rate of india –
Elderly population rates in india -
Dynamics of demographic change at the global level

The international contraction pattern that is being observed today has multiple causes and it
cannot be explained without a cross-cutting analytical approach. On one side are global
dynamics such as the ageing of the baby-boomer generation and the low fertility rate (notable
examples are found in East Germany, Eastern European countries and Japan). On the other
side are localised, specific dynamics such as lifestyle/socio political changes (suburbanisation
in metropolitan regions, post-socialist transformation); economic/industrial changes
experienced by all industrialised countries (de-industrialisation) de-urbanisation, de-
corporatisation, spatial mismatches); environmental changes (environmental disasters and
climate change); and externally imposed changes for political, religious or historic reasons
(conflicts and wars, administrative changes/territorial re-classification, political changes such
as regulatory
enforcement) (Martinez-Fernandez et al, 2012; Reckien and Martinez-Fernandez, 2010;
Martinez-Fernandez and Wu, 2007; Pallagts et al., 2009).

The challenges for social inclusion of ageing populations also call for a re-evaluation of the
role of older people and a new solidarity between generations as by 2030 it is estimated that
two active people (15-65) will have to take care of one inactive person (+65) (World
Economic Forum, 2007). According to the US Census report, the population over 65 will
double to 1.3 billion by 2040, accounting for 14% of the total global population (Kinsella and
He, 2009), forcing major increases in public expenditure that could slow economic growth in
OECD countries. Thus, policies and programmes for ageing people need to be thought out
and designed with a view to future generations’ needs in order to create sustainable inter-
generational development. Innovation, and particularly social innovation, have a critical role
to play to respond to these challenges and initiatives.

Migration is a key element in this debate; indeed, without immigration, the population in
countries such as Germany would fall to 62 million by 2050 (now 82 million) and even if 220
000 immigrants arrive per year, the population will still decrease. Immigration cannot stop
population decline, only diminish it; and the story is the same for skilled labour (CEMR,
2006).

At the same time, opportunities will emerge for what is now called the “silver” sector
(business and services specifically designed/oriented for the 65 and over population) which is
not new but can expand much further both in quantity and especially in quality of
employment. Migrant skills can become more important for social inclusion, most
importantly because migrants have been occupying a large subsector of elderly care in OECD
countries at the low end and so they are already well positioned and integrated in
employment networks. This therefore will help them to play a bigger role and to increase the
quality of services and access to better jobs within the “silver” economy. Sectors of potential
rapid growth in activity and employment are building and housing, health and wellness,
tourism and leisure, and education and learning.

The cost of pension payments and fewer workers to pay for them is of course a source of
worry for public institutions. However, there are also other equally problematic factors such
as the disappearance of the financial base of entire communities. There are difficulties in
providing services to citizens, the obsolescence of local infrastructure, the increase of
criminal activity in shrinking urban areas, the invisible loss of skills and talents, and the
challenging task for the private and public sectors of creating jobs in a context of constant
decline/crisis. For some communities the solution has been to re-grow greener and smaller
(e.g., the city of Youngstown in the United States, Großräschen and Leipzig in Eastern
Germany) or promoting a total reorientation of the local economy towards low-carbon and
green tourism (e.g., El Bierzo
region in Spain; Datong in China). There are still communities that have yet to figure out
plans
(e.g., Vorkouta in the Russian Federation, Walbrzych in Poland).

The financial crisis has highlighted how the mobility of people and the ageing of the
population are major reasons for up-skilling and developing a more productive OECD labour
force. The factors are multiple and still little understood. On the one hand, we have the
mobility of people across countries and regions with some communities at the sending end
(resulting in a shrinkage of the population – notably post-resource intensive areas) while
other areas experience net gains (e.g., capital cities and regional centres). On the other hand,
we have communities and entire countries such as Germany or Japan with a low fertility rate
and a rapidly ageing population, a process that is often combined with out-migration of
young people and therefore accelerating the process of shrinkage. Some industry sectors are
also ageing at a higher speed than others and this is an added challenge for up-skilling the
workforce and designing training plans (e.g., heavy manufacturing adaptation to low-carbon
economy).

In conclusion, the demographical changes in local and regional India are transforming the
social, economic, and cultural landscape of the country. These changes, driven by
urbanization, migration, and socio-economic developments, have far-reaching implications
for various aspects of society. Understanding these shifts and addressing their associated
challenges and opportunities is crucial for policymakers and stakeholders to ensure
sustainable and inclusive development. By embracing the demographic changes, India can
capitalize on its demographic dividend and pave the way for a prosperous future.
Webiology -
1. https://www.google.com/url?
sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwi9iaO
D_JKCAxXp3TgGHSYlDroQFnoECAkQAw&url=https%3A%2F
%2Fetheses.lse.ac.uk%2F3705%2F1%2FPrenzel_regional-consequences-of-
demographic.pdf&usg=AOvVaw3J8UmXewBQcSvfmLQN62hF&opi=89978449
2. https://www.statista.com/statistics/620056/aging-population-by-gender-india/
3. https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/budget2019-20/economicsurvey/doc/vol1chapter/
echap07_vol1.pdf