- Intelligence is not just a single, unified

INTRO TO CLINICAL ability but as numerous distinct

PSYCHOLOGY abilities.
Midterms Contemporary Theories of Intelligence

INTELLECTUAL & NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL James Cattell

ASSESSMENT
- Proposed two separate intelligences
Intelligence Tests o Fluid - The ability to reason
when faced with novel
- Measure intellectual abilities problems
Achievement Tests  Examples: Learning
directions in a new city,
- In contrast to intelligence, this solving mystery crimes
measures what a person has without previous
accomplished, especially in academic experience
subjects o Crystallized - body of
- E.g., math, spelling, vocabulary knowledge accumulated
Neuropsychological Tests through life experiences
 Examples: Vocabulary,
- Focus on issues of cognitive or brain cooking recipes, solving
dysfunction math problems
- From brain injuries and illnesses
Howard Gardner
Classic Theories of Intelligence
- Multiple intelligences
Charles Spearman
John Carroll
2 Factor Theory of Intelligence (Hierarchical
Model) - Proposed the three-stratum theory of
intelligence
- Intelligence is one thing o A contemporary theory that
- “g” for general intelligence intelligence operates at three
o Represented a person’s global levels:
and overall intellectual ability  a single “g” at the top
- “s” for special intelligence  8 broad factors
o These are specific mental  more than 60 highly
abilities specific abilities
o But only play minor role in beneath these broad
intelligence factors
Louis Thurstone Wechsler Intelligence Tests
By David Wechsler in early 1900s
- Intelligence is many things
- Pioneered the Multiple Factor Analysis 3 Current Editions of Wechsler IQ Tests

1. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—

Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV)
 2. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
—Fifth Edition (WISC-V)
3. Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale
of Intelligence—Fourth Edition (WPPSI-
IV)
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Fourth
Edition (WAIS-IV)
- The current edition of a prominent
intelligence test for adults
- 16 to 90 yrs old
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Fifth
Edition (WISC-V)
- The current edition of a prominent
intelligence test for children
- 6 to 16 yrs old
Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of
Intelligence—Fourth Edition (WPPSI-IV)
- 2 to 7 yrs old
Characteristics of the Wechsler Intelligence
Tests
1. Yield a single full-scale intelligence
score
 Also yield 4 index scores: Verbal
Comprehension, Perceptual
Reasoning, Working Memory,
Processing Speed
 Also yield about a dozen
specific subtests scores
2. One-to-one and face-to-face
administration (not a group
administered test)
3. Each subtest is brief (2-10 minutes);
items increase in difficulty as the
subtest progress
4. Share a core of subtests
5. Original Wechsler test has 2 subtest
categories: verbal and performance.
6. Has a large set of normative data (2000
people)
7. Full-scale and index scores generated
by the Wechsler test are “IQ scores”
 Examinees raw scores are
compared with age-based
expectations
 Mean = 100; SD= 15
8. General approach to interpretation:
full-scale IQ score, then to the subscales
9. Strong reliability & validity
10. Used in a wide range of clinical
applications
11. Available on a digital platform
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Tests – Fifth Edition
(SB5)
- Early 1900s
- Difference from the Wechsler…
o Tests One test covers whole
lifespan (ages 2-85+)
o Subtests include extensions at
high and low end (useful for
assessing giftedness or mental
retardation)
o Different subtests and specific
factors
o Has become less commonly
used than Wechsler tests, but
still highly regarded and used
o Five Factors:
  Fluid Reasoning - The 2. Kaufman Test of Educational
ability to solve novel Achievement (KTEA)
problems 3. Wechsler Individual Achievement Test
 Knowledge - General (WIAT)
information o a comprehensive achievement
accumulated over time test for clients aged 4 to 50
via personal
experiences, including NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING
education, home, and - to measure cognitive functioning or
environment impairment of the brain and its specific
 Quantitative Reasoning components or structures
- The ability to solve
numerical problems Full Neuropsychological Batteries
 Visual-Spatial Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery
Reasoning - The ability (HRB)
to analyze visually
presented information - A relatively popular, comprehensive
and detecting visual battery of eight standardized
patterns neuropsychological tests
 Working Memory - The - For 15 yrs +
ability to hold and - Primary purpose: To identify people
transform information with brain damage and provide detailed
in short-term memory info about any damage identified

Culture Fairness Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery

- The extent to which an intelligence test is (LNNB)
based on universal rather than culture-specific
- 12 standardized neuropsychological
concepts or methods
scales
Universal Nonverbal Intelligence Test (UNIT) - emphasis on qualitative data
- slightly briefer
- 1996
- No speaking or shared understanding of NEPSY-II
language is needed
- A battery of neuropsychological tests
- All instructions are hand gestures
designed specifically for children
- All responses are manual, not verbal
- Some drawbacks Brief Neuropsychological Measures
o only for kids aged 5-17
Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test – Second
o limited psychometric data
Edition
o Not well-established
- Straightforward copying task
Achievement Tests
- Measures visuoconstructive abilities
1. Woodcock-Johnson Test of
Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test
Achievement (WJ- ACH)
 - Brief pencil-and-paper drawing task but
unlike Bender Gestalt, involves just a
single, complex geometric figure
PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT & BEHAVIORAL
ASSESSMENT
Multimethod Assessment
It is best to use multiple methods
o Tests
o Interviews
o Observations
o Other sources
Evidence-Based Assessment
- “what works” empirically
- Have strong psychometrics:
o Reliability
o Validity
o Utility
Overpathologizing
- Viewing as abnormal that which is
culturally normal
- For example: Indian wives tend to be
submissive to their husbands because it
is part of their culture that women stay
at home, even have to wait for men to
finish eating before them. To some, it
may look like overdependency.
Objective Personality Tests
- unambiguous test items, offer clients a
limited range of responses, and are
objectively scored
- true/false
- multiple-choice
- paper-and-pen
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 2
(MMPI-2)
- By Starke Hathaway & J.C. McKinley
- To measure psychopathology
- True/false format
Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI)
- Leslie Morey, 1991
- Four responses: totally false, slightly
true, mainly true, very true
- For clients 18-89 years old
Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory
(MCMI-IV)
- Theodore Millon
- True/False
- Emphasizes personality disorders
NEO Personality Inventory – 3 (NEO-PI-3)
- Paul Costa & Robert McCrae
- Measures “normal” personality, not
pathologies
- Based on 5 factor model of personality
Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II)
- Aaron Beck
- Focus only on depression, anxiety, and
eating disorders
Projective Personality Tests
- resented with unstructured, ambiguous
stimuli
- Comes from the assumption: People
will project their personalities to the
presented ambiguous stimuli
Rorschach Inkblot Method
- Herman Rorschach
- Scoring emphasizes how the client
perceives the blot as well as what the
client sees
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
- Henry Murray & Christiana Morgan
- Client tells a story from the scenario
shown in the cards
Sentence Completion Tests
 - Most widely used: Rotter Incomplete - Client's “resist” certain topics in therapy
Sentence Blank (RSIB) because they touch on certain
- unconscious feelings or thought

Behavioral Assessment Defense Mechanisms

- Assumption: client behaviors are not - an attempt to handle conflict between

signs of underlying issues or problems; id and superego
instead, those behaviors are the o Repression
problems. o Projection
o Reaction Formation
COURSES OF CLINICAL INTERVENTION
o Displacement
1. Initial Contact o Sublimation
2. Assessment
Transference
3. Goals of Treatment
4. Implementing Treatment - Client forms a relationship with
5. Termination, Evaluation, & Follow-Up therapist in which client unconsciously
and unrealistically expects therapist to
Stages of Change (Prochaska et al., 2002)
behave like important people from the
 Precontemplation client’s past
 Contemplation - Example: The client starts treating
 Preparation his/her therapist as his/her mother,
 Action expressing hostility and anger towards
 Maintenance her
 Termination
Psychosexual Stages: Clinical Implications
PSYCHOTHERAPY: THE PSYCHODYNAMIC Stage Age Key If too If too little..
PERSPECTIVE Range Issue much..
Oral 0-1.5 Depen Naïve, Distrustful,
Main Goal: Stage yrs old dency/ overly pessimistic,
- Make the unconscious conscious Trust trusting overly
suspicious
Techniques in Psychotherapy
Anal 1.5-3 Control “Control Disorganized,
Free Association Stage yrs old freaks”, “slobs”
obsessive
- Clients simply say whatever comes into Phallic 3-6 Self- Arrogant, Insecure,
mind without any self-censorship or Stage yrs old worth/ egotistical self-doubting
self-editing View of
Self
Freudian Slips

- Verbal or behavioral “mistakes” reveal

unconscious wishes, underlying Contemporary Forms of Psychodynamic
intentions Psychotherapy
Resistance Ego psychology
 - Emphasizes social relationships over
psychosexual stages
- Erik Erikson

Object Relations

- Emphasizes relationships between

internalized “objects” (impt. people in
client’s life)
- Melanie Klein,Otto Kernberg, Ronald
Fairbarn

Self-Psychology

- Emphasizes parental roles in the

development of the self, with special
attention to narcissism
- Hanz Kohut

Most Recent Forms of Psychodynamic Therapy

- Brief Psychodynamic Psychotherapies

- Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)
- Time-Limited Dynamic Psychotherapy
(TLDP)