H]OQOMHMF EHN@^H]@^OHE >.

8
―KH^HK]F^Ä[]OKH[
―KH^HK]F^Ä[]OKH[ M@ [@D—

L@DF3 Nfhtroz Khrvhej` N`ukoljh

MO[KOYEOLH3 Aäsokh f Xuädokh H
89/98/>9>9

8
ÄLMOKF

 Oltr`muçë`
 Yr`kfmodflt` Fxpfrodflthe
` Dhtfrohe
` Dït`m`s
` ^fsuethm`s
 K`lkeusë`
 Hlfx`s
 Noneo`grhaoh/Wfngrhaoh

>
OL]^@MVÇË@
Fstf rfehtûro` ï nhsfhm` ludh htovomhmf ehn`rht`rohe fd quf `s prolkophos `ncftov`s a`rhd
dfmor pfrä`m`s f khekuehr arfquãlkohs mf solhos s`l`r`s, omfltoaokhlm` thdnïd `s eodotfs mf
humoçë` l` fspftr` s`l`r`.

Vd solhe s`l`r` l` hr rfsueth mh vonrhçë` mhs phrtäkuehs m` dfo`, fd v`eth mh a`ltf fdoss`rh
m` s`d. @ s`d lfkfssoth mf ud dfo` aäsok` (sûeom`, eäquom` `u ghs`s`) phrh sf pr`phghr, udh
vfz quf, l` vhzo`, lë` fxostfd phrtäkuehs quf trhlsdothd hs vonrhçöfs, pfe` quf ï udh `lmh
dfkîlokh. Ï thdnïd udh `lmh e`lgotumolhe, `u sfch, h vonrhçë` mhs phrtäkuehs mè-sf lh morfçë`
`lmh.
mf pr`phghçë` mh `lmh.
Xuhlm` udh a`ltf s`l`rh pr`muz udh vonrhçë`, fsth ï trhlsdotomh, p`r kj`quf, és phrtäkuehs
dhos prûxodhs. Fsths phrtäkuehs, p`r suh vfz, trhlsdotfd fssf d`vodflt` vonrhtûro` és phrtäkuehs
vozoljhs f hssod sukfssovhdfltf. @ s`d pr`phgh-sf fd t`mhs hs morfçöfs.

Fsths vonrhçöfs gfrhd sukfssovhs z`lhs mf dho`r mflsomhmf, hs z`lhs mf k`dprfssë` ‛ z`lhs
mf heth prfssë` ‛ f, mf dfl`r mflsomhmf, hs z`lhs mf rhrfahçë` ‛ z`lhs mf nhoxh prfssë` (aogurh
(aogurh
8).

Aogurh 8 ‛ Yr`phghçë` m` s`d l` hr m` fdoss`r h` rfkft`r f rfprfsflthçë` grèaokh mh `lmh

s`l`rh.

Hs z`lhs mf k`dprfssë` së` rfprfsflthmhs vosuhedfltf p`r udh krosth mf `lmh f udh z`lh mf
rhrfahçë` p`r ud vhef mfssh dfsdh `lmh.

@s s`ls thlt` p`mfd sfr pur`s, thdnïd mfsoglhm`s mf sodpefs `u jhrdûlok`s, k`d`
k`dpefx`s..
k`dpefx`s

Vd s`d pur`, k`d` ` fdotom` p`r ud

mohphsë`, tfd udh arfquãlkoh nfd mfaolomh,
pfe` quf h `lmh jhrdûlokh ï udh aulçë`
solus`omhe (Aogurh
(Aogurh >).
>).

‛
Aogurh > ^fprfsflthçë` mh `lmh jhrdûlokh.

;
 Vd s`d k`dpefx`, k`d` ` s`d fdotom` p`r ud dhrtfe` `u htï h l`ssh v`z, rfsueth mh
k`dnolhçë` mf s`ls pur`s. Lë` ï udh `lmh solus`omhe k`d arfquãlkoh nfd mfaolomh (Aogurh
( Aogurh ;).
;).

Aogurh ; ‛ [olhe k`dpefx`.

K`d` quhequfr `lmh, ` s`d trhlsp`rth flfrgoh quf mfpflmf mh hdpeotumf f mh arfquãlkoh mh
a`ltf s`l`rh.

@s s`ls mostolgufd-sf htrhvïs mf trãs htronut`s

htronut`s33 oltflsomhmf2 heturh2 todnrf f rfehko`lhlm`-sf
k`d hs khrhktfrästokhs hdpeotumf, arfquãlkoh f a`rdh mh `lmh, rfspftovhdfltf.

H]^ONV]@[/KH^HK]F^Ä[]OKH[ M@ [@D

OL]FL[OMHMF

H oltflsomhmf k`rrfsp`lmf é flfrgoh trhlsafromh pfeh `lmh s`l`rh, p`r ulomhmf mf tfdp` f mf
èrfh pfrpflmokuehrdfltf é morfçë` mf pr`phghçë` mh `lmh s`l`rh.

Yfrdotf mostolguor ud s`d a`rtf mf ud s`d arhk`.

arhk`.

H oltflsomhmf mf udh `lmh s`l`rh mfpflmf mh hdpeotumf mfssh `lmh. Vd s`d k`d udh dho`r
hdpeotumf ï ud s`d a`rtf, k`d dho`r oltflsomhmf, flquhlt` quf ud s`d k`d udh pfquflh
hdpeotumf ï ud s`d arhk`, k`d dfl`r oltflsomhmf.

@s s`ls a`rtfs trhlsp`rthd udh dho`r quhltomhmf mf flfrgoh quf `s arhk`s f, p`r oss`, `uvfd-
sf h grhlmf mostîlkoh mh a`ltf s`l`rh.

Fd sudh, h oltflsomhmf mf ud s`d mfpflmf hpflhs mh hdpeotumf mf prfssë` mh `lmh s`l`rh

f lë` mh suh arfquãlkoh. Hssod, sf k`dphrhrd`s m`os s`ls k`d hdpeotumfs mf prfssë`
moafrfltfs, lud mhm` p`lt` m` dfo`3

 é `lmh s`l`rh mf dho`r hdpeotumf k`rrfsp`lmf ud s`d dhos oltfls`, e`g`, dhos
a`rtf (Aogurh
(Aogurh =)2
=)2
 é `lmh s`l`rh mf dfl`r hdpeotumf k`rrfsp`lmf ud s`d dfl`s oltfls`, e`g`, dhos
arhk` (Aogurh
(Aogurh 6).
6).

Aogurh = Aogurh 6

moafrfltfs.
Aogurh = f 6 ‛ [olhos k`d hdpeotumfs moafrfltfs.

=
HE]V^H
H heturh mf ud s`d mfpflmf mh arfquãlkoh mh `lmh s`l`rh.
Fsth pfrdotf mostolguor s`ls het`s `u hgum`s mf s`ls nhox`s `u grhvfs.
grhvfs.
Xuhlt` dho`r a`r h arfquãlkoh mh `lmh s`l`rh, dhos hgum` ï ` s`d (Aogurh
( Aogurh 1)2
1)2 quhlt` dfl`s
a`r h arfquãlkoh mh `lmh s`l`rh, dhos grhvf ï ` s`d (Aogurh
( Aogurh 7).
7).
Aogurh 7
Aogurh 1

Aogurh 1 f 7 ‛ [olhos k`d arfquãlkohs moafrfltfs.

@ fspftr` s`l`r` (Aogurh

(Aogurh :)
:) fstè rfehko`lhm` k`d hs arfquãlkohs s`l`rhs f k`ltfdpeh lë` sû
`s s`ls h`s quhos ` `uvom`
` uvom` judhl` ï sflsävfe, `s s`ls humävfos,
humävfos, dhs thdnïd `s olarhss`ls f `s
uetrhss`ls..
uetrhss`ls

Aogurh : ‛ Fspftr` s`l`r`

]ODN^F

Ï fsth pr`profmhmf m` s`d quf l`s pfrdotf mostolguor udh a`ltf s`l`rh mf `utrh, hpfshr mf
fsthrfd h pr`muzor s`ls k`d h dfsdh arfquãlkoh f oltflsomhmf.

@ todnrf mf udh a`ltf s`l`rh ï rfprfsflthm` p`r udh `lmh k`dpefxh, quf ï h s`dh `u

s`nrfp`soçë` mf vèro`s s`ls pur`s, `u sfch, vèro`s s`ls jhrdûlok`s.

6
 Khmh a`ltf s`l`rh pr`muz udh `lmh s`l`rh k`dpefxh moafrfltf (h pr`muzomh p`r ud vo`eol` ï
moafrfltf mh pr`muzomh p`r udh aehuth).

Lfsth htovomhmf fxpfrodflthe fstumhrhd-sf solhos feïtrok`s quf sf vosuheozhd-sf lud

`skoe`skûpo`.
Htrhvïs mf solhos pr`muzom`s pfe` gfrhm`r mf solhos, mohphsë` `u v`z a`o p`ssävfe
olvfstoghr khrhktfrästokhs k`d` pfrä`m` ( ]) f oltflsomhmf, dfmoçöfs morfths, h phrtor m`
solhe hprfsflthm` l` fkrë m` `skoe`skûpo` f arfquãlkoh (a), khekuehmh h phrtor mh

fxprfssë`  4 .f vfr h a`rdh mh `lmh, khrhktfrästokh rfehko`lhmh k`d ` todnrf.

Y^@KFMODFL]@ FZYF^ODFL]HE

DH]F^OHE

 @skoe`skûpo`
 Khn`s mf eoghçë`
 Gfrhm`r mf solhos
 Hetoahehltf

DÏ]@M@[

8ª YH^]F- @nsfrvhçë` mf solhos s`l`r`s mf movfrshs arfquãlkohs l` `skoe`skûpo`, h phrtor mf

ud gfrhm`r mf solhos

8. Eog`u-sf ` gfrhm`r mf solhos h` `skoe`skûpo`, htrhvïs mf ud khn` mf eoghçë`, mf hk`rm`

k`d h sfguoltf odhgfd3

>. Mf sfguomh, eog`u-sf, thdnïd htrhvïs mf ud khn` mf eoghçë`, ud hetoahehltf h` gfrhm`r

mf solhos2

;. Hcust`u-sf `s n`töfs mh nhsf mf tfdp` phrh 9,> ds/movosë`2

1
 =. Fskut`u-sf ` s`d pr`muzom` l` hetoahehltf f `nsfrv`u-sf ` solhe k`rrfsp`lmfltf l`
`skoe`skûpo`2

6. ^fgost`u-sf ` pfrä`m` f h rfspftovh olkfrtfzh hns`euth mf efoturh2

1. Hetfr`u-sf, l` gfrhm`r mf solhos, h arfquãlkoh m` solhe s`l`r` f v`et`u-sf h rfgosthr `s

l`v`s mhm`s.

>ª YH^]F- Eodotfs mf humoçë` l` fspftr`

fs pftr` s`l`r`
8. Holmh k`d ` dfsd` fsqufdh mf d`lthgfd mh 8ª phrtf, vhro`u-sf h arfquãlkoh m`
gfrhm`r m` vhe`r dälod` h` vhe`r dèxod`2

>. ^fgost`u-sf ` dfl`r f ` dho`r vhe`r mf arfquãlkoh quf sf k`lsfguou `uvor.

^F[VE]HM@[

Olkfrtfzh mf efoturh

K`d` 8 movosë` fquovhef h 9,> ds f fsth fstè movomomh fd 6 phrtfs, shnfd`s quf h dfl`r
movosë` mh fskheh k`rrfsp`lmf h 9,9= ds ( 9,>÷649,9= ).


  4  ë   4 , 49,9> ds
 
Yfrä`m`

K`d` vfd`s l` `skoe`skûpo`, ` pfrä`m`, ], mh

] `lmh k`rrfsp`lmf h` fsphç` `kuphm` p`r
muhs movosöfs, sflm` quf khmh udh mfehs
fquovhef h 9,> ds pfe` quf fstf p`mf sfr
khekuehm` htrhvïs mh fxprfssë`3

 4 9,> × > 4 9,= ds

 4 9,=9¸9,9>
9,=9¸9,9>ds
L`th3 Mh hlèeosf m` solhe hprfsflthm` l` fkrë m` `skoe`skûpo`, aogurh hltfro`r, a`o moaäkoe
L`th3
`nsfrvhr-sf, sfd rfheozhr udh fstodhtovh mf efoturh, ` pfrä`m` mf udh `skoehçë` k`dpefth. Ï
p`ssävfe dolodozhr ` frr` hcusthlm` ` solhe htrhvïs m` k`duthm`r p`soçë` (j`roz`lthe) f faftuhr
h efoturh m` tfdp` mf vèrohs `skoehçöfs, mf hk`rm` k`d h efoturh dhos ahkoeothmh, quf mfp`os mf
movomom` pfe`s lódfr` mf `skoehçöfs olmokhrè ` pfrä`m` m` solhe.

7
Arfquãlkoh

K`d` vfd`s l` `skoe`skûpo`, ` pfrä`m`, ], mh

`lmh k`rrfsp`lmf h` fsphç` `kuphm` p`r
muhs movosöfs, sflm` quf khmh udh mfehs
fquovhef h 9,> ds pfe` quf fstf p`mf sfr
khekuehm` htrhvïs mh fxprfssë`3

 4 9,> × > 4 9,=9 ddss

]49,=9×89∞ s 4=,9× 89∞ s
H arfquãlkoh ï khekuehmh pfeh fxprfssë`3

 4 8 4 =,9×89
8 4>,6×89 Jz
∞

Eodotfs mf humonoeomhmf

Qhrohlm` hs arfquãlkohs pr`muzomhs pfe` gfrhm`r mf solhos, k`dfçhlm` fd >9 Jz, mfp`os m`
solhe feïtrok` tfr som` k`lvfrtom` fd solhe s`l`r` htrhvïs m` hetoahehltf f tfrdolhlm` ludh
arfquãlkoh mf >9 999 Jz, `s s`ls humävfos vhrohrhd mf hk`rm` k`d ` rfkft`r. @s s`ls humävfos
p`r dod a`rhd3

 ä  4 >9 

4 >9 999 
è 

K@LKEV[Ë@

A`o p`ssävfe k`lkeuor quf3

- h oltflsomhmf m` s`d rfehko`lh-sf k`d h hdpeotumf m` solhe. Xuhlm` a`o pr`muzom` ud solhe
dhos oltfls`, dhltflm` h nhsf mf tfdp` k`lsthltf phrh quf h arfquãlkoh lë` hetfrhssf, ` solhe
pr`muzom` l` fkrë m` `skoe`skûpo` hprfsflthvh udh hdpeotumf dho`r f sf h oltflsomhmf a`ssf
dfl`r h hdpeotumf sfroh dfl`r2

- h heturh m` s`d rfehko`lh-sf k`d h arfquãlkoh m` solhe. @s s`ls dhos hgum`s hprfsflthd udh
arfquãlkoh dho`r f `s grhvfs
gr hvfs udh arfquãlkoh dfl`r2
- `s s`ls humävfos pfe`s sfrfs judhl`s mfpflmfd m` rfkft`r. Y`r fxfdpe` ud om`s` tfd
pfrkfçë` mf udh ghdh dfl`r mf arfquãlkohs, hahsthlm`-sf sogloaokhtovhdfltf m`s eodotfs
dälod` f dèxod` mf arfquãlkohs humävfos. @s c`vfls hprfsflthd thdnïd pr`nefdhs mfvom` és
efsöfs pr`v`khmhs pfeh humoçë` mf dósokh k`d pj`lfs quf fdotfd s`ls mf fefvhmh
oltflsomhmf.

- `s s`ls pr`muzom`s pfe` gfrhm`r mf solhos `u mohphsë` së` jhrdûlok`s f p`r oss` ï p`ssävfe
mftfrdolhr ` pfrä`m`, p`r efoturh morfth l` `skoe`skûpo` f khekuehr h arfquãlkoh, htrhvïs mh
rfehçë`  4 .

:
HLFZ@ 8- XVF[]ÖF[ Y^Ï-EHN@^H]@^OHO[
Yègolh =>-=; m` Khmfrl` mf Ehn`rhtûro`

8. Lfstf trhnhej` p`mf sfr ushm` ` `skoe`skûpo` phrh faftuhr movfrshs dfmoçöfs,
pr`kurhlm` torhr phrtom` m`s sfus moafrfltfs d`m`s mf `pfrhçë` f aulko`lheomhmfs.
Yhrh sf ahdoeohrozhr k`d ` `skoe`skûpo`,
`sk oe`skûpo`, p`mf k`dfçhr p`r eogè-e` h ud gfrhm`r mf
solhos.

8.8. K`lsomfrf quf, ludh prodforh phrtf, h nhsf mf tfdp` ï hcusthmh phrh 9,8
ds/mov.

8.8.8. Yhrtolm` mh odhgfd quf rfprfsflth ` vos`r m` `skoe`skûpo`, olmoquf quhe ï h

olkfrtfzh hns`euth mf efoturh hss`kohmh és dfmoçöfs.
F]HYH H ‛ Kèekue` mh dfl`r movosë` mh fskheh, shnflm` quf 8 movosë` sf movomf fd 6 f
fquovhef h 9,8 ds/mov.
 
 ë  4 9,86 4 9,9>
ë   9> 
F]HYH N - H olkfrtfzh hns`euth mf efoturh hss`kohmh és dfmoçöfs p`mf khekuehr-sf
htrhvïs mh fxprfssë`3 

   4 ¸  ë  
  

 
 

   4 ¸ 9,9> 4 ¸9
 ¸9,9,988 ds
ds
>
8.8.>. Hprfsfltf ` pfrä`m` m` solhe, fd ulomhmfs [O, fd aulçë` m` vhe`r eom` f mh
olkfrtfzh rfehtovh mh dfmoçë`.
F]HYH H3 Kèekue` m` pfrä`m`, shnflm`, htrhvïs m` `skoe`skûpo`, quf fstf fquovhef h =
movosöfs.
49,8×=49,=49,=×89∞
F]HYH N3 Kèekue` mh olkfrtfzh rfehtovh mh dfmoçë`, shnflm` quf3

  4 
   ×8994 , ×8994>,6%
  ,
F]HYH K3 Hprfsflthçë` m` pfrä`m` m` solhe fd aulçë` m` vhe`r eom` f mh olkfrtfzh
rfehtovh mh dfmoçë`.

49,=×89∞  ¸ >,6%
8.>. K`lsomfrf quf sf prftflmf fsk`ejfr l` gfrhm`r mf solhos udh arfquãlkoh k`d
kfrkh mf >,9 bJz.
8.>.8. . K`d` mfvf hcusthr h nhsf mf tfdp` mf d`m` h vosuheozhr udh aogurh fstèvfe
k`d ; koke`s k`dpeft`s0
F]HYH H3 Kèekue` m` pfrä`m`, shnflm` quf 4 >,9  4 >,9 × 89 f quf  4 
8 46,9×89∞
 4 >,9×89
F]HYH N3 Kèekue` m` oltfrvhe` mf tfdp` k`rrfsp`lmfltf h ; koke`s k`dpeft`s.
∁4;×4;×6,9×89∞ 48,6×89∞
F]HYH K3 Kèekue` mh nhsf mf tfdp` hmfquhmh phrh quf k`lsoghd`s vosuheozhr udh
aogurh k`d trãs koke`s k`dpeft`s, shnflm` quf ; koke`s fquovhefd h 89 movosöfs

8 
ë ∁ 4 8,6×89
ë 4 89 89
∞ 49,86×89∞ 4 9,86 

?
 8.>.>. [f aozfr vhrohr h oltflsomhmf m` solhe l` gfrhm`r mf solhos ` quf hk`ltfkf é
hdpeotumf m` solhe quf sf vã l` `skoe`skûpo`0
Hudflthlm` h oltflsomhmf m` solhe l` gfrhm`r mf solhos, h hdpeotumf mh `lmh
thdnïd hudflth, sflm` khmh vfz dho`r.

8.>.;. H` eoghr fd soduetîlf` ud gfrhm`r mf solhos f ud hetoahehltf, quhe h rfehçë`

8.>.;.
fltrf h oltflsomhmf m` solhe pr`muzom` pfe` gfrhm`r f h oltflsomhmf m` s`d quf ï
`uvom`0
Xuhlt` dhos oltfls` ï ` solhe pr`muzom` pfe` gfrhm`r mf solhos dho`r ï h oltflsomhmf
m` s`d `uvom`.

;. Mf fltrf `s solhos rfprfsflthm`s, rfsuethltfs mh k`lvfrsë` mf solhos s`l`r`s fd

solhos feïtrok`s, fsk`ejh ` quf rfprfsflth3

(H) ud s`d pur`2

(N) ud s`d k`dpefx`2

(K) ` s`d mf dfl`r oltflsomhmf2

(M) h `lmh k`d dfl`r k`dprodflt` mf `lmh2

(F) ` s`d dhos het`.

H- 8,> /N-; /K-> /M-8 /F-8

89
HLFZ@ >- XVF[]ÖF[ YÛ[-EHN@^H]@^OHO[

Yègolh =6-=1 m` Khmfrl` mf Ehn`rhtûro`

8. Eoguf ud dokr`a`lf h ud `skoe`skûpo`. Vtoeozhlm` ud dhrtfe` phrh pfrkutor ud

mohphsë`, pr`muzh ud s`d pur` f vosuheozf hs khrhktfrästokhs m` solhe feïtrok`
k`rrfsp`lmfltf l` `skoe`skûpo`. Yr`muzh, k`d ` dfsd` mohphsë`, solhos dhosdh os `u
dfl`s oltfls`s f vosuheozf h suh a`rdh. @ quf `nsfrvh0
Fsth htovomhmf ï sfdfejhltf é quf sf afz k`d ` gfrhm`r mf solhos.
Flquhlt` l` gfrhm`r mf solhos ï fdotom` ud solhe feïtrok`, l` mohphsë` fdotf-sf
ud solhe s`l`r`, s`d pur` (arfquãlkoh
( arfquãlkoh nfd mfaolomh) quf ï k`lvfrtom`, pfe`
dokr`a`lf, lud solhe feïtrok` khpthm` pfe` `skoe`skûpo`. @ nhtodflt` k`d `
dhrtfe` l` mohphsë` pfrdotf k`ltr`ehr h oltflsomhmf m` s`d fdotom`, dhltflm` h
arfquãlkoh nfd mfaolomh.

>. @nsfrvf h sfguoltf odhgfd quf rfprfsflth muhs `lmhs `nsfrvhmhs l`

`skoe`skûpo`, fd quf h nhsf mf tfdp` a`o rfguehmh phrh 6 ds/mov f h fskheh
vfrtokhe phrh 6 Q/mov.

>.8. Olmoquf h `lmh quf rfprfsflth ` s`d dhos oltfls`.

H `lmh quf rfprfsflth ` s`d dhos oltfls` ï h @lmh H, udh vfz quf hprfsflth
udh dho`r hdpeotumf.

>.>. Mftfrdolf h arfquãlkoh mf khmh udh mhs `lmhs s`l`rhs.

F]HYH H3 Kèekue` m` pfrä`m` mf khmh udh mhs `lmhs, shnflm` quf ` pfrä`m` mh
`lmh H fquovhef h = movosöfs f ` pfrä`m` mh @lmh N fquovhef h >,6 movosöfs.
 4 6 × ³  ö 4 6 × = 4 >9  4 >9 × 89∞∞
 4 6 × ³  ö 4 6 × >,6 4 8>,6  4 8>,6 × 89  
F]HYH N3 Kèekue` mh arfquãlkoh mf khmh udh mhs `lmhs, shnflm` quf  4

8
 4 >9×89∞ 4 69 
8 4 :9 
 4 8>,6×89 ∞

>.;. Olmoquf h `lmh quf rfprfsflth ` s`d dhos grhvf.

@ s`d dhos grhvf ï rfprfsflthm` pfeh `lmh H, p`rquf h suh arfquãlkoh ï dfl`r.

>.=. Mftfrdolf h hdpeotumf mh tflsë` mf khmh ud m`s solhos feïtrok`s khpthm`s pfe`
`skoe`skûpo`.
F]HYH H3 Kèekue` mh hdpeotumf mf hdnhs hs `lmhs, shnflm` quf 46×
³  ö
 46×>,9489
 46×9,64>,6
>.6. Fskrfvh hs fxprfssöfs quf trhmuzfd h rfehçë` fltrf h tflsë`, V, f ` tfdp`, t,
phrh khmh ud m`s solhos feïtrok`s rfprfsflthm`s.
F]HYH H3 Kèekue` mhs arfquãlkohs hlguehrfs mf khmh udh mhs `lmhs, shnflm` quf

4>.  4 > × 69 4 899  ∞

88
  4 > × :9 4 819  ∞
F]HYH N3 Hprfsflthçë` mhs fxprfssöfs.
 489 (899+ ;> ) )
  4 >,6 
819
819
;. K`dpeftf hs sfguoltfs arhsfs mf a`rdh h t`rlè-ehs kofltoaokhdfltf k`rrfths.
(H) Vdh `lmh s`l`rh l` hr ï udh `lmh e`lgotumolhe.
(N) H heturh m` s`d fstè rfehko`lhmh k`d h arfquãlkoh mh `lmh s`l`rh.
(K) H oltflsomhmf m` s`d mfpflmf mh hdpeotumf mf prfssë` mh `lmh s`l`rh.
(M) @ pfrä`m` ï ` tfdp` mf udh vonrhçë` k`dpefth.
(F) @ lódfr` mf vonrhçöfs k`dpefths p`r sfgulm` ï h arfquãlkoh.
(A) H hdpeotumf ï ` hahsthdflt`
h ahsthdflt` dèxod` rfehtovhdfltf é p`soçë` mf fquoeänro`.

8>
HLFZ@ >- HYEOXVF @ XVF HY^FLMFV
Yègolh =7-=: ‛ Khmfrl` mf Ehn`rhtûro`

8. M

>. (H) ‛ dokr`a`lf/feïtrok`2 (N) ‛ hetoahehltf/feïtrok`2 (K) ‛ `skoe`skûpo`/dfmor2 (M) ‛ gfrhm`r/

solhos/ hdpeotumf/ arfquãlkoh/ pfrä`m`

;.

;.8. F]HYH H3 Kèekue` m` vhe`r m` pfrä`m`, shnflm` quf fstf k`rrfsp`lmf h = movosöfs f quf
khmh movosë` fquovhef h 9,89 ds.

 4 = × 9,89 4 9,=9 
F]HYH N3 Kèekue` m` vhe`r mh olkfrtfzh hns`euth.

 ë   9,89



 

 4 ¸ 4 ¸ 6 4¸9,98
> >
F]HYH K3 Hprfsflthçë` m` rfsuethm` aolhe.

 4 9,=9¸9,98
9,=9¸9,98
;.>.. K
;.>

;.;
;.;.. F]HYHeom`
mh tflsë` H3 Kèekue` mh tflsë`
l` v`etädftr` a`r dèxodh
mf ;,6Q. m` solhe dfmomh k`d ` `skoe`skûpo`, quhlm` ` vhe`r

 4 è
∓> ⇝ è 4  × ∓> ⇝ è 4;,6× ∓> ⇝ è 4=,?6
=.

=.8. F]HYH H3 Kèekue` m` pfrä`m`.

47,6×9,>×89∞ 48,6×89∞
F]HYH N3 Kèekue` mh arfquãlkoh m` solhe H.

 4 8 4 8,6×89
8 41,7×89
∞
=.>.. M
=.>

=.;.F]HYH
=.;. F]HYH H3 Kèekue` m` pfrä`m` m` solhe A.

46×69×89∞ 4>,6×89∞
=.=. Yhrh `s solhos F f A, h nhsf mf tfdp` k`rrfsp`lmf h 69 . Hssod, h dfl`r movosë` mh
fskheh sfrè3

 
ë  4 696 489
ë  


 
  4 ¸ 89> 4¸6
  

8;
Fd rfehçë` é hdpeotumf m` solhe feïtrok`, h olkfrtfzh sfrè3

 Yhrh h `lmh F3
 
 
  

 4 ¸9,9>
¸9,9>
 Yhrh h `lmh A3

 
  
 4 ¸>
6. H

8=
 WFNG^HAOH/NONEO@G^HAOH
 jttp3//www.aq.pt/s`d/pr`phghkh`-m`-s`d
 DHKOFE, L`ïdoh ft he. Fu f h Aäsokh 88. Y`rt`3 Y`rt` Fmot`rh, >98?
 H^OFO^@, Dhroh Feosh ft he. Yrfphrhçë` phrh ` Fxhdf Aolhe Lhko`lhe Aäsokh f Xuädokh H
88³hl` >9>9. Y`rt`3 Y`rm` Fmot`rh, >98?

86