CHEMISTRY IGCSE REVISION

How to add salt to an acid in a basic Acid Insoluble Base reaction?

1. Spatula

Why is heat not required sometimes in an Acid+Insoluble Base reaction?

1. Reaction is fast enough at room temperature

Define ‘in excess’

• unreacted
• still solid
• insoluble

How to form crystals from an aqueous solution of a salt?

• filter out unreactant excess

• heat or evaporate till saturated
• to crystallisation point or until saturation point to conduct the
glass rod test

Errors in titration process

1. using a measuring cylinder to measure solution

2. only carrying out the experiments once
3. going past the end-point

How to avoid errors

1. repeat the experiment

2. improvement linked to going past the end-point – be vigilant
and register changes in solution
 3. change in apparatus or method
1. e.g., use a pipette / burette
2. use insulation / lid
3. as more accurate / precise, than a measuring cylinder.
4. Reduce heat losses – polystyrene cup

Describe a flame test

• blue /roaring/ hot flame

• use of a splint /wire to introduce the solid into the flame
• use of (concentrated) hydrochloric acid to wash the wire initially

Why is it necessary to gently heat the solid in tube at first?

1. solid spits out of the tube / the tube might crack

Define Solubility

1. This is the maximum amount of solute a solvent can

hold/dissolve at a given temperature.

Obtaining pure water from a mixture:

• Heat/boil mixture
• condense the vapor

Obtaining sand from a mixture:

•filter/decant after dissolving soluble substance into water

• Clean with water
• dry
Colour of salts in solid form:
What is the purpose of the water above?

• Condense the vapours

 • from gaseous to liquid state

Why is thermometer bulb placed as shown and not in the mixture of alcohols?

1. to measure the temperature of the vapour/ temperature of

liquid would not be constant

Give an advantage and disadvantage of using a measuring cylinder?

Adv- Quick and easy to use

Disadvantage- not accurate

Ways to improve a reaction

• use of burette
• pipette
• gas syringe
• weighed amount of limiting reagent
• repeat experiment (and average)
• clean the reactant/remove oxide layer

When a solid substance has no obvious cation, we have learned it is:

-probably a transition metal compound

– is a catalyst for the other reactions that occurred

Describe how you would

● obtain a sample of tin from a large lump of cassiterite in the laboratory,
● determine the percentage by mass of tin present in cassiterite.
Tin is similar in reactivity to iron. (Cassiterite is a naturally occurring form of tin oxide.)
Your answer should include any apparatus and chemicals used and the conditions required:

A: • crush lumps with pestle and mortar

• weigh cassiterite

• heat /reduce

• with carbon /CO/ more reactive metal, e.g., Zn

• weigh tin

• (mass of tin/ initial mass) × 100 (%)

How would results be improved by taking repeated measurements?

1. can take average or mean / can spot anomalies /more reliable

Name a suitable indicator that could be used in titration

1. methyl orange / thymolphthalein / litmus

Potassium chloride is a salt that dissolves in water. The solubility of a salt is the mass in grams of the salt that dissolves in 100 cm3 of
water at a particular temperature.
Plan an investigation to determine the solubility of potassium chloride in water at 40 °C. You are provided with potassium chloride and
common laboratory apparatus.
• Method 1: evaporation

• measured volume of water using measuring cylinder / pipette /

burette

• heat to 40 °C / heat to >40 °C

• add KCl until no more dissolves / add excess KCl

• stir

• filter mixture (if heated to >40 °C then need to cool and filter)

• evaporate filtrate to dryness

• weigh solid
• Method 2 mass not used

• measured volume of water using measuring cylinder / pipette /

burette

• heat to 40 °C

• add KCl until no more dissolves

• stir

• weigh KCl not added

• weigh KCl before adding any to water – only awarded if weighed

mass not used after

• difference in mass of KCl is mass dissolved

• Method 3 mass undissolved

• measured volume of water

• using measuring cylinder / pipette / burette

• heat to 40 °C

• stir

• filter

• weigh residue (do not award if residue washed)

• add weighed (excess) KCl to water – only awarded if mass of
residue measured • mass KCl dissolved = initial mass – final mass

Describe a test for carbon dioxide.

• limewater / calcium hydroxide solution

• Turns milky / cloudy / white ppt.

Suggest how the reliability of the results could be checked.

1. Repeating experiment and comparing/taking average

What is this process?

• evaporate;

• until crystallisation point/ crystals (start to) form/ saturated;

• leave to cool;

Suggest one advantage of putting a layer of chromium on a spoon.

1. prevent rusting/ corrosion/attractive appearance/ shiny;

Why must the electrolysing object be very clean and free of grease?

1. coating will not stick / be even / dirt or grease will be trapped;

Why was the burette washed with- (i) Distilled water, (ii) Acid to be added

(i) to remove initial liquid/residue/ impurities / to clean it;

(ii) to remove water/ so acid is not diluted;

If the composition of a salt is not clear just mention general observations like:

hydrated/water;

Acidic

Basic

Anhydrous Copper Sulphate + Water

Exothermic – temperature increase

Colour change – white to blue

Cobalt Chloride + Water

Endothermic – heat is applied for colour change

Colour change – from pink to blue

Dilute sulfuric acid reacts rapidly with magnesium ribbon. The

magnesium ribbon gets smaller and eventually disappears.

Plan an investigation to show how the rate of this reaction changes

using different concentrations of sulfuric acid. You are provided with
common laboratory apparatus, sulfuric acid, water and magnesium
ribbon.

• uses different (at least two) concentrations of sulfuric acid;

• made by diluting with water;
• same total volume of (diluted) sulfuric acid;
• same mass / amount/ size/ length/ surface area of magnesium
(ribbon);
• measure time (or run at the same time);
 • for magnesium to dissolve or react or disappear/ cm3 gas to
collect/ volume collected (set time)/ bubbles to stop/ mass to
decrease by g/mass to stop decreasing;
• compare times of reaction/results;

“Using a measuring cylinder, 30 cm3 of aqueous sulfuric was poured

into a beaker. The stop clock was started and a 4 cm length of
magnesium was added to the sulfuric acid in the beaker. The mixture
was stirred constantly. The time taken for all of the magnesium to
react and disappear was measured.”

Indicator Types

• Universal indicator.
• Litmus.
• Phenolphthalein.
• Methyl orange.

Anamolous in titration reactions caused by:

• measuring or recording error

• manual error with burette
• overshot end-point

What could have been used to apply a mixture onto the paper in chromatography?

1. (teat) pipette/ capillary tube;

Possible solvent that could be used for paper chromatography

1. water/ organic solvent;

Why does sometimes the mixture on the baseline in paper chromatography not
move?
Compound is insoluble in given solvent

Why does increased temperature increase rate of reaction?

• particles have more energy / move faster;

• more (chance of/ successful) collisions;

Explain why cotton wool was used in the neck of the conical flask

• to prevent escape of/ splash of acid;

• to allow carbon dioxide/ gas to escape;

You are provided with samples of three metals, tin, zinc and silver. Plan an
investigation to show the order of reactivity of these three metals. You are provided
with common laboratory apparatus and dilute acids.

• Method 1:
o Monitoring the reaction of the metal with acid
o named acid;
o same or stated volume of (same concentration of) acid;
o fair test idea, i.e., same surface area/ size/ mass / amount
metal;
o measure volume of gas / count bubbles / temperature
change/ observe complete reaction;
o suitable reference to time;
o conclusion/ comparison, e.g., most effervescence = most
reactive;
• Method 2:
 o Displacement reaction from:
o react each metal;
o with named acid;
o to prepare salt solution of each;
o react each metal with each solution of salt; observe if
displacement occurs;
o conclusion/ comparison;

Suggest what could be used to hang the piece of limestone from the stand over the
heat. Explain your answer.

1. Wire – with high melting point

In what position should the air hole of the Bunsen burner be?

1. Open

Inert Electrodes

• Platinum
• Graphite(carbon)
• Gold
• Rhodium

Reactive (or involved) Electrodes

• Copper
• Zinc
• Lead
• Silver

Explain why electrolysis of concentrated hydrochloric acid experiment is carried out

in a fume cupboard.

• chlorine produced;
 • poisonous /toxic;

What type of chemical reaction occurred when magnesium reacted with sulfuric
acid?

1. exothermic / redox / displacement

An oxidising agent was added iron(II) chloride solution. Aqueous sodium

hydroxide was then added to the mixture.

1. Brown Precipitate

Tooth bright toothpaste contains three compounds, sodium fluoride, calcium carbonate and water. Calcium
carbonate is insoluble in water and sodium fl uoride is soluble in water.

Plan an investigation to find out the percentage of calcium carbonate present in this toothpaste. You are
provided with common laboratory apparatus.

• weighed amount/ xg of toothpaste

• add water;
• stir/ heat;
• filter (to obtain calcium carbonate)
• Wash
• dry
• weigh residue
• calculate percentage calcium carbonate; Mass of Calcium
Carbonate/Mass of Toothpaste X 100

A solution of dilute sulfuric acid was electrolysed for 1 hour. Suggest why the pH of
the solution decreased during the electrolysis

• solution became more acidic / more concentrated

• water was broken down/ electrolysed
1. measure initial temperature of (solid) ammonium chloride /
barium hydroxide
2. add barium hydroxide / ammonium chloride AND mix / stir
3. use a thermometer
 4. measure the temperature of the mixture / final temperature
5. temperature decreases /test-tube feels cold

Test for Ammonia

Ammonium ions can be identified in a solution by adding dilute

sodium hydroxide solution and gently heating. If ammonium ions are
present, they will be converted to ammonia gas. The gas will turn red
litmus paper blue.

How would you know when to stop heating a solution in an evaporating dish?

• solid/ crystals appearing on edge

• glass rod test;

What if there is no reaction when testing something?

• no reaction/ change/ precipitate

The label on a bottle of orange drink stated ‘contains no artificial colours. A scientist thought that the orange
colour in the drink was a mixture of two artificial colours: • Sunset Yellow E110 • Allura Red E129

Plan an investigation to show that the orange colour in the drink did not contain these two artificial colours.
You are provided with samples of E110, E129 and the orange colouring from the drink. You are also
provided with common laboratory apparatus. You may draw a diagram to help answer the question.

• chromatography;
• (pencil) baseline/ origin;
• apply orange colour to paper;
• and samples of both E110 and E129;
• solvent/ named solvent;
• check heights of spots of E colours against orange drink;
• conclusion/ allow comparison to known Rf values;

Suggest why small glass beads are used in the fractionating column instead of large
glass beads.
 1. Larger surface area of overreactive higher boiling point liquids
to condense and fall back into the flask to liquid.

Give a test to show that a liquid is acidic.

1. named indicator/ pH meter/ pH paper

2. result: correct colour change/ pH < 7 (1)

The gas given off was tested with damp litmus paper (2 marks)

• indicator paper turns blue

• pungent/ sharp smell

Ethane dioic acid dihydrate, H2C2O4.2H2O, is a white crystalline solid. This acid is
water-soluble and is found in rhubarb leaves. Plan an investigation to obtain crystals
of ethane dioic acid dihydrate from some rhubarb leaves. You are provided with
common laboratory apparatus, water and sand.

• extraction
• cut leaves up/ small pieces / grind/ crush
• use of pestle/ mortar
• add water
• sand
• boil/ heat/ stir/ mix / shake
• separation decant/ filter
• obtaining crystals evaporate/ heat solution
• to crystallising point/until crystals start to form
• leave to cool