Enhancement in food production

Lecturer:- Adwait Dilip Joshi

M.Sc. Bio-Analytical Sciences
B.Sc. Micro-Biology
Diploma & Certificate Course in Bio-technology
Contents:

 Plant Breeding

 Tissue Culture

 Single Cell Protein

 Plant Breeding:-

Definition:-
It is an applied branch of Botany which involves
collective use of science and art for changing and
improving heredity of plants to obtained desired types.
Plant Breeding:-(Objectives)

 Helps in proper cultivation, better yield and diseases resistant

 New varieties for particular environment
 Developing agronomic characters like dwarfness,intensive branching,
responsiveness to excess fertilizers
 Reduce period of dormancy
 Ability to grow in different seasons
Steps involved in plant breeding:-

 Collection of variability

 Evaluation and selection of parents

 Cross Hybridisation among selected parents

 Selection and selfing of superior recombinants

 Testing, release & commercialization of new cultures

Collection of variability

 Variations seen in no of different species

 Such Variations are useful in their selection
 Collection & preservations of different varities,species & specific characters
 The entire collection of plants/seeds having different alleles in particular
crop called germ-plasm collection
Evaluation and selection of parents

 It is evaluated/checked to identify plants bearing desirable combination of

characters

 Pure-lines are selected like (TT) Pure Tall & (tt) Pure dwarf

 Once all checking and selection done they are used in the process called as
hybrdization
Cross Hybridisation among selected parents

 The process of crossing of two selected plants having different characters like
(if one plant rich in protein content & other plant rich in disease resistance)
then the resultant progeny obtained from two different plants called
Hybridize plants.

 Hybridize plant has both varieties of different plant taken during crossing.
Selection and selfing of superior
recombinants

 Progeny obtained from hybridization are observed for desirable combination

of characters
 Plants superior to both parents are collected
 They are self pollinated for few successive generations to aatain
homozygosity
 Attain state of uniformity and characters do not segregate in the progeny
Testing, release & commercialization of new
cultures

 Newly developed variety undergoes for the evaluation of yield, resistance to

diseases, insects & pests
 Step of evaluation is carried out by ICAR(Indian Council of Agricultural
Research) New-Delhi
 The varieties are tested and checked at various locations & different agro-
climatic zones of the country
 New varieties are compared with existing and with other variety
 If found the tested new variety are superior then the existed or the available
different variety is chosen for the release as a new variety, new name under
the permission of government
Wheat & Rice Variety

 1960-2000 will be always remember for the remarkable increase in wheat

production
 11 million tonnes to 75 million tonnes
 Rice(35 million tonnes to 9.5 million tonnes
 Semi dwarf varities of rice and wheat were developed by Lauretre Norman
e.Borlaug(father of green revolution)
 International centre for wheat and maize improvement in Mexico.
 Semi-dwarf varities of wheat are Sonalika and Kalyansona
 International Rice Research Institute,Philippines
 Sei-dwarf varities of rice are Jaya & Ratna
Wheat & Rice Variety
Sugar-cane
Sugarcane

 Cultivated as primary source of sugar in different parts of world

 India one of the major sugar exporting country
 Saccharium barberi commonly grown in north india had poor yield and low
sugar content
 Saccharium officinarium grown in south india had better yield and high sugar
content
 Hybridize variety of both species are successfully grown now in north india
which are giving high yield, good sugar content, resistance to diseases
 Sugarcane Breeding Institute,Coimbtore
 Improved Breeds are Co.421,Co.419,205,453
Saccharum officinarium
Saccharum barberi
Plant Breeding for Disease Resistance

 Pathogens like fungus,bacteria & Viruses cause diseases to plants which

results in decreasing the yield of crop
 Can be controlled by various physical or chemical method
 Biological method is the cheapest,effective,longlast,convenient
 Helps in reducing the dependency of chemical fertilizer
 Common crop diseases caused by fungus are brown rust of wheat,red rot of
sugarcane, late blight of potato
Names of Hybridize crops resist to
diseases:-
 Himgiri of wheat for hill bunt
 Pusa shubhra or pusa snowball K-1 of cauliflower for curl black or red rot
 Pusa sadabahar of chilli for leaf curl and chilli mosaic virus
Resist to insects/pests:-

 Pusa Gaurav(rapeseed mustard) resistant to aphids

 Okra(bhindi) pusa sawni & pusa A-4 to shoot & fruit borer
 Bt.cotton resist to bollworms
Bio-fortification

 It is the method of breeding crops to increase nutritional value

 Focuses on making plant foods more nutritious

 Extra nutrients are added or processed

 Helps in dealing with deficiencies of micro-nutrients in the developing world

Bio-fortification:-
Tissue Culture:-

 It is the another technology which helps to keep pace with increasing food
demand & to provide fast efficient systems for crop improvement

 The process of culturing or growing cells,tissues or organs on nutrient medium

under controlled aseptic conditions to produce complete plant or plant part
called as tissue culture technique.
 Haberlandt in 1902 introduce this technique

 Called father of tissue culture.

Terminologies Used:-

 Explant
 Callus
 Morphogenesis or Organogenesis
 Clones
Explant

 Parenchyma tissue from root stem & tubers or shoot meristem is used as
explants
Callus

 Growth of explant or unorganized mass of loosely arranged parenchyma cells

called as callus
Morphogenesis or Organogenesis

 Process and development of stem,root and leaves from callus called as

morphogenesis or organogenesis
Clones

 Genetically identical plant grow from original parent organism called as

clones
Requirement of tissue culture technique:-

 Explant is taken
 Nutrient or culture medium is used
(semi-solid or liquid medium obtained from red-algae called s agar-agar medium
contains various organic & inorganic nutrients like vitains,sucrose, plant growth
hormones)
(Murashigae & Skoog most common medium used also calles as MS medium)
 Aseptic laboratory conditions
 Control of different factors like temp,light,humidity
 Growth hormones like Auxins and Cytokinins
Tissue culture:
Applications of Tissue Culture:-

 Micro-propogation
 Production of diseases free plants
 Production of secondary metabolites
 Somatic Hybridization
 Single Cell Protein(SCP)
 Production of secondary metabolites

PLANTS PRODUCTS USES

 Catharanthus roseus Vincistrin,Vinblastin used in medicines of cancer
 Daucus carota Anthocyanin diarrhoea
 Datura stramoneum Tropane anti-depression
 Mentha piperata Menthol agents in soaps, cough drops
 Nicotiana tabacum Nicotine present in tobacco,addiction
Single Cell Protein

 To have 1kg of protein in chicken or meat it is necessary to feed 10kg of

grains
 Due to more grain requirement it might the effect the veg people population
 Leads to malnutrition or deficiencies
 SCP refers to microbial biomass produced by uni or multicellular micro-
organisms can be used as feed or food additives
 Microbes like Chlorella,Spirullina, methylophilus methylotropus
 SCP rich in proteins,vitamins,carbs,fats,minerals
 Spirulina easily grown on waste water from potato processing
unit,molasses,animal manure

 methylophilus methylotropus produce 25 tonnes of protein because of its

rapid growth,high rate of biomass
 Can be used as feed for chickens for good quality eggs or farm animals like
cow and buffalo for increasing the quality of milk.