TESTS SCALES

MEASURES OF PERSONALITY
Objectivity Validity Reliability Used to measure
OBJECTIVE PERSONALITY PROJECTIVE PERSONALITY
Popular examples: ASSESSMENT ASSESSMENT Opinions
ACHIEVEMENT TESTS Attitudes Values
Multiple-choice and true–false test Used to measure what Self-report inventories They are called projective because a person is
Essay tests individuals have learned extensive collection of statements expected to project into the stimulus his or her
behavior patterns own needs, wants, fears, beliefs, anxieties, and
Classified as: characteristic of their behavior by checking experiences
yes, no, or uncertain Used mainly by clinical psychologists for
Definition: Standardized Tests Multiple choice and true–false items studying and diagnosing people with emotional
problems, ex: Rorschach Inkblot Technique
They are published tests that have Researcher-Made Tests
Use multiple responses
resulted from careful and skillful
Combine the responses into a single
preparation by experts and cover broad
scale score
academic objectives common to the Strongly agree
majority of school systems. Agree
Advantage: TYPES
TYPES Undecided
Norm-Referenced It will match more closely the content Disagree
that was covered in the classroom or in Likert Scales
Criterion-Referenced Tests Strongly disagree
the research study. Bipolar Adjective Scales

Presents a respondent with a list of

Norm-referenced tests
compare individuals’
performance on the test to the
performance of other
individuals
Items are selected that will
yield a wide range of scores
Criterion-referenced tests
adjectives that have bipolar or opposite
describe what a specific
meanings
individual can do, without
reference to the performance DIRECT OBSERVATION
of others
Tools of Research Characteristics
Most desirable method
Used in both quantitative and qualitative research
Items are selected solely on how
Determine the extent to which a particular behavior(s) is present
well they measure a specific set of
Advantage: provides a record of the actual behavior that occurs
instructional objectives
Disadvantages: expense.

Portfolios
Test Performance Range
Performance Poetry
Steps to take in preparing for quantitative
Assessments Essays direct observation
Types of testing effects Art Industrial Sketches TESTING AND TECHNOLOGY 1. Select the aspect of behavior to be observed
2. Clearly defi ne the behaviors falling within a chosen category
Training Musical Compositions
Music 3. Develop a system for quantifying observations
Ceiling effect Audiotapes of speeches Presenting opportunities for
Sciences 4. Develop specifi c procedures for recording the behavior
Home Mathematics worksheets alternatives to paper-andpencil tests 5. Train the people who will carry out the observations
Floor effect Economics Public
Speaking DEVICES FOR RECORDING
OBSERVATIONS
Checklists

Constructing a Performance Test

Rating Scales
Coding Systems

Begin with a clear statement of the objectives and

Provide a problem or what individuals will be asked to do and the
an exercise that gives conditions under which the task will be performed
students an
opportunity to Develop an instrument that lists the relevant DATA COLLECTION IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
perform a simulation criteria to use in evaluating the performance
or an actual task and/or the product
Individual Aptitude Tests Interviews Document analysis Observation
Attempt to measure
Advantages: Mesures abilities and skills general ability or
Disadvantages: Time intensive and expensive to APTITUDE TESTS potential for learning a
administer and score body of knowledge
and skills Group Tests of Aptitude